
Glass _ 



Book 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 




MINERVA OBELISK. 
MINERVA SQUARE, ROME. 



THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 



Chronology of the World 



BEING A 



DIGEST OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 190^ A. D. 



'.PILED AFTER THE MOST CAREFUL AND THOROUGH RESEARCH, AND 

CONTAINING A COMPLETE ALPHABETICAL INDEX, TABLES OF RULERS, 

NOTES, ETC., WITH DATES COMPUTED ACCORDING TO ERAS 

OF BEFORE CHRIST AND ANNO DOMINI, JULIAN PERIOD, 

ANNO MUNDl, OLYMPIADS, YEAR OF ROME, 

ROMAN INDICTIONS, AND HEGIRA. 



BY 

CAROLYN NORRIS HORWITZ. 



SIXTY-TWO SQUARE ENGRAVINGS, AND SIXTY- FOUR HEADS AND BUSTS, 

FROM RARE OLD FRENCH AND ROMAN PLATES, COLLECTED IN 

EUROPE, MANY YEARS AGO, BY THE AUTHOR'S FATHER. 



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" . . . '". ' " 



THE GRAFTON PRESS, 



Publishers, 



New York. 






19&3 



5 7 / 1 i 



<-" 



gp' Entered aceoniiiiir In Aet of 
'if^ ('ougress, in the 5'ear lyWi, 

Ity Carolyn Nokris Horwitz, 

in the olKce of tbe Librarian of Congress, 
at Washington. 

All rights reserved. 



1^ 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Periods 5 

Dedication (5 

Preface 7-8 

Index of Eugraviugs 9—10-11 

Al)breviations 12 

Alphabetical Index to 1 B. G 13 

Chronology of B. C 21 

Notes of B. C TO 

Alphabetical Index of Battles of B. C. and A. 1> 95 

Alphabetical Index of A. 1) 99 

Chronology of A. T) 139 

Notes of A. I) 485 

Tables of Rulers, etc 503 



PERIODS. 



Period I. To 770 B. C— First 01yni])iad. 

Period II. 770-1 B. C— First Olympiad to A. D. 

Period III. 1-022 A. D. — Beginning of Christian Era to Flight of Jlohaninied. 

Period IV. 022-1550 — Hegira to Reformation. 

Period Y. 1550-1770 — Reformation to Inde]tendeuce of United States, the New 
World. 

Period VI. 1770-1903 — Independence to Twentieth Century. 



DEDICATION. \ 



se-@€@@S€« 



To my dear cousins, Florence Key, of Baltimore, 
and Louisa H. Bullitt, of Philadelphia, this work is 
aflfectionately inscribed, as a token of gratitude for 
their kindness and sympathy after the death of 
my dearly beloved and deeply lamented father, the 
late Theophilus B. Horwitz, of the Baltimore Bar. 



PREFACE. 



Ill presenting tliis liook to the pul)lie, the following explanation of the plan of the 
work is given. It is believed by the anthor that there is no book of the kind extant, 
which covers the ground of the jiresent work. No one can imagine until he has under- 
taken such a task, the diriicnlties of writing a perfectly accurate cliroudlogy, without 
Iilunders, omissions, etc. Such a thing is perhaps impossible; but in the present 
work neither time imr labor has been si)are(l to make it as absolutely correct and 
jK'rfect as possible. Years of close study have been devoted to it, and from thirty 
to forty books have often been examined in order to verify one date. The best known 
authors of chroiuilogy, I'.hiir, Usher, Hales, Clinton, Haydn, etc., etc., and the cyclo- 
pedists and historians, dillVr widely in some of the most important dates, and the only 
way to secure the correct one is to search in every available Imok on tlie sul)ject, and 
take the year, month, and day, that the majority of the best authorities agree upon. 
There is no date given in this book that has not been thus substantiated, except in a 
very few instances where no two authors could be found to agree; and in every such 
case, the authority for the article is given in the text. In every item from 2348 B. C. 
to 1903 A. 1)., wherever it has been ]iossible to learn the c(U'rect day and month of an 
event, they are inserted, as well as the year. 

An important feature in this book, which it is believed does not appear in any 
other chronology, is a complete alphabetical index, not only of Idography and battles, 
but of every subject contained in the work; so that in a moment the student can tiud 
w lial lie is looking for, without having to search through a number of pages. To avoid 
confusion, the index of all B. C. dates is placed before the l)eginning of the work 
proper, and the index of all A. I), dates is between the B. <'. and the A. D. Chi'O- 
iiology, as is, also, the Special Index of Battles. See Table of Contents. Tables of 
kings and rulei"s of the principal countries are to be f(mnd at the back of the book. 

An altogether new feature in this work, for a chronology, is the introduction of 
notes on subjects not generally imderstood. I'or example, in B. C, note 9 is a full 



('\])l;iiiii(i()ii and dcscriplioii (if flie Seven ^^'()ll(lel•s of tlit' \\()i'ld; uote 1-1 explains the 
in-iiiin of the ld;x'i Daetvli; note Ki, the Eleusiniau Mysteries; note 19, the Ephoii ; 
note 20, the Nabonassar Era; note 22 gives history of P>u(hllia ; note 23 giyes not only 
a ooTidensed liiograiiliy of tlie Seyen AVise Men of Greece, but also contains quotations 
from eacji; note 2!l describes the Triad; note 30, on the Decade, contains .1 short 
bionrapliy of all the Ten Athenian Orators, \\]ii(h is rarely to be found in any one 
liook ; note 31 exphiins the ^^eyenty AVeeks as Proi)hesied by Daniel ; and note 34 gives 
history of the Tragic Pleiad. In A. D., note P> describes the difference between the 
Mishnali, (Janiara, and Tahnuds; note D shows calculation by Roman Indictions; 
note II gives complete exi)lanation of how to calculate the Hegira ; note I\I is a full 
history of old and new style or (iregorian Calendar; note N treats of the French Rev- 
olutionary Calendar; and there are many other notes on interesting subjects. In 
regard to necrology, this \V(U'k also differs from other chronologies, which generally 
give at the end of each year, sim])ly a list of the names of the noted \\ho have died 
within that year; but of the hundreds of celelirities whose deaths are recorded in this 
woi'k, the nationality, calling, and that for which he or she is noted, is given in each 
instance, and also their ages in years, nionlhs, and days, whi>rever possible, that liy 
easy calculation tlu'ir birthdays can be found by the date of death and exact age as 
given in the text. ' 

It has been the anthoi-"s aim lo make this book a comidete l>igest of Universal 
Chronology, with elements of tlie cyclopa-dia co]nbine<l. 

Besides the R. C. and A. I), dates, there are given in jiarallel columns, the Julian 
Period and the Anno :Mundi dates, as well as the Year of Rome, Olympiads, Roman 
Indictions, and llegii-a. It is believed that there is no other work giving the dates 
according to so many computations. Every date in these different eras has been 
carefully calculated by the author, relying upon no other work to furnish them. As 
many valuable ancient works are dated acc(M'(ling to Julian Period, Anno Mundi, 
A. U. C., Olympiads, etc., these tables will enable the student to tiud out at a glance the 
corresponding B. C. and A. D. dates. 

It is earnestly trusted that this work may have the patronage and support of stu- 
dents, and of all the highly educated in this (mr great counti"^' of learning. 

C. N. II. 



INDEX OF ENGRAVINGS. 

PAGE 

.Minerva Obelisk -^ 

Arch of Titus -0 

Bust of Lyeurgus 28 

Sacriticiug at Olympic ( iauics 30 

Acropolis of Athens 30 

Temple of Vesta 33 

M iltiades ^1 

Tliemistocles receivint!; palms (if victory J^- 

I'vxile of Tliemistocles ^- 

Pindar 45 

Aristophanes 45 

Tericles 45 

The I'arthenon 46 

Temple of Apollo Epicurius 46 

Socrates 51 

Aristotle 51 

Demosthenes 51 

Alexander the ( Jreat 55 

Diogenes 55 

Appian Way 50 

Town of Capua 50 

Scipio 61 

Monument of Cecilia Metella 05 

( Mcero 00 

M. Brutus 00 

< 'a'sar 69 

I'ompey 69 

M. Antony 73 

I'antheon of Agripjta T4 

Solon 85 

Thales 85 

.Eschy*us 89 

Juiiot 98 

( 'harlotte Corday 130 

< "a ins Cestius' Pyramid 138 

Exterior of Colosseum 142 

Trajan's Column 145 

( 'atacombs of the Christians 149 

Siil)terranean Church 149 

Interior of the Amphitheatre or Colosseum 153 

Constantine 155 

I nterior of Pantheon 1 09 

- 



Index of Engravings — Coutiuued. 

PAGE 

Joan d'Arc 179 

Notre Dame 187 

St. Sepulcre 187 

Tower of Tisa 194 

Catacombs at Palerma 202 

Dante 207 

Bastile of Paris 215 

Constantinople (2 scenes I 224 

Interior of St. John Lateran 232 

E.Kterior of Ht. John Lateran 237 

Correjig'io 243 

llcrase of Michael Angelo 249 

Obelisk and Square of St. Peter's, Rome 254 

Tasso 258 

hiterior of St. Peter's Church, Rome 266 

Rubens 271 

^'andyke 271 

Poussin 279 

Rembrandt 279 

Bossuet 284 

Corneille 287 

Xewton 287 

Fontaine 295 

Racine 295, 

E.vcavations at Ilercnlaneum 302 

E.xcavations at Pompeii 302 

Fontana di Trevi . 31 1 

Temple of Venus at Pompeii 318 

(^uestor's House at Pompeii 318 

Rouse of Pansa, at Pompeii, restored 321 

Column of Antoninus Pius 337 

jMassacre of I'risoners at Paris 347 

.Alurder of Princess de Lamballe 347 

Last interview of Louis XVI. with his family 351 

The Girondists Marching to Death 351 

Marat's Triumph 355 

Assassination of Marat 355 

(Jaj'-Lussae 360 

Nelson 360 

Napoleon's Retreat from Russia 366 

Napoleon Visiting the Cam]) at the Rattle of Eylau 366 

Napoleon 1 371 

10 



Indkx of Engravings — Ooutiuued. 

PAGE 

Napoleon II. ( Little Kiui; of Ivome) 371 

Volta 377 

Sir Humphry Davy 377 

Tlie Pillory 3S3 

Piazza del Popolo 390 

Alexander von Humboldt 398 

Castle of St. Angelo (Citadel of Rome ) . 413 

(^'rater of Vesuvius -117 

A Great Eruption of ^'esuvius 417 

Thiers 423 

Arch of Severus 433 

Temple of Peace 439 

(ioethe 445 

Voltaire 451 

Lavoisier 451 

Tomb of Dante 457 

St Cloud 463 

Chateau de I'ontaiiichleau 4G3 

Scott 469 

Toml) of Nero 475 

Schiller 483 

Malta 489 

:Mt. Etna : . . 489 

Danton 496 

:\Iarat 496 

Kobespierre 496 

L(mis XVI 500 

The Tuileries 501 

Arch of Constantine 51 1 

Julian 518 

Tlieodosius 1 518 

Royal Palace at Rome 527 

<,)u(cii Elizabeth of England 534 

<^ii'('ii Anne of England 534 

( "liarles I. of England 539 

Talleyrand 541 

Louis XIII. of France 544 

Louis XIV. of France 544 

Henry IV. of France 547 

Marie de Medicis 547 

La Fayette 552 

Cliarles XIV. of Sweden 555 

_ 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN B.C.andA.D. 



Ac. — According to. 

A. D. — Anno Domini, Year of Our 
Lord. 

Adm. — Adni iral . 

A''A. — Aged, in tlie current year. 

A. M. — Anno Mundi, Year of tlieWorld. 

A. U. C. — Anno Urbis Condita?, Year of 
Rome. 

B. C— Before Christ. 

Biog. Diet. — Biographical Dictionary. 

Capt. — Captain. 

Col. — Colonel. 

Com. Chron. — Common Chronolooy. 



Gen. — General. 

Encyclo. Brit. — Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica. 

Heg. — Hegira. 

■I. E.— (Id est) that is. 

J. P. — Julian Period. 

Lieut. — Lieutenant. 

N. B. — (Nota Bene), mark well, take 
notice. 

Olym. — Olympiads. 

1{. I. — Roman Indictions. 

St. — Saint. 

U. S. A. — United States of America, or 
United States Army. 



12 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO 1 B.C. 



N. li. — Names of iiKisI (if llic kiiiiis, etc., iirc iiol phircd in lliis index, nor in llie 
l)()(l,v iif the woi-k, ;is fliey are in the Tables of Kniei's, at tiie end of the book. 



B. 0. 

Aaron 1452 

Abraham 1897 

Aetinm (battle) 31 

Adam 4004 

.Kt;()spotamns (battle I 405 

.^i:gyptus ■ 1485 

.P.milin.s Panlns 160 

.Eneas 1182 

.Eueid 17 

J<:olia 1123 

.lilsehiues (note 30 i 3811, 314 

.Escliylus (note 20 i 499, 484, 456 

.T^sop 504 

Agamemnon 1201 

Agathon 410, 400 

.Vgi'arian Laws 48(i, 485, 134 

Aix-la-Chapelle 123 

Allia Longa .1152 

Aha-ns . 600 

Alcman 670 

AU'xauder 356, 336, 323 

Alexandria 332 

.Vlexandrine ^^'al• 47 

Allia (battle I 390 

.\]]>haliet 1822, 403 

Amen 520 

Amphictyou's Conneils 1498 

Anacreou 532 

-Vnaxagoras 428 

Anaximamler 547 

Andoeides (note 30 ) 467, 391 

Anno ]\Iundi Ei'a 4004 

Antioch 300 

Anti])hon (note :{0 i '. . .479, 411 

Ajxtcrypha 135 

Apollo (temph' i 1263, 548 

Apollodorns 140, 60 



li. (". 

Ajiollonins 220 

Appian Way 312 

Ajipius Claudins 312 

A(]neduct 312 

Arbela (battle ) 331 

Archilochus 685 

Areliimedes ( note 35 ) 212 

Arehon 752, 683 

Archytas 360 

Argonantio Expedition 1263 

Argos 1856 

Arion 610 

Aristaclins 454 

Aristarehns 156 

Aristophanes 427 

-Vrislotle 384, 322 

Arsacida" 250 

Arimdelian Marbles 1582, 264 

Asshnr 2218 

Assyria 2218, 2059, 606 

Astronomy 2234 

Athenian ( )i'ators ( note ."JO I 

Athens 155(;, 404, 403 

Atlas 1580 

Atmosjjliere 79 

Attains 198 

Attic Laws 1807 

Angnst 8 

Angnstns 63, 44, 43, 42, 31, 27 

Axe 1240 

Bable 2247 

Babylon 2245, 747, 606, 538 

Backgammon 1224 

Battering-ram 441 

Battles — S^ee Sjiecial Index, page 

95; also, names alphabetically in this 

index. 



13 



li. c. 

Melus 2245 

Benedicite 580 

P,i(.n 241 

Jtooks 198 

linitus 14, 43, 42 

I'.uckUn-s loTO 

niiddliisin ( note 22 ) 51)4 

r>yz;iiitinm <>57 

('aleudav 738, 713, 46 

Calilipic Period 330 

("allicrafcs 442 

Callimacluis 250 

( 'aljmriiia Lex 140 

Caiuilhis 300 

Caiiaaii 1445 

Canal 312 

Caiin;!' ( lialllc) 21(; 

Cartlia.!:;!' S7S, llC. 

Cassins 44, 42 

f^atapiilta- 300 

Catiline's C(iiisi)iiai-.\' <)3, 02 

Catullus 87, 47 

Census 5(i(i 

Cephrcu 1032 

ClialciMlnn 084 

Chariots 1487 

Charops 752 

Cheops 1082 

Chess G80 

China 2270, 1150, 1100 

Chinese Wall 214, 210 

Christ (note 38) 5 

(Meero 100, O:!, 55, 54, 44, 43 

Cinion 4GG 

Cincinnatus 458 

Cirounifision 1807, 4 

Cleopatra 43, 41, 33, 30 

Clepsydra 159 

Clock 159 

Codrus 1070 

Colossus of Ix'liodes :.'92, 224 

Comedy 5(i2 

Conunandnienis 1491 

Compass 1115 

Confucius 551, 517, 479 

Conon 250 



1!. (.'. 

Coustantinople 057 

Consul (Roman) 300 

(^.rinth 1520, 1320, 745, 140 

Cornetius Nepos 32 

Coripbus 770 

Councils of Amphictyons 1498 

Crassus 91, 00, 54, 53 

Crates 320 

Cratinus 454, 422 

Crealion 4004 

( 'i'(esus ( note 25 I 540 

Crolona 710 

Ctesihius 135 

Cynd)les 1580 

(^'iiie 1033 

Cynics 390 

( ' yrene <)31 

( 'yrus 559 

Daucinii 1534 

Daniel , 555, 537, 534 

Darius 331 

David 10(i3, 1055, 104S, 1015 

Decemviri 451 

Delu-e 234S, 1704, 1503 

Democritus 400, 357 

Demosthenes ( note 30 ) 382, 322 

Diana (temple) 772, 552, 350 

Dice 1224 

Dictator 498 

Dinarchus (note 30) 3(;0, 202 

Dio^Licnes 323 

D(dan 502 

Draco's Laws 021 

Duilius 200 

Dioiiysius 307, 285, 30 

Eartli(|uake 24 

Eclipses. .721, 720, 585, 523, 413, 

336, 188, 108 

Etiyi.t (note 8) . . .2188. 2120, 525, :!32 

E^yi)tian Year 1325 

Eleusinian Mysteries 1350 

Elijah translated 80(1 

Elisha >!3S 

Emjx'docles 450 

Ennius 239, 1(;9 

Ephesus 1043 



14 



Ephoi'i 
Epic-un 



B. c. 
TOO 

270 



Epiphany 4 

E(Hiin()x ( note 37 ) 15!>, 1-16 

Ems 11 ( '. : 

AiiiK. .Muiidi 1001 

Julian Period 1718 

Efivptian Year 1325 

( )lyinpiads 77G 

Year of Konie, A. T ('., 753 

Xahonassarean V.r.i 747 

Scleuc'ides Era , . . 312 

.lulian Year 40 

Eratostlieiies 101 

Etiiiopians 1015 

Euclid 300 

Eudoxus 352 

Eumclus 700 

Iji]Miii:pus 100 

Eureka ( note 35 I 

I':ui-i]Mdes (note 20) 180, 155, 10(i 

l':ve 1001 

Ezekiel 595 

Ezra 458 

Eahii nuissaered 477 

Eannia Lex 161 

Fl(.o<l 23 !S, 17(il, 1503 

(iaiiriel ( auiiel I 0, 5 

(laiues, Isthmian 1326 

Olympic. 1153, SSI, 77tJ 

" Panatlianean 1105 

I'ytliian 1263 

(^izeli I'yi-aiuid 1082 

(i(iliath 1063 

(iciiiorrah ISOS 

<; rgias 187, 380 

Cranicus (battle) . 331 

(Trappliu;j, lro;i< 2(>0 

Greece 2188 

Hal.akkuk 626 

llaiiiiai 520 

Hallelujah 520 

Ilalys (Itattle) 585 

llan.nin,i; ( iardens 2000 

Heber 18J7 

Hellanicus 411 



H. c. 

HeraclidiB 1104 

Hercules 1263 

Herod 1 

llenidofus ISl, 115 

Hesiod 007 

llierojilyphics 2122 

Hipparchus (note 37)... 162, 150, IK) 

Hi]>i>o(rates 160, 357 

Homer 007 

Homer Jr 280 

Hiu-ace 65, 35, 30, 20, 8 

H(;sea 785 

Hyperides ( n(;te 30 ) 30(;, 322 

Iambics 685 

Ictinus 112 

lUyrian AVar 230, 22!t 

Incarnation ( note 38 ) 5 

Ion ( note 20 ) 151 

Io])hon (note 20) 128 

l]»sus (battle) 301 

Ireland 2018 

Iron 110(i 

Isa'us (note 30) 120, 353 

Isaiah 760 

Isfendiyar 520 

Isocrates (note 30 ) 436, 338 

Israel 075, 721 

Israelites 1706 

Issus (battle) 333 

Isthmian Uames 1326 

Italy 1710 

Jacob KiSO 

Janus (temple) . . .71»;, 235, 20, 25, 5 

Jeremiah 6)20 

Jeroboam 075 

Jerusalem 1012, 1001, 606, 587, 

536, 515, 115, KiS 63 

Jesus ( note 3S ) 5 

Joel 800 

John Baptist 6, 5 

Jonah 862 

Joseph irui), 1715, 1635 

Joshua 1151 

Judah 075, 587 

Julius ('a-sar. .100, 60, 58, 55, 51, 

52, 51, 10, iS, 46, 15 11 



15 



15. C. 

Jupiter (temple) 552 

Keys 730 

LacediiMiiDii 1400 

Lake Mwris 1938 

Lao-Tse 517 

Latitude 1G2 

Laws, — AiiTai'iau 4S(i, 485, 134 

Attic 1807 

" Calpurnia 149 

" Draco's 621 

I'auuia 161 

Ten Tables 451 

Twelve Tallies 450 

Leleyia 151 (5 

Lelex 15l(; 

Lepidus 43, 3() 

Letters 1891, 1493 

Lever 1240 

Library 544, 298, 284, 167 

Linus 1280 

Livius Audrouicus 240 

Liuii^itude 102 

Lucretius 95, 55 

Lycojiliron ( note 34 ) 200 

Lycurjius (note 30 I S84, 390, 323 

Lyons 43 

Lysias ( note 30 | 458, 378 

Ivysippus 330 

Jvysistratus 325 

Maceaba^us 166 

.AFaeedouia 814 

.Maj;i ( Tliree Wise .Men ) 4 

Malachi 397 

Manetho 200 

Marathon ( battle) 490 

MaVy (Blessed Virgin) 5 

Massilia fiOO 

-Masts 1240 

Mausolcuui 352 

Pleasures 869 

Memphis 2188, 2126 

Menandei' 321, 292 

Mencius | .Meny-Tse ) 372 

Menelaus 1 li)8 

.Menes 2188 



i:. c. 

Messenian Wars 743-724, 

685-671, 465-455 

Metapontum 774 

Metoui(; Cycle 432 

Micah 750 

Miln ( note 2S| 511 

Al lit lades 490 

Minerva Statue 438 

Minos 1406 

]\risenum ( treaty | 39 

:\lithridates '. 63 

Mithridatic Wars. .8S, 84, 83, 82, 74, 63 

Mizraim 2188 

Mceris (Lake I 1938 

iMoney 1860 

Moses (note 15 I 1451 

:\rultiidication Table 536 

Munda ( battle ) 45 

Musffius 1410 

Mutina (battle) ( now Modena ) . . 43 

:\Iycale ( battle | 479 

.Myscellus 710 

Nabonassarean Era 747 

Xahuni 713 

Xaxos 735 

Nebuchadnezzar 606, 569 

Necho 610 

Nestor .1224 

Nicomedia 264 

Nicopolis 30 

Nimrod 2245, 2069 

Nineveii 2218, 606 

Ninus 2069 

Numa I'ompilius 716, 713 

Obadiah 587 

Olive Trees 536 

( )lympiads 776 

Ol.vmjiic Oames 1453, 884, 776 

Orators (note 30) 

Orpheus 1280 

Ovid 43 

I'acorus 53, 39 

I'alamedes 1224 

l*a menus 440 

I'anathanean Oames 1495 



16 



r.. c. 

Pandosia 774 

I'antheou 27 

Paper 170 

Parmeuides 475 

Pari'liasins (note 32) 410 

PiiitliiMiius GO 

Piii'tlicnon 442 

Passdver 1491 

Peace (luiiveri^al ) . . .71(!, 2:{5, 20, 2"), 5 

Pelopoiinesiau AVar 431-404 

Pel()l)s 1284 

Peiitateiu-li ( note 15 ) 1451 

Pentecost (note 12 I 1491 

Pericles 429 

Persia 559, 524, 500, 505, 331 

Pharos 29^^283 

Plrarsalia (hatlle) 48 

Pherecjdes ■ 515 

Pliidijis 438 

Pliilij.pi (battle) 42 

Piiilippides 330 

Pliiliscns (note 34) 284 

Pliccian 317 

Phoenician 2112, 1493, 004 

Pindar 522, 442 

I'isistratiis 544 

Plaones 767, 534, 430, 187 

IMata'a (battle) 479 

Plato 454, 429, 300, 347 

Plantns 184 

Pleiades (note 34) 

Polycletns 43G 

Polyfi'notns 440 

Pomi.ey 106, 60, 48 

I'osidippus 289 

Posidonins 79, 51 

Pnetor 366, 336 

Praxiteles 350 

Priam 1224 

Proniethens 1580 

Pr(»])ertins 25 

Prophets (note 18) 

Proscriptions (Bloody) 43 

Protogeues 330 

Ptolemy 43 

Public Library 544, 284 



B. C. 

Punic Wars 264-241, 

218-201, 149-140 

Pydna (battle) 108 

Pyramids 1082, 1032 

I'ythaiioras 530 

Pythian (James 1203 

(Jna'stors 485, 421, 2(15 

<inintus Fabius Pictoi- 220 

(Quoits 1453 

llaphael ( angel ) 673 

Rehoboam 975 

Khodes 408 

Koman Calendar 738, 713, 46 

Kome 753 

Komulus 753 

Koostam 520 

Sacrifices ( human forbidden ) . . . . 97 

Wadducees 250 

Wadoc 250 

Sagunt; ni 219 

Sails 1240 

Salamis (l)attle) 480 

Sallust 34 

Samaria 926 

Sams(m 1161, 1120 

Samuel 1171, 1141 

Sappho 600 

Sardis 504 

Saul 1095 

Scales 8(59 

Seleucides Era 312 

Septuagiut 277 

Servius Tullius 534 

Seth 3874 

Sethou 1376 

Seven Wise Men (note 23) 593 

Seven AA'onders ( note 9 ) 

Seventy AYeeks (note 31) 

Shepherd Kings 20S0, 1820 

Shepherds 5 

Shun 2207 

Sicyon 2089, 1088 

Silver Coin 869, 269 

Simonides 556 

Sisyphus 1520, 1326 

Smyrna 1015 



17 



I!. ('. 

Socrates finite 33 ) 3I»9 

t^ddoin 1808 

Solderiiiti- G91 

Siiloiiiou 101"), ill.") 

Sdldll .")'.»J: 

S()])lu-ou 4U)» 

Sosipliaiies ( note 34 | 284 

Siisitheiis ( note 34 I 1*84 

Spartii mu;, 14U0 

Simriiis ("assiiis 485 

Sta^iia 054 

Htesieliorus (132 

Stoics 312 

Sun-dial 2!t3 

Snsai'ioii 5(!- 

Syracuse 734, 212 

Talieruacle UHO 

Tar(iuiiis 509 

Telesilla 510 

Temple— Apollo 12(i3, 548 

" Diana 772, 552, 35() 

•' Janns 71(1, 235, 29, 25, 5 

Jernsalcni 1012, 1004 

" .Tui>iter 552 

Vesia 710 

Ten Athenian Orators (note 30 I . . 
Terence. ..KiO, 1()5, 103, Kil, KiO, 159 

Tliales (note 23 1 585 

Thapsus (battle) 40 

Theatre ( first stone ) 420 

Tliel.an Kinju's 2017 

Thehan ^Vars 1225, 1215 

Thebes 2111, 1493 

Theniistocles 480 

Tiieocritns 272 

Theoponiims 378 

Thennopylje (battle) 480 

Theseus 1235 

Thespis 53() 

Thirty Tyrants 404 

Thrasybulus 403 

Thrasymenus (battle ) 217 

Thucydides 423 

Toiuis 033 

Tragedy (note 29 i 530 

Tragic Poets ( noti' 29 ) 



15. C. 

Tribune 494, 450 

Triumvirate 00, 43 

Trojan War 1193 

Troy 1540, 148(», 1374, 1314, 1184 

Tyre 2207, 1257, 332 

Tyrticus 085 

riysses 1215 

Tranus 21142 

Uriel (aniiel ) 574 

Varro 11(1, 43, 28 

^'eni, vidi, vici 47 

^'ercin_^('torix 52 

Vesta (temple) 710 

Vestal Virgins 710 

Vines 530 

Viro-il 70, 3.5, .30, 19 

^Vall (Chinese) 214-210 

Wan W'an.ii 1150 

\\'ars — .Vlexandrine 47 

Illyrian 230, 229 

" Mithridatic 88, 84, S3, 

82, 74, 69 

" Pelo])onnesian 431-404 

I'niiic 204-241, 

21S-201 149-140 

" Theban 1225, 1215 

Trojan 1193 

Wed-e 1240 

W(>ldin«; 091 

AVine 2207 

\\'ondei-s ( Seven j ( note 9 I 

Xenoclcs 415 

Xeno]>hoii 401 

Xerxes 481, 480 

Yaou 2257 

Yeai' of Confusion 40 

Yu 2207 

Zacharias 

Zaleucus 050 

Zama (battle) 202 

Zechariah 520 

Zela ( battle ) 47 

Zeno 404, 203 

Zephaniah 030 

Zeuxis I note 32 ) 410 

Zoroaster 2115, 5.50 



18 




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20 



CHRONOLOGY OF THE WORLD. 



PERIOD I. 

TO 7 7tj li. C. 

liL'cUl Ndti' 1, I'a.nf 77, for explanation of eras in eolunms to the right. 

X. ]{. — Tlie author is well aware that reeent discoveries in Assyriology and 
I':,nyi)lolog.v tend t(» place many P.. ('. events at nuu-h earlier dates than those hitherto 
.generally accepted. As, however, these nrw discoverers cannot yet agree npon any 
certain dates, refuting tlie old ones, hnt fnrnishing no detinite new ones on which to 
lay a fonndation, a complete chronology from earliest times cannot he written, nor 
other eras properly adjusted in contemporary columns, withont (pioting the dates 
which have for centnries jiast been generally accepted as "Common ( "hronology." 
.Vny other dating would overturn all ])ast chronology and history. 

The following few Biblical dates in the First and Second Periods are given after 
closest I'esearch (ac. Blair, Clinton, Hales, Usher, Haydn, Lempriere, Smith, cyclo- 
pa-dias, and dozens cd' ancient histories and chronologies, general and id' separate 
c(mntries) as cominon or heretofore generally accepted chronology. 



n. c. 



4004 TO 2l'47 B. C. 



A. M. 



.T. P. 



4004 The creation of our first progenitors, Adam and Eve, in the 
71(»th year of the Julian Period. (Ac. Com. Chron. ; 5871' B. 
C., ac. Septuagint; 5344 B. (\, ac. Talmndists; 4G58 B. C, ac. 
.T(!se]ihus; Chaldeans and Chinese place the date of Creation 
hack thousands of years. I 

;!S74 I'irth of Seth, Adam and I'^ve's third son, from whom all post- 
dilnvians are descended. (.Vc. Com. Chron.) 

234S" r^niversal Flood or Noachian Dcduge (ac. Coni.Clii'(ni. |,liy which 
is understood that the rain began 17th day i;f second Hebrew 
month ( (. c. IS'ovendter 25 ) , li:>4!), and the water began to abate 
first day of tirst Hebrew month, 234S. I'ifteen or more dilfer- 
ent dates have been assigned by chnnudogists to the Flood, 
from 32ir) to 2104 B. C. ; but 2348 is tlie hitherto generally ac- 
cepted date. ( Note 2. 1 

2270 The Chinese Empire founded pi-ior to this date. ( See note 3. ) 
Fohi ( Xoah in Sacred History) generally suiiposed to have 
been the tirst ruler. 

2267 Tyre first built by Agem>r. ( Ac. Hales. ) ( See 1257 and 332. ) 

2257 Death of Yaou, seventh ruler of China, considered the first legis- 
lator of the nation. (Note 4.) 

2247/ The Tower of Babel built by Noah's posterity; the confusion ni' 
language, and the consef]uent dispersion of mankind. (Ac. 
Com. Cliron. ) 



131 



no 



840 



1057 ^ 2360 



1735 2444 



1738 I 2447 
1748 1 2457 

1758 2467 



21 



H. C. 


2245 TO 20(J0 B. C. 


A.M. 


,T. V. 


2245 


The kiiiyduiii of Italiyhni toiiiidcMl In Itt'lus, the '•Xiiiimd" i>f 
t^acred History, son of ("usli. Ham's eldest son. (Note 5.) 
{ Av. Com. ( 'Iii'ou. ) 


1760 


2469 


■2-2U 


."vsti'onomieal ohservations liej;uu by the (.'lialdeans at Babylon. 


1771 


2480 


l'21S 


The fonndations of Nineveh laid, and the kingdom of Assyria 
fonnded by Asshnr, second son of Sheni. (See 20r)1l B. (J.) 
(Ac. Com. Chron. 1 


1787 


2496 


2207 


Death of Shnn, second fanioiis ancient Cliinese sai^c and iniler; 
ninth emperor. ( Note (i. ) 


1798 


2507 


2207 


Yn, or Ta-yii (/. v. Yn the (ireat), the last of the three most 
famous Cliinese nilers, succeeds Shun as emperor. 






2207 


] >uring Yu's reign Chinese wine i.s invented by I-tze. (Note 7. ) 






2188 


.Mizraim (called Jlenes by some writers of profane history and 
ciironology ), second son of Ham, builds Memphis and founds 
the kingdom of Egypt, which subsists l(i(>3 years from its 
founding to its subjugation by Camliyses. (Ac. Com. Chron.) 

(Note 8. 1 


1817 


2526 


2188 


Pelasgi, of uncertain origin, jteople (Jreeee. 


1817 


2526 


2126 


Egypt divided into four kingdoms: Upper Egypt, T>ower Egypt, 
This, and Mempliis. 


1879 


2588 


2122 


Hieroglyphics invented liy Athotes, son of .Mizraim. ( Ac. Blair, 
Haydn, etc., etc., etc.; 2112 ac. lusher. ) 


1883 


2592 


2115^ 


Zoroaster, king of Baotria, flourishes and founds the Magian 
religion, Avhose followers worshi]) the sun. i Ac Haydn ; 2459, 
ac. Lempriere. I (See 5r)0. i 


1890 


2599 


2112 


(^Vbout. ) i'h(euician colonies planted. 


1893 


2602 


2111 


Thebes, in Egypt, built by Busiris. 


1894 


2603 


2089 


The kingdom of Sicyon founded by JOgialeus. 


1910 


2625 


2080 


i'laenicians invade LoA\er Egyi)t. 


1925 


2634 


2080' 


Conquest of Egypt by the Shepherd Kings or Hyksos : beginning 
of their dynasty in Egypt. ( See ISi'O. i 


1925 


2634 


20G9 


Ninus, son of Belus (Belus is called Nimrod in Sacred History ), 
reigns in Assyria, and names his capital after himself, Niuus. 
(Nineveh in Sacred History. ) (See 2245. 1 


1930 


2<)45 


2059 


The Assyrian Empire founded by Niuus, by subduing Babylon, 
Armenia, I'ersia, Bactriana, and all Asia Minor, and adding 
them to the kingdom of Assyria. (See 2218.) 


1946 


2655 


2048 


rimmicians, led by Partholani, land and c(doni/,e in Ireland. 
(Ac. some authorities. | 


1957 


2(i6(i 


2042 


Cranus lauds in (ireece. 


1963 


2672 


2017 


J dynasty of Tliebjin kings begins. 


1988 


2697 


2000 


(About. ) The walls and hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the 
Seven Wonders, built by Semii-amis, (|ueeu of Assyria. (Note 
9, section A. ) 


2005 


2714 



22 



B.C. 


1938 TO 1534 B. C. 


A.M. 


.7. P. 


1938 -' 


Cuustnictioii of Lake .M<i'i-is, in ICiiji)!, 220 iiiik'S in circnuitVr- 
eiice, to drain tlic innndatinji waters of tlii' Nile. 


2007 


2770 


1898' 


The destruction of Hodom and (ioniorrali by tire and hrinistone 
from Heaven. ( Ae. Com. Cliron. i 


2107 


2810 


1897 


Altram's name changed by (!od to Aiiraliam, aiic !>9, and tlie 
Hel)rew rite of circnnnision instituted and ordained by (iod. 
(Ac. Com. Chron.) 


2108 


2817 


1891 


IMueiiician letters,trom w iiich tiie llelnrw and Creek cliaracters, 
and- the Koman letters are derived, invented by Syphoas, and 
tlieir use introdnced by him into Eiiyj)!. (1890 ac. some au- 
thorities. 1 


2114 


2823 


1800 


Shekels of silver first spoken of as current money. ((leu. xxiii., 
10.) (Ac. Com. Chron. | 


2145 


2854 


1850 


The kingdom of Argos, in Creece, founded by Inachus. 


2149 


2858 


1822 


The Egyptian alphabet completed by Memuon. 


2183 


2892 


1820' 


Expulsion of the Siu'piierd Kings from Egypt, 200 years after 
their invasion and coiuiuest. 


2185 


2894 


1817 


Death of Ileber (or Eber) from whom Abraliam and his poster- 
ity derived the name Hebrew. (Ac. Com. Chron.) 


2188 


2897 


1807 


Phoroueus of Argos makes the tirst Attic Laws. 


2198 


2907 


1704 


The Deluge of Attica, in the reign of Ogyges (sometimes called 
the Ogygiau Deluge), after whicli Attica remains waste 208 


2241 


2950 


1729^ 


years, until tlie coming of Cecrops. 






Joseph sold by his brethren, and carried into Egypt. (Ac. C(mi. 


2276 


2985 


1715' 


Chrou. ) 




j^ 


Jose])h ])owerful in Egypt. (Ac. C(mi. Cliron.) 


2290 


2999 


1710 


Pelasgian colony led into Italy by (Enotrus. 


2295 


3004 


1700 


Jacob and his family move to Egypt and settk- in ( ioshen. (Ac. 
Com. Chron.) 


2299 


3008 


1(189 


')ealli (d' Jacob ( Israel I, age MS. (Ac Com. Cliron. ) 


2316 


3025 


1(i:!5' 


i)eatli of Josejdi, in Egypt, age 110, whicli cone ludes the T'.ook of 
Cenesis, containing the liistory of 2309 years. (Ac. Coin. 
Cliron.) 


2370 


3079 


1615 


Etliiopians settle near Egypt. 


2390 


3099 


1582 


The chronology of the Anindelian .Marbles begins witli this ('ate. 
( Note 10.) 


2423 


3132 


1580 


The cynd)ul, a musical inslrniiieni of brass, used at the feasts of 
the goddess ( \\bele. 


2425 


3134 


11580 


The snp]i()sed era of I'rometliens and .Vtlas. 


2425 


3134 


155G' 


The kingdom of Athens founded by Cecrojis, who comes from 
ICgypt (o Attica witli a colony of Saites. (Note 11.) 


2449 


3158 


i51(; 


t^camander migrates from Cret(^ and founds the kingdom of 
Troy, in IMirygia. ( See 1480, 1 374, 1 3 1 4. i 


2459 


31(^)8 


1534 


Dancing to music tirst intnidiiced by the Curetes. 


2471 


3180 



23 



H. C. 


1520 TO 1452 B. C. 


A.M. 


.). p. 


1520 


The city of Coriutli, in (ireecc, founded, and al tirst iianii'd 
Eplivra. 


2485 


3194 


1510 


I.elejiia, afterwards ealled Hparta or LaeedaMiiou, eapital of La- 
conia, Greece, founded by Leiex, its first king. (See 1490.) 


2489 


3198 


1503 


Deluiie ((f Deucalion, in Tliessaly. 


2502 


3211 


149S 


Tlie famous "Councils of the Aiuphictyous" established by Ani- 
phictyon, kiuj; of Thermopylie, a son of Deucalion, king of 
Tliessaly. (Ac. Arundelian Marbles.) The Couneil was 
composed of two representatives from each of twehe cities or 
provinces of Greece, elected liy their people, to regulate the 
national affairs. 


2507 


3216 


1495 


Panathauean games instituted at Athens. 


2510 


3219 


1493 


The use of Phceniciau letters introduced into Greece, and the 
citadel of Thebes built by Cadmus. 


2512 


3221 


1491 


The iustitutitm of the I'assover, and the departure of about 
600,000 Israelites, besides children, from Egypt, where they 
had sojourned 430 years. (Ac Com. Chron. ) 


2514 


3223 


1491 


Pharaoh and all his host drowned in the lied Sea. 


2514 


3223 


1491 


The Ten Commandments received by Moses from God, on Mount 
Sinai, fifty days after the Passover: the feast of Pentecost. 
(Note 12.) 


2514 


3223 


1490 


First erection of the Jewish Tabernacle, and the consecration of 
Aaron as high priest. 


2515 


3224 


1490 


Lelegia, the metropolis of Laconia, named Sparta, and the sur- 
rounding suburbs called Lacechemon, in honor of its fourth 
king, Laceda^mon, and his Avife, Sparta. ( See 1516.) 


2515 


3224 


1487 


Chariots first introduced into Greece by b]reclithonius, fourth 
king of Athens, who drives in tlu*m with four horses. ( 'hariots 
were used in Egypt by Pharaoh, 1491. 


2518 


3227 


1485 


Danaus comes in a ship, with his fifty daughtei-s, from Egypt to 
Greece, and introduces there the use of pumps. (Note 13.) 
(Ac. Com. Chron.) 


2520 


3229 


1485 


^Egyptus, from whom the country, hitherto called ^lizraim, is 
now called JOgyptus (Egypt), begins to reign. (See 2188, and 
note 8. ) 


2520 


3229 


1480 


The city of Dardania (ancient Troy 1 built by Dai'danus the king. 
(See 154(i, 1374, 1314, and 1184.) 


2525 


3234 


1453 


The fii-st ( Hympic games celebrated at ( )lympia, a town of Ells, 
in Greece, by the Ida'i Dactyli. ( Note 14 ; see 884, 776. ) 


2552 


3261 


1453 


The game of quoits originated by the Idsei Dactyli, and first 
played at the Olympic celebration. (Note 14.) 


2552 


3261 


1452 


Death of Aaron at the top of Mount Ilor, agf 122: his son, 
Eleazar, is chosen by God to be high priest in his stead. (Ac. 
Com. Chron.) 


2553 


3262 



24 



II. c. 


1451 TO 1224 B. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1451 


The Pentateucli, or Five Books of ^Nloses, written in llie land of 
Moab, completed, except the last eight verses of Denterononiy 
34, whicli are written l)v Joslma, after the death of Moses. 
( See note 15. ) 


2554 


3203 


1451 


Deatli of Moses, in tlie hind of Moab, age 120. 


2554 


3203 


1451 


The Israelites, led by Joshua, enter the Land of Promise, after 
sojourning in tlie wilderness forty years. (Ac. Com. Clirou.) 


2554 


3203 


1445 


Canaan divided among the tribes of Israel. (Ac. Com. Chron. i 


25(i0 


3269 


1410 


( About. ) The Greek poet, Mus<eus, supposed to have flourished. 


2595 


3304 


]4(l(> 


Minos reigns in Crete, an<l gives laws to liis subjects. 


25!)!) 


3308 


MOO 


Iron discovered by the Dactyli, in Mount Ida, Crete, by the acci- 
dental burning of the woods. ( Note 14. ) 


25!)!» 


3308 


1370 


Setlion reigns in Egypt. 


2(120 


3338 


1374 


The city of Dardania is called Troas (Troy ), and tlie people Tro- 
jans, after their king, Tros. ( See 1540, 1480, 1314, 1184. ) 


2(131 


3340 


1370 


I'rietus and Acricius invent bucklers, used in single comliat. 


2(;:',5 


3344 


135G 


Tlie Eleusinian ^Mysteries introduced in Athens by Eumol])US. 
(Note 10.) 


204!) 


3358 


1320 


Tlie Istlunian games instituted at Corinth, by Sisyphus, king of 
Corinth. 


207!) 


3388 


1325 


The Egyptian canicular year begins with this date, July 20. 


2080 


3389 


1314 


The city of Troy called Ilium, after its king, Ilus. (See 1540, 
1480,'l374, and 1184.) 


2091 


3400 


1284 


Peloids, from whom the Peloponnesus {}. c Island of Pelops) 
took its name, reigns in Pisa. 


2721 


3430 


12S0 


The supposed age of Orjdieus and Linus, celebrated poets and 
musicians. 


2725 


3434 


1203 


The Argonautic expedition, under -lason. 


2743 


3451 


1203 


Pirtli of Hercules, at Tliebes. (Ac. Lslier. t 


2742 


3451 


1 203 


Temple of Apollo, at Delphi, N. (ircece, liuilf by the Ampliicty- 
onic Council. (See 1408, 548.) 


2742 


3451 


1203 


Pytliian games, in honor of Ajiollo, first instituted by Adrastus, 
king of Argos. 


2742 


3451 


1257 


Second Tyre, capital of Phu'iiicia, linilt. ( See 22(57 and 332. ) 


2748 


3457 


1240 


Daedalus, artificer of Alliens, iu\cnts the axe, lever, \\'edg(', gim- 
let, and other tools; also masts and sails for shiits. 


2705 


3474 


1235 


Theseus, celebrated hero of anli(iuity, ascends the throne of 
Athens. 


2770 


3470 


1225 


Theban AVar, between Etcocles and his brother, I'olyuices, as- 
sisted by Adrastus, king of Argos. 


2780 


3489 


1224 


Priam, last king of Troy, begins liis reign. 


2781 


3490 


1224 


Nestor reigns at Pylos. 


2781 


3490 


1224 


(About.) Palamedes of (Jreece invents the game of backgam- 
mon. He is also said to liave invented dice. 


2781 


3490 



25 



V 



B. C. 



1215 TO 1082 B. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1215 

1215 
1201 

ll'lS 
11!(3 



11!I3 



1184 

1182 
1171 
IKil 
1152 
1150 

1141 
1123 

1120 



1115 
1104 



I 



1100 



1 0!)." 



1(188 
1082 



riysscs rciiiiis at Itliacii. It is snp])nsnl that lie invented the 
\\(i(i(l('n horse wliicli entei-ed tlie cit \ of Trcsy. 

i>!( cond Tliehan War, or war of the Ki)i<!;(mi. , 

Aiiaineiiiniiii, kiiifi of Mycen;i'. 

Menelans, kiniiof Ijat'edaMuoii (S]iarla.) 

f'omniencenient of the Trojan War. X. I>. — The most oelehrated 
(if tlie (ireek generals or cliiefs eii^ai^ed in the Trojan War 
\vei-e; Aganieuinon, kini;- of ]\lycena'; Menelans, king of 
Si)arta; I'lysses, king of Itliaca ; Nestor, king of Pylos; Achil- 
h's, son of king of Thessaly; Ajax, of Salaniis; Dioniedes, of 
.Ktc.lia; and Idoinenens, of Crete. 

'^1 lu^ Siege of Troy hegins, to recover I lie w ife of Menelaus, Helen, 
carried olf from S])arta hy Ale.xander Paris, son of Priam, 
king of Tro^y. 

.June 11th (at night ). Fall of Troy, afler a siege of nearly ten 
years. 

Airival of .lOneas in Italy. 

I'irtli of SaiiKH'l. (t^eellll.l (Ac Coin. (Mii'on. ) 

Pirth of Samson. ( See 1120. ) (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 

Allia I>onga, in Italy, hnilt by Ascanins, son of .I.iieas. 

The fiimous Chinese "Pook of Changes" written hy \\'an AVang. 
( Ac. Eucyclo. Brit.) 

Samncl,age 30. is called by (Jod. ( See 1171.1 ( Ac. Com. Chron.) 

.Kolian (ireeks migrate from (Ireece to a part of Asia Minor 
near the .Egeau Sea, which they call .lOolia. 

Samson, the Nazarite, and prodigy of strength, age 41, over- 
throws the Temple of Dagon, killing himself and all the Philis- 
tines assend)led therein. (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 

Planners' comjiass nsed by the Chinese. 

The Ileraclida' ( ('. c the descendants of llcrcnh's) i-e(iirn and 
con(|uei- the Pelopouuesns : Temeiius ascends the tlirone of 
Argos; Eurysthenns and Procles reign over Pacedannon 
(S])ar(a); Oxylns is given the kingdom of Plis; and Cres- 
l)lionles g((\('rns .Myceiue. 

(About.) Standard dictionary of (he Chinese language, con- 
(aining about 40,000 characters, moslly hieroglyi)hics or iiide 
re]iresentations somewhat like our signs (tf the zodiac, per- 
fected and (•(uniilcted by Pa-ont-she. 

Sanl, son of Kish, of the tribe of ]>enjamin, is anointed by 
Samuel as the tii'st king of Israel. The exclamation, since so 
universally used, "God save the king," was first here used by 
the Israelites. ( Date ac. Com. Chron. 1 

The kingdom of Sicyon ended. 

Cheo]).s is king of Egypt, and builds the great (Ji/.eh Pyramid, 
one of the Seven Wonders. (Note !t, section P>. I ( Date ac. 
Clinton, Plair, and Haydn; built bv Cliufu, 3425 ac. Hales.) 



2790 

27!tO 

2804 
2807 
2812 



2905 



3499 

3499 
3513 
35!(i 
3521 



2812 3521 



2821 


3530 


2823 


3532 


2834 


3543 


2844 


3553 


2853 


35(12 


2855 


35(14 


2804 


357:'. 


2882 


35! 11 


2885 


3594 



128!!0 3599 
2901 3(il0 



3(514 



2910 3019 



2917 3020 
2923 3(132 



26 



B. C. 


1070 TO 878 B. 0. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1070 


(."odi'us, sevi'Utecutli and last kiiiji' of Athens, gives his life to 
save his kinsidoni. { Note 17. I ( Date ao. Haydn, Lempriere, 
Hales, Amies, etc.; 1008, ae. several anthoriti<'s; 1044, ac 
Blair.) 


2935 


3644 


1003 


(roliath, the Philistine giant, slain by havid w ith a sling and a 
stone. ( Ae. Com. (''hr(ni. ) 


2942 


3651 


1055 


David, the Psalmist, anointed king over the honse of Jndah, and 
Ish-bosheth, age 40, Sanl's son, nmde king of Israel. — II. 
Samnel, ii., 4. (Ae. Com. Chron. 1 (See 1048.) 


2950 


3659 


104,s 


David anointed king of all Israel and Jndah. ( N. 1>. — He 
reigned forty years, six months : seven and a half years in Heb- 
ron as king of Jndah, and thirty-threi^ years iu Jerusalem as 
king of Israel and Jndah. — II. Samuel, v., 4-5. ) ( See 1055. ) 
( Ac. Com. Chron. | 


2957 


3666 


1043 


Ionian colonies migrate from (Ireece, and settle in Asia Minor. 


2902 


3(!71 


KM 3 


I'ldiesus, City of Ionia, founded hy the loniaus. 


29(;2 


3671 


1033 


Cyme, the most powerful of the JM)lic colonies in Asia Minor, 
founded. (Ac. Blair. ) 


2!)72 


3681 


l(i:t2 


Cephren, who built the second pyramid, is king of l>gy]tt. ( Ac 
Blair. 1 (Note 9, section B. | 


2!)73 


3682 


1015 


1 )eath of King David : succeeded by his son, Solomon. ( See 1055, 
1048.) (Ac. Com. Chron.) 


2990 


3699 


1015 


Smyrna, celebrated seaport town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, 
founded. (Ac. Blair.) 


29!)0 


3699 


1012 


The building of the Tem]>le of Jerusalem by Solonuui begins. 


2993 


3702 


1004 


I'riday, Oclolxi 30. Dedication of the temple built by King Solo- 
mon at Jeinsalem. — I. Kings, \iii., 1-03. (Ac Com. Chron. i 


3001 


3710 


975 


Dt ath of S<iloni(ni, having reigned forty years. 


3030 


3739 


975 


KevoH of till- Ten Tribes (d' the Hebrews under Jeroboam, who 
founds a new monarchy, the Kingdom of Israel, while iJehn- 
boam, Solomon's son, and his posterity retain the sovcreigidy 
as kings of Jndah. (Ac. Com. Chidii. ) 


.3030 


3739 


92(; 


The city of Samaria built by Oniri, king of Isi'ael. 


3079 


3788 


907 


(About.) Homer, most famous (ireck ])oet, and llesiod, cele- 
brated poet, the first to write a i)oem on agriculture, flourish. 
(Ac. Arundelian Marbles.) 


3098 


3807 


890 


Elijah, the prophet, taken nj) into Heaven by a whirlwind, in a 
chariot (tf fire. (Ac. Com. Clu'on. | 


3109 


3818 


SS4 


The Olympic games restored at Elis by King Iphitus. i See 1453, 

776.) 
Peign of Lycurgus, the famous Spartan lawgiver. After his 


3121 


3830 


884 


3121 


3830 


to 


death, the Spartans erect a temple to liim, and honor him as 






850 


a god. 






878 


Carthage founded by Dido, who names it Carthadt ( *'. c New 
City.) (S(!me chronologists give 809 as the date.) 


3127 


3836 



27 



li. ('. 



SO!) TO 785 B. C. 



SC>i) Phidoii, kiiiii' of Argos, invents scales and measures, and coins at 3136 3845 

,l<]i;ina tlie tirst silver nKjnej'. 
862 Jonah, one of the Twelve Minor Hebrew Prophets, swallowed by 3143 3852 

"a ,!;reat fish," in whose belly he remains three days and three 

nifihts, aftei whieli he preaches to the Ninevites, and causes 

them to repent. ( Ac. C(mi. Chron.) (Note 18.) (840, ac. some 

authorities.) 

838: Death of Elisha, the Hebrew prophet. ( Ac. C(nu. Chron. ) ' 3H)7 3876 

814 The kin^<loni of Macedonia first f(mnded by Caranus, a de- 3191 3900 
I scendant of Hercules. It continues (!4(! years, until conquered 
' by the llomans at the battle of Pydna. ( See 1(;S B. C. ) 
800 Joel, one of the Twelve Minor Hebrew Prophets, begins his 3205 3914 

prophecy. ( Ac. Com. Chron.) (Note 18.1 
787 Amos besins to prophesy. He is one of the Twelve Elinor 3218 3927 

Hebrew Prophets. (Ac. Com. Chron. I (Note 18.) 
785 Hosea, one of the Twelve Minor Hebrew Prophets, begins his ^ 3220 3929 

prophecy. (Ac. Coin. Chron. ) (Note 18.) I 




iiiitet"ii'J5fc'U-in 

LYCURGUo.— bb-t-850 B. C. 



2S 






i-i'-: 




THE GREEKS SACRIFICING TO THE STATUE OF JUPITER AT OLYMPIA. IN ELIS. 











WEST-END VIEW OF THE ACROPOLIS, THE ANCIENT CITADEL OF ATHENS. 

30 





PERIOD 11. 








I'KO.M 770—1 B. C. 






Tl 


ic (ircclcs rctkdiKMl tlicii- vcars O.v Olympiads of four vcais ( 


ac 


1, beginning with 


Ihciii 


line of 770, in wliicli CoivrOus was the coiKiiU'Vor. Tlw Olyiii 


)i. 


year conimenced 


a( lli( 


' tii-st full moon after the summer solstice, about July 1st. 






Tl 


le I{(nnans computed time from 753, April 20th, the supposed 


d 


ite of (he founda- 


lion ( 


f Rome, "A. V. (\" (Anno Urhis (_'ondit;e. 1 






h 


tlie columns of Olympiads, the large tigures denote the num 


l)cr (tf the Olyni- 


liiiul, 


and the small numeral at the right, after the dash, indicates 


w bet her it is the 


first, 


sec(nid, third, or fimrth year of thai ()lyiii]»ind. 






B. C. 


776 TO 745 B C. 


A. U 


c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


77(i 


( 'oro'hus is victorious a( the (»lyiiiiiic gann's (.July 
23, ae. Scaliger). This is conimonly called First 
Olympiad. ( See 1 453 and SS4. i 






1-1 


3229 


3938 


774 


The towns of Pandosiu and iMetaponlum founded in 
Italy by Grecian emigrants. 






1-3 


3231 


3940 


771' 


Tlie Temjde of Diana, at Epliesus, l)egun. One of the 
Seven \N'onders. (Note !», section (' ; see 552. 1 






2-1 


3233 3942 


7(17 


First recorded universal ])lagaie in all ])arts of the 






3-2 


3238 3947 




known world. 












. 700 


(About.) The Ephori instituted at Sparta by Theo- 






5-1 


3245 3954 




pompus. ( Note 19. ) 








7(iO 


Kumelus, Corinthian ])oet (due of the Bacchiadie), 










flourishes. He wrote a i)oetical history of Corinth. 










70(1 


Isaiah, one of the Four Oreater Hebrew Prophets, 
begins his i)rophecy. (Ac. Com. Chron. ) (Note 

18.) 








1 


7o3 


Building of Rome, reckoned as A. V. C. 1, beginning 
April 20, and the first yeai- of (he reign of Romu- 
lus, its founder. 




1 


6-4 


3252 


3961 


i:>2 


Charops, the first of tlie Decennial Ai-chons of Ath- 
ens; /. ('. archons whose role was limited to ten 
years. 




2 


I-^ 


3253 


3962 


7:.o 


.Micah, one of the Twelve ^Minor Hebrew Prophets, 




4 


7-3 


3255 


3964 




begins his prophecy. (Note IS.) (Ac. dun. 












Cliron. ) 






1 




741 


The Balnlonian Em])ire begins under Nabonassar. 




7 


8-2 3258 


3967 


747 


Nabonassarean Era begins >\'ednes(lay, February 20. 
(Note 20.) 










745 


End of the reign of Au.\(onieues, last king of Cor- 
intli, which is governed for the next ninety years 
Ity an annually elected magistrate, called Pry- 
tanis. 




9 


8-* 


3260 


3969 



Jl 



B. C. 


743 TO 710 B. C. 


A. U.C. OLYM. 


A. M. J. p. 

1 


743 


Reiiiiniiiiii of tli(* lirst Messeiiinii ^Vnv, wliich ooii- 
tiiHics for iicjirl.v twenty years, between (he Sj^ar- 
taiis ami ^Icsseuiaus. 


Hi 9-2 


3262 


3971 


738 


Koiiinhis first arraufies the Koiiian cal'Midai-, wiiicli 
is coiiiijosecl of only ten niontlis (304 days). 


Kj 10-3 


3267 


3976 


735 


Naxos, iu Sicily, fonnded by the (Mialcidians. 


19 11-2 


3270 


3979 


734 


Syracuse fonnded by Archias, a Corinthian, and one 
of tile Ileraelida^ ( See 21l2. ) 


20 ii-3 


3271 


3980 


734 


The cttlony of Corcjra (now Corfn), liie cliief of the 










Ionian Isles, founded by the Corinthians. 










730 


Keys invented by Theodore of Sanios. (Ac. Pliny.) 
But locks are said to have been known to the 
E.iiyi.tians nearly 2000 B. C. 


24 


12-3 


3275 


3984 


724 


I'olydonis, kinfi' of Spai'ta, takes Ithonie and ends the 
first Messenian ^^'ar, the Messenians becoming 
vassals of the Sjjartans. 


30 


14-1 


3281 


3990 


7121 


Samaria taken by Shalmaneser, kinj? of Assyria, 
after a sie.ne of three years, and the ten tril)es are 
carried into captivity, which ends the kini;(lom of 
Israel, 254 years after its foundation by Jero- 
lioani. 


33 


14-4 


3284 


3993 


7L'l 


I'irst recorded eclipse of the moon, observed at 
P.al)ylon, March 19. (Ac. Ptolemy.) 










7120 


Eclipse nf moon obser\'ed liy the (Miahhi>ans [March Sth 
and Sei>tenilier 1st. (Ac. Ptolemy.) 


34 


15-1 


3285 


3994 


716 


Nnnia Pompilius, second kinji of Rome. N. B. — He 
(h^licated a temi)le to Janus, which durintj' his 
entire reii^n remained closed, as a sign of peace at 
Rome. 


38 


16-1 


3289 


3998 


713 


Nunia Pompilius corrects the calendar of Bomulus 
by adding the months of January and February 
to the year, which consisted previously of but ten 
months. ITe makes January the first month of the 
year,, and institutes the Feast of New Year's Day, 
January 1st, dedicating it to Janus. 


41 


16-4 


3292 


4001 


713 


Nahum, one of the Twelve Minor Hebrew Pro])hets, 
begins his prophecy. (Ac. Com. Chrou.) (See 
Note 18.) 










710 


Crotona, one of the most celebrated and powerful 
states of Magna Granna, founded by Myscellus, an 


44 


17-3 


3295 


4004 




Aciia'an leader. 








710 


Numa Pompilius fcmnds the Temple of Vesta at 
Ivome, and first introduces there the Vestal Vir- 
gins. 










o 



< 

H 
a> 
111 

> 

o 

Ul 

_I 

Q. 
UJ 



33 



11. c. 


708 TO 632 B. C. 


A. U.C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. J. P. 


7US 


Taieutuiu, :i Iowa of .Magiiu (Jriecia, iu soutli uf Italy, 
fouuded by riialantus. 


46 


18-1 


3297 


4006 


(litl 


The welding- or soldering of iron introduced by 
GlauoiLs, of Chios. ( Date ac. Blair. ) 


63 22-2 


3314 


4023 


685 


The Messeuiaus attempt to throw off the Spartan 


60 23-4 


3320 


4029 




yoke, and begin the second Messeniau War. (Ac. 












Com. Chron.) (645, ac. some recent authorities.) 










(See 671.) 








685 


Tyra^us, Athenian schoolmaster and remarkable poet, 
composes elegies and martial songs, which animate 
the Spartans, and spur them on to victory iu second 
Messenian War. 








(;84 


Chalcedou tVmuilcd (ui the Bithynian side of the 
Bosjiluirus. 


70 24-1 


3321 


4030 


i;s3 


( 'reon, first of the Annual Archons of Athens. 


71 24-2 


3322 


4031 


(]80 


The game of chess invented about this time. (Ac. 
llaydn and others.) 


74 25-1 


3325 


4034 


673 


(About, or 702.) The angel Raphael is sent by God 
to Tobit and Sara, in answer to their prayers. — 
Tobit, 12, 15. Tobit lost his sight the year Esar- 
haddon or Sarchedonus succeeded his father, Sen- 
nacherib.— Tobit 1-2. (681, ac. Encyclo. Brit, and 
most recent authorities; 680, ac. Haydn's Biog. 
Diet., J. TlKimas, etc.; 710, ac. Usher, Haydn's 
Diet, of Dates, Boyle, etc.; 711, ac. Blair and Clin- 
ton. ) Tobit's sight is restored by God, through 
Raphael, eight years after.— Tobit 14. (681—8= 
673, or 710— 8=702.) 


81 26-4 

1 

1 


3332 


4041 


671 


The Messeuiaus totally defeated by the Spartans. 
The end of second Messenian War. (Ac. Com. 
Chron.) (631 or 628, ac. some recent authorities.) 
( See 685. ) 


83 


27-2 


3334 


4043 


670 


Alcnian, lyi-ic poet, native of Sardinia, nourishes. 


84 


27-3 


3335 


4044 


657 


Byzantium (now Constantinople) fouuded by the 
Megariaus, led by Byzas. 


97 


30-4 


3348 


4057 


654 


Stagira, the birthplace of Aristotle, founded. (Ac 
Blair; 665, ac. Lempriere. ) 


100 


31-3 


3351 


4060 


650 


Zaleucus, celebrated Greek lawgiver of the Locrians, 


104 


32-3 


3355 


4064 




flourishes. 








633 


Tomis, capital of Lower ilo'sia, founded by a Mile- 
sian colony. 


121 


36-4 


3372 


4081 


632 


Birth, at Himera, in Sicily, of Stesichorus, cele- 
brated Greek lyric poet, styled "Father of Choral 
Soug." 


122 


37-1 


3373 


4082 



B.C. 


631 TO 600 B. C. 


A. U. 0. 


o:.rM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


G31 


Cyreue, capital of Cyreuaica, in Africa, founded by 
P.attns of Tlicra. 


123 


37-2 


3374 


4083 


630 


Zcplianiali, one of tlic Twelve Minor Hebrew Tropli- 
ets, begins liis ]>rophecy. (Ac. Com. Clirou. ) 

(Note IS.) 


124 


37-3 


3375 


4084 


62;) 


Jereniiali, one of the I'our (ireati'r llel)rew IM-ojih- 
ets, beijins to propliesv. ( Ac. ( 'oni. ( 'liron. i ( Note 
18.) 


125 


37-4 


3376 


4085 


626 


Habakknk, one of the Twelve .Minor Hebrew I'ropli- 
ets, l)ei>ins to prophesy. (Ac. Com. Chron.) (Note 
18.) 


128 


38-3 


3379 


4088 


621 


Draco, the archon, makes tlie first written Athenian 
code of laws, known as the "Bloody Laws of 
1 )raco.'' 


133 


39-4 


3384 


4093 


610 


Miraculous escape, from pirates, of Arion, the famous 
])Oet and citliara player of Lesbos, (Jreece. (Note 
21.) ( Date ae. Blair.) 


144 


42-3 


3395 


4104 


610 


Necho, kinn' (tf Eiiy]it, endeavors to construct a canal 
between tlie Mediterranean t>ea and the Bed l?>ea; 
12,000 men ])erisli in llie attempt. 










fi(l6 


Captnre of Nineveli, by tiie united armies of Cyax- 
ares, kiui;- of Media and Persia, and Nabopolas- 
sar, kiny- of Bal)ylon; tlie fall of Ihe Assyrian Em- 
pire. 


148 


43-3 


3399 4108 


fi;6 


Nebuchadnezzar succeeds his father, Nabopolassar, as 
kini; of liali.xlon. 








(;(!6 


•Tehoiakim, kinii of Judali, the nobles of Judah and 
Jerusalem, and many of the Israelites, carried cap- 
tive to Babylon by Kinii' Nebuchadnezzar. Among 
the cajitives are Daniel, Ananiah, ^lishael, and 
Azariah, whom the kini; names Belteshazzar, 8had- 
rach, Meshach, and Abed-ne<io. 

The Babylonish Ca])tivity of Seventy Years, fcu-etold 
by Jeremiah, ch. xxv., vs. 9-12, begins. Daniel i., 
1-7; II. Kings xxiv., 1; 11. Chronicles xxxvi., 6-7. 
( See 536. ) 








604 


Phoenician nmriuers, by order of Necho, king of Egypt, 
sail from the Red Sea, anmnd Africa, and return by 
the Mediterranean. 


150 


44-1 


3401 4110 


600 


Massilia, in Gaul (now Marseilles, in Erance), found- 


154 


45-1 


3405 4114 




ed by Phoca^ans. 










600 


Alcajus, celebi'ated Creek lyric poet of :Mitylene, in 
Lesbos, and inventor of Alcaic verses, flourishes. 










600 


Sappho, famous ({reek lyric poetess of iMitylene, 
flourishes. 











36 



B.C. 


595 TO 569 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. .1. P. 


505 


Ezekiel, oue of the Four Greater Hebrew Prophets, 
sees his vision and begins liis prophecy. (Ac. Com. 
Chrou.) (Note 18.) 


159 


46-2 


3410 


4119 


594 


Solon, archon, gives liis wise code of laws to the 
Athenians. 


IGO 


46-3 


3411 


4120 


594 


July. >?iddartha (Jautania, generally known as 
Buddha, the Hindu sage, age 29, retires into se- 
ihision, and plans out the Buddhist religion, ^vhich 
rai)idly sjireads through Eastern and Central Asia. 
( See Note 22. ) 










593 


The Seven Wise Men of Greece tloiirisii. (Note 23.) 


161 


46-4 


3412 


4121 


593 


Anacharsis, a Scythian philosoidicr, tlourishes. He 
is reckoned by some wrilcrs among the Seven ^Mse 
Men. 










587 


'•(>n the ninth day of the toiirtli montb" (.Juikm, after 
a siege of eighteen months, Jerusalem is again taken 
by Xebuchailnezzar, who puts an end to the kingd(un 
of Judah. The tem[)le, palac<-, and houses of Jeru- 
salem are burnt by Nebuzaradan, captain of the 
guard, under Nebuchadnezzar. — Jeremiah 52; II. 
Chronicles xxxvi., 17-21; and 11. Kings 25. (588, 
ac. Usher. ) 


167 


48-2 


3418 


4127 


587 


Obadiah, one of the Twelve ilinor Hebrew I'rophets, 
begins his prophecy. (Ac. Com. Chron. ) (Note 
18'. 1 










585 


-May 28th. Battle of Ilalys, ))etween Lydiaus and 
?iledes, interrupted by an almost total eclipse of the 
s)ui. which had been predicted by Thales of Miletus. 
( Note 22. 1 


169 


48-4 


3420 


4129 


580 


Ananiah, Azariah, and .Mishacl, "cast into the midst 
of a burning, fiery furnace," by oi'der of Nebuchad- 
nezzar, for refusing to worshiii the golden inmge, 
are ])reserved from the flames li\' God, and sing the 
Benedicite, "O all ye works of the l^ord," etc. — Dan. 
iii., 23, and Apocrypha, "Song of the Three Holy 
( 'hildreu," verse 35. ( Date ac. Usher. ) 


174 


50-1 


3425 


4134 


574 


The arihangel Uriel apjtears to Esdras, the prophet 
and chief priest of the Jews, in Babybui. — II. 
Esdras iv., verses 1 and 3(i. ("In the thii'teeuth 
year after the ruin of the city," i. c 587 — 13=574. 
Esdras iii., 1.) 


180 


51-3 


3431 


4140 


569 


Nebuchadnezzar, as a punislnnent for his pride, is 
deprived of his reason and driven among the 
beavSts of the held, until the seventh year, when he 
acknowledges the ])owcr cf tlic .Most High God, 


185 


52-4 


3436 


4145 



B.C. 


569 TO 537 B. C. 


A. u.c. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


569 


and is tlieii restored to his kingdom, as foretold 


185 


52-4 


3436 


4145 




in 570 by Daniel, oh. iv., vs. 19-36. (Ac. Com. 


; 








Clirou.) 










566 


l-'irst census taken at Rome; citizens nund)er 84,700. 


188 


53-3 


3439 


4148 


565 


(About.) Birth of Lao-Tse, celebrated Chinese phil- 
osopher, said to have been born with white hair and 
eyebrows, indicative of his early wisdom. 


189 


53-" 


3440 


4149 


564 


Death of ..Esop, famous fabulist, originally a I'hrygiau 


1901 54-1 


3441 


4150 




slave. He dedicated his fables to his i)atron, Croe- 












sus, king of l^ydia. 








562 


First comedy invented and acted, at Athens, on a 


192 54-3 


3443 


4152 




movable stage, by the (Ireek poet, Susarion, as- 












sisted by Dolon. 










559 


Cyrus, surnamed "The Great," founds the kingdom 
of Persia, including that of Media. ( Note 24. ) 


195 


55-2 


3446 


4155 


556 


Birth of Simonides, celebrated lyric poet, of Cos, an 
island of Asia Minor, in the entrance of the Ceramic 
Gulf. He died 467 B. C. 


198 


56-1 


3449 


4158 


555 


Daniel, the prophet, sees his first vision. (Note 18.) 
(Ac. Com. Chron.) 


199 


56-2 


3450 


4159 


552 


The Temple of Diana, at Ephesns, one of the Seven 


2021 57-1 


3453 


4162 




Wonders, completed. (Note 9, section C; see 772.) 










552 


Temple of Jupiter, at 01ymi)ia, erected. 










551 


Birth of Confucius, most illustrious (►f Chinese phil- 
osophers. 


203 


57-2 


3454 


4163 


550 


Zoroaster II., Persian philosojther, generally con- 
founded with Zoroaster I., tlourishes. (Date ac. 
Haydn; 589-519, ac. Lenipriere; 1082 B. C, ac. 
ITaydn in another item. ) ( See 2115. ) 


204 


57-3 


3455 


4164 


548 


Tem])le of Apollo, at Delphi, burned by the Pisistra- 
tidie. (See 1263.) 


206 


58-1 


3457 


4166 


547 


Death of Anaximander, ]\Iilesian philosopher, in his 
64th year. He made the first geographical maps, 
invented the sun-dial, constructed the firet 
spheres, etc. 


207 


58-2 


3458 


41(i7 


546 


Ci'(esus, king of Lydia, defeated by Cyrus the Great, 
^\•ho adds Lydia to the Persian Empire. ( Note 25. ) 


20,s 


58-3 


3459 


4168 


544 


I'Mrst public library founded at Athens by Pisis- 
tratus. 


210 


59-1 


3461 


4170 


538 


Babylon taken by Cyrus the Great, whose empire now 
comprises Persia, Media, Lydia, Assyria, Baby- 
lonia, Asia Minor, Pluenicia, Palestine, and Syria. 
(Note 26.) 


216 


60-3 


3467 


4176 


537 


Daniel cast into the lion's den and delivered by God. 


217 


60-4 


3468 4177 




(Ac. Com. (^hron.) 











B.C. 


bm TO .520 B. G. 


A.V.V. OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. e. 


536 


rytliafioras, the celebrated Greek moral philosopher 
of Samos, inventor of the nuiltiplication table, visits 


218 


61-1 


3469 


4178 


536 


Egypt. 
- The Jews, nunil)erinn- 42,360, together with their 7,337 
servants, are permitted by Cyrns to return to their 
country and rebuild their temple; their seventy 
years' captivity, as prophesied by Jeremiah, being 
now accomi)lished. ( Note 27. ) (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 










536 


( See 606. ) 
Vines and olive trees first planted in Oaiil by the 
Greeks of Marseilles. (Ac. Rlair. I 










536 


First tragedy exhibite<l at Athens, on a \\agon, by 
Thespis, who is sujiposed to ha\(' been tlic inventor 










534 


of tragedies. 
Terrible plague at <'arthage. 


220 


61-3 


3471 


4180 


534 


Servins Tullins, sixth king of Ivouu', murdered. His 
wise laws and regulations are set aside by his suc- 
cessor, Tai'(|uinius 11. (Superbus), se\:entli and 
last king of Rome. 










534 


Daniel, one of the Four Greater Hebrew Prophets, 










532 


sees his last vision. ( Note 18. ) ( Ac. < Nim. ( 'hron. ) 
Anacreon, celebrated lyric poet of Teos, in Ionia, 


222 


62-1 


3473 


4182 


525 


flourishes. 
Egypt con([ueri'd by Cambyses, and added to the 


229 


63-4 


3480 


4189 


524 


Persian Empire. 
Cyrene and Fibya, to the confini's of Garthage, con- 


230 


64-1 


3481 


4190 


523 

522 


quered by the I'ersians. (Ac. IJlair. ) 
Eclipse of the moon, July 16th. (Ac. Blair. ) 
Birth, at Thebi's, of Pindar, greatest Greek lyric poet. 

( See 442. ) 


231 
232 


64-2 
64-3 


3482 
3483 


4191 
4192 


520 


Isfendiyar, one of the most celebrated Persian heroes, 
son of Darius llystaspis, tiourishes. 


234 


65-1 


3485 


4194 


520 


Jioostam, most illustrious nf Persian heroes, flour- 
ishes. 










52a 


Sixth month, Uaggai, one of the Twelve iMinor Hebrew 
I'rophets, begins his prophecy. (Note 18.) (Ac. 
Com. Chron. ) 










520 


The Hebrew words "Hallehijair' (Praise the Ford) 
and "Amen" (So lie it) sai<l to luixc been intro- 
duced in tlie Hebrew hymns and into the temple 
worshii> liy Haggai : although "Amen" was cum- 
nuinded by (bid to be used by the Israelites 1490 
B. C., in Book of Numbers, and in 1451, Dent, 
xxvii. ; and "Ilalleln.jah" appears in many of the 
Psalms from 10(;th to 150th. 











39 



B. U. 


520 TO 490 B. C. 


A. U.C. OLVM. 


A. M. 


.1. r. 


520 


Eiiilitli nioiitli, Zcchai'iali, one of the Twelve :\Iinor 
Hebrew I'ropliets, sees his vision iiiid l)ei;ins his 


234 65-1 


3485 


4104 




prophecy. (Note 18.) (Ae. Cdiii. Cliroii. ) 










517 


The Chinese have recorded at this date tlie interview 


237 


65-4 


3488 


4197 




between their celebrated philosopher, Confncins, 










and Jjao-Tse, when the latter cantioiied Confncius 












against seeking the honoi-s of the worhl, (ibservinji- 












that tJie j)ossessor of trne wisdom seeks rather tn 












lii(h' than to disphiy his riches. 










515 


The Jews, under the patronage of Darins, complete and 


239 66 2 


3490 


4199 




dedicate their second or new temjile, on the third 












day of the month Adar ( .Alarch 10th I. — Ezra vi., 15. 












I Ac. Com. Chron. ) 










515 


(About.) Death of I'lierccydes, (ii'eek philoso]dii'r of 
Scyros, age N4. 










511 


;Milo, celebrated athlete, at the head of the ("mldniau 
army, gains a decisive victory over the Sybarites. 
( Note 2.S. ) 


243 


67-2 


3494 


4203 


510 


Teb'siJJa, lyi'ic jxH'tess of Argos, tlnurisiies. Slie 


244 


67-3 


3405 


4204 




lira\'ely def'en<le(l her country agaiiisl I lie S[)arlnns 










and obliged them to raise the siege. 








501) 


The Tan|uius diiven from Rome; regal power is 
abolislied, and an aristocratic republic estab- 
lished, with two annually elected cctnsuls at its 
head. 

Thrace subdued by the Persians. 


245 


67-4 


3496 


4205 


50 (i 


248 


68-3 


3400 


4208 


505 


Darins, king of Persia, con(]uers Die Islands (if habros 
and I.einnos, takes f'halcedon, crosses Ihe Pos- 


249; 68-4 

i 


3500 


4209 




])horus, and makes himself master of P.yznntium 












( ( 'onstautinople. I ( Ac. Blair. ) 










504 


Bardis, in Asia Minor, burnt by the Atlienians, which 
■gives rise to the invasion of Attica by Darius, of 
Persia. 


250 


09-1 


3501 


4210 


400 


.^schylus, one of the three great Creek tragedians, 
first a])i)ears in public as a tragic pnet, age 20. 
(Note 20.) 


255 


70-2 


3506 


4215 


408 


The office of Dictator created at Pome, and first held 
by the consul, T. Lartius Flavus. 


256 


70-3 


3507 


4216 


495 


Birth of Sophocles, first of the three great Creek 
tragedians, at Colonus, a village near AUk^us. ( See 
468^, 405, and Note 29.) 


259 


71-2 


3510 


4210 


404 


Fourth day of the Ides of Decendier. The office of 
Tribune first instituted at Pome. 


260 


71-3 


3511 


4220 


400 


Darius sends a large army, under Datis and Arta- 
]ihernes, to invade Creece. They iire defeated at 


264 


72-3 


3515 


4224 



40 




MILTIADES. 
SEE 490 B. C. 



41 




THEMISTOCLES RECEIVING THE PALMS OF VICTORY. — 479 B.C. 

SEE 480 B. C. 




EXILE OF THEMISTOCLES. — 471 B. C. 
42 



li. c. 


490 TO 479 B. C. 


A. u.c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. ■ 


490 


the nu'iuorahlc luittle of Marathon, b_v 3Iiltiades, 
with a very inferior force, September 28th. 


2(>4 


72-3 


3515 


4224 


487 


Birtli of <}or<;ias, oelelirated sopliist and orator of 

Sicily. (See 380.) 


267 


73-2 


3518 


4227 


486 


The Agrarian Law, for an equitable division of con- 
(|nercd lands, is first ])ro])oscd at Iionie by Spurins 
Cassias, then consul; but is i-ejcctcd. (See 485 


268 


73-3 


3519 


4228 




and 134. 1 






485 


The office of Qujvstor first created at Rome. (Ac. 


269 73-4 


3520 4229 




Lempriere. ) 








485 


Agrarian Law again proi^osed and rejected. (See 


) 








^486 and 134.) 










485 


Spui-ius < "assius, one of the most distinguished Ro- 
mans of his age, having Ih'cu consul three times, is 
accused of aiming at majesty, and is thrown from 
the Tarpeian rock. 






■ 




484 


.Eschylus gains first prize for tragedy. ( See 499, 456, 
and Note 29. ) 


270 


74-1 


3521 


4230 


484 


Birth (at Halicarnassus) of Herodotus, celebrated 
Greek historian, frequently styled "The Father of 
History." 










481 


Xerxe-s, king of Persia, having jtrepared an im- 
mense force, naval and military, for the invasion 
of Greece, commences his marcli, and winters at 
Sardis. 


273 


74--^ 


3524 


4233 


480 


('elebrated battle of Thermoi>yhe, between Persians 
and Greeks, in which three hundi'cd Spartans re- 
sist in the narrow pass for three successive days 
(August 7, 8, and 9) the repeated attacks of the 
bravest and most courageous of the Persian army, 
which, according to some histcu'ians, numbered 


274 


75-1 


3525 


4234 




about 5,000,(100. " 








480 


October 20th. Great naval vict(try gained over the 
Persians, at Salarais, by the (irceks, under Themis- 
tocles. Foretold by Daniel, xi., 2. 










480 


Xerxes returns to Persia and leaves ^lardonius (son- 
in-law of Darius) in Greece at the bead of an army 
.of 300,000 chosen men. 










480 


Birth of Euripides, one of the three great tragic poets 
of Greece. ( See 455, 40(i, and Note 29. ) 










479 


Athens taken and burnt by .^lardonius, after which 275 
his army is totally routed, and he slain, at Platiea, 


75-2 


3526 


4235 




by the Athenians, Sjiartans, and Tega^ans, under 












Pausanias and Aristides, Septend)er 22d. 











B. V. 


479 TO 458 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


479 


On the .same day tlie rcrsian ticct is defeated at Mveale 
by Leotycliides, kiug of Sparta, and Xaiithippus, 
the Athenian ai'ehou. 


275 


75-2 


3526 


4235 


479 


Birtli i)f Antiplion, one of llie Ten Attie Orators. 
( See 411, and Note 30. ) 










479 


Death of Confucius, most illustrious of ("iiiiiese phil- 
oso])hers. 










477 


July 17th. Massacre of the oOG Fabii, their clients, 
and servants, at Cremera, by the Veientes ( /. r. in- 
habitants of Veil, a jmwerful city about twelve 
miles from Kome. ) 


277 


75-t 


3528 


4237 


475 


(About.) I'arnienidcs, (ireek pliiios(i](lier of Elis, 
flourishes, lie teaches that the earth is round, and 
suspended in the centre of the universe in a lluid 
liyliter than air, so that all bodies left to themselves 
fall to the sin-face. 


279 


76-2 


3530 


4239 


468 


Sophocles, the lireat (ireek traiiedian, a,ue 27, gains 
tirst ]n'i7.e for his maiden dranm, "Tri])tolemus." 

X. 1>. — In his ]Miblic career of sixty-tlirce years, from 
4(18 to 405, he won lirst prize for tragedy twenty 
times. ( See 495, 405, and Note 1M». ) 


286 


78-1 


3537 


4246 


4(;7 


itirtli of Andocides, one of the Ten Athenian Orators. 
(See;5!U, and Note 30. ) 


287 


78-2 


3538 


4247 


4(;(; 


( 'imon, Athenian general ( son of Miltiades |, age aiiout 
34, gains a great victory over the I'ersian fleet, at 
the mouth of the Kurymedon, in rami)hylia, where 
lu' captures 200 ships from the enemy. On the same 
day he also completely deleats the I'ersian army on 
land, and thus effectually ends the war l)etAveen 
( Jreece iind I'ersia. 


288 


78-3 


3539 


1248 


40.-) 


Third Messenian War begins. ( See 455. ) 


289 


78-" 


3540 


4249 


4(i4 


Zeno of I'^lea, in Italy, Greek ]»hilosopher, flourishes. 


290 


79-1 


3541 4250 


400 


Birth, on the Island of Cos, of Ilijypocrates, most 
eminent physician of anti(|uity, styled "The Father 
of Medicine." 


294 


80-1 


3545 


4254 


4(;o 


IJirth, at Abdera, in Thrace, of Democritns, celebrated 
(ireek philosoidier. 










45!>< 


Birth, at Athens, of Lysias, one of the Ten Athenian 
Oators. (Note 30. See 378. ) 


296 


80-3 


3547 


4256 


458 


(Mncinnatus called from the plongli and ai)iK)intt'd 
dictator of Rome. He re])airs to the tield of battle, 
where his countrymen are closely besieged by the 
-T](iui. He defeats the enemy and returns to Rome 
in triumph. Sixteen days after his appointment, 
he resigns liis oflice and retires to liis farm. 











44 




PERICLES. 

SEE 429 B. C. 



N. 





PINDAR. 
SEE 442 B. C. 



ARISTOPHANES. 
SEE 427 B. C. 



43 








THE PARTHENON AT ATHENS. 
SEE 442 AND 438 B. C. 




EMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS, AT BASS/E, IN ARCADIA. 
BUILT BY THE ARCHITECT ICTINUS, ABOUT 450 B. C. 



46 



n. c. 



458 TO 441 B. C. 



A. r. C. OLVM. A. M. 



J. p. 



45S Ezra (aiillidr cf the liook "Ezia" in tlic I'.ililc, and 
pcrliaps (pf the two hooks (.f (Mirouiclcs ), at the 
head of ahout 1,772 Jews, hesi(h's wniiien and 
ohihlreu, goes from Rahyh)n to .TerusahMu, in ae- 
oonUuice Avith the decree of Artaxerxes, king of 
Persia. (See Ezra, ch. vii. and viii.) (Ae. Com. 
(Jhron. ) 
Beginning of tlie Seventy AVeeks, in Daniel ix., 2i. 
( See Note 31. ) 

4.")(i The unnd)er of tribunes at Rome inereased from tive 
to ten. 

45(3 Death of 3]schylns, one of the tliree great Greek 
tragedians. (See 49i», 484, and Note lil). | 

455, Euripides, age 25, i>roduces his first tragedy, the 
■'Pleiades." (See 480, 40(>, and Note 29, sec- 
tion C.) 

455 Third and last Messenian War ends with the tinal 
def(\at of the Messenians hy the S])artans. 

454 Aristachus of Tegea, (ireek tragic poet, tlonrishes. 

454 (Jratiuus and Plato, Athenian comic ])oets, flourish. 

451 Ion of Chios, celel)rated Oreek tragedian (one of the 
tive (ireek tragic poets, ac. Alexandrian canon), 
exhibits his first drama, i Note 2!l. i 

451 Decemviri (ten magistrates) first appointed at 
Ikome. 

451 The first "Ten Tables of Laws" framed at Rome hy 
the Decemviri. 

450 The "Twelve Tables of Laws" at Rome completed and 
promulgated. 

450 Empedocles, celebrated philosopher, ])net, and histo- 
rian, vi Agrigentum, in Sicily, flourishes. 

445 Xehemiah permitted by Artaxerxes, king of Persia, to 
rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. I See Neliemiah ii. ) 
(Ac. Com. Chron. i 

445 Herodotus, celebrated historian, of ilalicarnassus, in 
his 39th year, pulilicly rejieats, at the Olympic 
games, the history which he had composed. It is 
I'eceived with universal applause. 

442 Death of Pindar, tlie famous (ireek lyric jxiet, ;et. 80. 
(See 522.) 

442! (About.) The Parthenon, or Temi)le of .Minerva, at 
' Athens, built by the architects Ictinus and Calli- 
i crates. ( See 438. ) 

441 1 The battering-ram invented by Artemon, a Sjiartan. 



296 80-3 



298 i 81-1 



299 81-2 



300 



81-3 



303 82-2 



3547 4256 



3549 4258 



3550 4259 



3551 
3554 



4260 
4263 



304 82-3 i 3555 4264 



309 83^ 35()0 4269 



312 84-3 



313 84-4 



3563 4272 



3564 4273 



47 



B. C. 


■140 TO 413 B. C. 


A. U. C. OLYM. 


A. M. J P. 


440 


I'olyiiiiotns, (if Tliasos, and I'aiiit'ims, of Atliens, oele- 
liratcd (h'eck painters, Jlonrisli. 


314 


85-1 


3565 


4274 


438 


(About.) Tlic celehratcd statue of .Minerva, by Tlii- 
dias, conipleted and creeled in the I'artlieuon, at 
Atliens. I See 442. ) 


310 


85-3 


3567 


4276 


436 


Hirtli of Isocrates, one of the Ten Aliienian (»i-ators. 
(Note 30; see 338.) 


318 


86-1 


3569 


4278 


43C 


I'olycletns, of Sicyon, celebrated statuary, tionr- 
ishes. 










432 


Tlic .Metonic cycle of nin(^tcen years ((Joldeu Number) 
invented by .Melon, the (Jreek astrcuionier. 


322 


87-1 


3573 


4282 


431 


Tlic I'eloiionnesian W'nv begins ^lay 7th, and con- 
tinues twenty-seven years. 


323 


87-2 


3574 


4283 


430 


Severe jdaiiue at Athens. 


324 


87-3 


3575 


4284 


429 


Death (;f Pericles, illustrious Athenian orator and 


325 


87-4 


3576 


4285 




.statesman ; ajic 70. 










429 


May 21st. Hirlh of Plato, llie famous (ireek philuso- 
pher, descendeil ou his fathei-"s side Irom King 
Codrus, and on his mother's side from llie lawniver. 










428 


Solon. ( See 3(i0 and 347. 1 
Toplion, one of the five (Jreek tragic ])(iets ( ac. Alexan- 
drian cauoii), and son of Sophocles, jjains second 
prize for tra,nedy, in a contest where Euri]>i<les wins 
first prize and Ion third. (Note 29. ) 


320 


88-1 


3577 


4286 


428 


Death of Anaxagoras, the jihilosopher, ajie 71. 










427 


Aristophanes, celebi-ated comic iioet of (ireece, gains 
second jirize for his comedy, "Da-tales," the first 


327 


88-2 


3578 


4287 


423 


play exhibited by him. 
Tlmcydides, celebrated Greek historian, begins to 


331 


89 2 


3582 


4291 


422 


write his history of the I'elopounesian War. 
Death of Ci-atinns, celebrated Athenian jxiet of the old 


332 


89-3 


3583 


4292 


420 


comedy, i\'j;(' 97. 
The nundier of quiTestors at Konie chan_i;ed from two to 
four. 


334 


90-1 


3585 


4294 


420 


I'^irst stone theatre (Theatre of Bacchus') built at 
Athens by Philos. (Ac. Haydn, et^-. ; 47S, ac. 
Blair. ) 










420 


Rirtli of Isa'us, one of the Ten Athenian Orators. 










410 


(See 353, and Note 30.) 
Ao-athon, celebrated Greek poet, gains first jirize for 


338 


91-1 


3589 


4298 • 


415 


tragedy. (See 400 B.C.) 
Xenocles, Athenian tragic poet, gains lirst prize foi- 


339 


91-2 


3590 


4299 


413 


tragedy, Euripides being bis competitor. 
Total eclipse of the ino<ui obser\'ed at Sardis. August 
27th. 


341 


91-4 


3592 


4301 



48 



H. C. 


411 TO 397 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. J. P. 


411 


Death of Jlellauitus, of Mit.vlene, celebrated (Jieek 


343 


92-2 


3594; 4303 




historian, aj^e 84. 










411 


Antlphoii, oue of the Teu .\theuiau Orators, is |)nt to 
death. ( See 479, and Note 30. ) 










410 


Zeiixis, of lleraclea, aiid Tarrhasius, of Kpliesus, fa- 
mous painters, llourish. ( Note 32. ) 


344 


92-3 


3595 


4304 


408 


The City of l\hodes founded, to he the capital of the 


346 


93-1 


3597 4306 




Island of Kliodes. 










40(> 


Death of Euripides, age 74. (Note 1'9, section C; 
see 480 and 455. ) 


348 


93-3 


3599 


4308 


405 


Naval I'attU- of 3],ii()spotainus, at which Couou, fa- 
mous Athenian general, is defeated by Lysander, 


349 


934 


3600 


4309 




celebrated Spartan general. The Athenians lose 










in this engagement 3,000 men and their fleet of 120 












ships, exce])ting a few, in which Coiion and a 












remnant escape. 










40.") 


l>eath of Sophocles, age 90. (Note 29, section B. ) 
( See 495 and 4()S. 1 










404 


Ajiril 24th. Athens taken by l.ysander, the Spartan 
general, who changes its democracy into an oli- 
garchy, ruled by thirty arclions. usually called the 
"Thirty Tyrants." 


350 


94-1 


3601 


4310 


404 


l<]nd of tlie I'eloponnesian War. 










403 


Tlu'asybulus, famous .\thenian general, begins the 
e.vpiilsion of the "Thirty Tyrants." The ancient 
laws of Solon restored at Athens. 


351 


94-2 


3602 


4311 


40;:! 


The Ionic aii»habet of twenty-four characters sub- 












stituted at .Vthens for the former (Jreek aljihabet of 


] 








sixteen characters. 










401 


Thememorabh' successful retreat of the 10,000 (Jreeks, 
under Xenophon. 


353 


94-4 


3604 


4313 


40(1 


(AboTit. 1 Eupompus, of Sicyon, cele])ratcd (Jreek 
painter, flourishes. 


354 


95-1 


3605 


4314 


400 


Death of Agathon, celebrated (ireek poet, age 47. 
(Born 447 B. C.) (See 416.) 










400 


Sophron, Clreek comic ](oet, sujtposed to have been the 
inventor of mimes, flourishes. 










391) 


Tatapulta', a military engint> for tin-owing stones, 
arrows, etc., invented by Dionysius, of Syracuse. 


355 


95-2 


3606 


4315 


399 


Socrates, famous philosoplier and moralist, con- 
demned to death, being falsely accused of impiety; 
age 70. (Note 33.) 










397 


Malachi, last of the Twelve Minor Hebrew Trophets, 
begins his prophecy. (Note 18.) 


357 


95-* 


3608 


4317 



49 



B. C. 



396 TO 3(JU U. C. 



A.V.V.. OLYM. : A. M. , J. P. 



3'M> (Ahdut.) Birtli of Lycurgns, one of tlic Ten Athe- 
nian ( )rators. ( Note 30 ; ><ee 3l'3. I 

.■')!IH Birth of Hyperides, cnie of tlie Decade. (See 322, and 
N(.te 30.') 

3'J<> Tlie pliilosophie sseot tif ('ynics fonniled hy Antis- 
tlienes. 

391 Death of Andocides, one of tlie Deca<le. ( See 4ti7, and 
Note :'.0. ) 

3!t0 .Tidy KUli. Battle on tlie Allia, in whidi the Koiiian 
ai'uiy is defeated by the Celts from the northeast of 
Italy (called (ianls by the Konians l , under Brennus. 
They take, i)hinder, and burn Bonie. 

390 Caiiiillus, recalled from exile, collects the scattered 
lionians, and expels the enemy. 

389! Bii-th of .Eschines, one of the Decade. { See 31-1, and 
Note 30. ) 

3S4I Birth, at Stai;ira, of Aristittle, famous (ireek phil- 
osopher. 

382 1 Birth of Demosthenes, one of the Decade. (See 322, 
and Note 30. 1 

380 Death of (rornias, of Sicily, celebrated soiihist and 
orator ; age 107. ( See 487. ) 

378 Birth, at Chios, of Tlieo])()iii]iiis, famous (ireek his- 
torian. 

378 Death of Lysias, one of the Decade; age 80. ( See 458, 
and Note 30. ) 

375 Isanis, one of the Ten At lie Orators, nourishes. 
(Note 30.) 

372 (Abimt.) Birth of Meng-Tse, or, in T.atin, Menoins, 
the most celebrated, lu^xt to Confucius, of all the 
( 'hinese ])hilosophers. ( See 289. ) 

307 Death of Dionysius I., Tyrant of Syracuse. 
( See 400. ) 

3(;()| The Koman office of Consul first thrown open to the 
IMebes: L. Sextius Lateranus elected from the 
IMebeians. 

300 The office of Pra4or created at Rome. 

300 l^irth of Dinarchus, one of the Decade. (See 292, 
and Note 30. 1 

300 The great Plato, sold as a slave by Dionysius II., 
Tyrant of Syracuse, is redeemed liy Archytas, of 
Tarentum, celebrated as an astronomer, geometer, 
and inventor of the screw, ]»ulley, several mathe- 
matical instruments, and a wooden ]iigeon which 
could fly. ( See 429 and 347. ) 



358 961 I 3G09 4318 



3(;:{ 97 2 3014 4323 



304 97-3 



3015 



4324 



305 


97-1 


30i(; 


4325 


370 99-1 


3021 


4330 


372 99-3 


3623 


4332 


374 100-1 


3625 


4334 


37(i 100-3 


3627 


4336 


379 


101-2 


3630 


4339 


382 


102-1 


3633 


4342 



381 



388 



394 



103-2 3fi3s 4347 
103-3 3039 4348 



105-1 3645 



4354 



50 



_^of^> 



^k^ / i 




ARISTOTLE. 
SEE 334 B. C. 





SOCRATES. 
SEE 399 B. C. 



DEMOSTHENES. 
SEE 382 B. C. 



51 



u. c. 


357 TO 332 B. C. 


A. v. c. 


OI-VM. 


.\. .M. 


.1. p. 


.'>."> 1 


Dcjitli of lliijpocralcs, most celebrated physician of 
aiiti(niity, styled "The l''ather of ^Medicine;" age 
103 — free from all disorders of miud and body. 
His birthplace was the Islaud of Cos. 


397 


105-* 


3648 


4357 


:!.-.T 


Deatli of Democritns, celebrated philosopher of Ab- 
dera ; a-e 103. 










;!.-)(; 


October 13-14. The Teiiipl<' of Diana, at Ephesus, 
one of the Seven \\'onders, bnrned by Erostratus, 


398 


106-1 


3649 


4358 




on the ni-jjlit of the birth of Ale.vander the Great. 










( Note 0, section C ) 








858 


(Alxmt. 1 Death of Isa-ns, one of the Ten Attic Ora- 
tors. ( See 420, and Note 30. 1 


401 


106-4 


3652 


4361 


:',:>-2 


Death of Emloxns, celebrated for his knowledge of 
medicine, geometry, and astrtunmiy ; the tirst among 
the Greeks to correctly compnte the length of the 
year — 86514 days. 


402 


107-1 


3653 


4362 


■.\7,-2 


The ^lansolenm, one of the Seven Wonders, erected by 
Artemisia. (Note it, section E. ) 










350 


Pra.xiteles, famons scnli)tor of ^lagna Grtecia, flonr- 
ishes. 


404 


107-3 


3655 


4364 


347 


.May 21st. Death of Plato, the illnstrions Greek 
]»hiloso])her, on his 82d birthday. His original 
name was Aristocles, bnt he was called Plato on 
acconnt of his large, broad shonlders. (See 429 
and 360. ) 


407 


108-2 


3658 


4367 


3:!S 


Deatli of Isocrates, one of the Decade; age 98. (See 
436, and Note 30.) 


416 110-3 


3667 4376 


336 


Alexander the Great, age 20, ascends the throne of 


418 111-1 


3669 4378 




ilacedon, and begins his career of victory. 










33(1 


The Pra'torship at Pome is thrown open to the Plebes, 






! 




and I'nblilins Philo is elected to the office. 










336 


Pevohition of eclipses tirst calcnlated by Calippns, of 












Gyzicus. (See 330.) 




' 1 


:!34 


.May 22(1. liattle of Granicns, in which Alexander 


420 111-3 


3671 


4380 




the Great defeats tlie Persians with great 












slanghter. 










33:', 


( Ictober. Pattle of Issus, in which Darins loses one 


421 


111-4 


3672 


4381 




hnndred thousand infantry and ten thousand cav- 












alry, while the ^Macedonians, under Alexander, lose 












only about three hundred infantry and (Uie hundred 












and fifty cavalry. 










332 


Fall of Tyre, August 20th, after a siege of seven 
months. (See 22(57 and 1257. ) 


422 


112-1 


3673 


4382 


332 


Egypt conquered by Alexander. 

The foundation of Alexandria, in Egypt. 











B. C. 



331 TO 317 B. C. 



A. U. C. OLYM. 



331 

331 

I 

i 
330 

330 
330 

330 



3123 



323 



822 
322 

I 

321 
320 
317 



Ocfolicr 1st. Battle (if Arbela, in wliit-li the Persians 

are a.nain defeated. Fliiilit of Darins. 
Tlie IV'rsian Empire, liaviiii; existed 22S years from 
lis foundation by (\vrns tlie (ireat, is coiKiiiered l)y 
Ale.xander. 

Tile ('alii>|Mc I'eriod, or rycie of seNcnty-si.x; years, 
invented Ity llie ( Ireelc astronomer, ('alijipus, of 
Cyzicus, begins with this dnte,.Inne 2Stli. ( See 330. ) 

Lysippns, famous statuary of Sirynn, thairislies. 
(Patronized by Alexander. | 

Philii>i)ides, earliest and one of tlie best of the writers 
of the new comedy, tlonrishes. He died at an 
ad\aii(cd a,i;e from exeessive joy on obtainini; the 
comic ])i'ize, contrary to his e\])ectatioiis. 

A]Mdlcs, ((debrated painter of Cos, tlonrishes. (Pa- 
tronized by Alexander. I 

Protoiicnes, (ireelc jiainter of yreat c(delirity, flour- 
ishes. 

(Ab(mt.) Lysistratns, (Ireek statnai'y of Sicyon, in- 
vents moulds from which he casts wax fliiures. 

April 21st. Death, at ISabylon, of Alexander the 
(Jreat, age 32. His kinodom is divided between his 
four jii'incipal generals. 

Death of Lycnrgus, one of the Ten Attic Orators. 
I See 3!»(), and Note 30. ) 

Death, at Corinth, of Diogenes, the celelirated Cynic 
l)hiloso]dier ; age !)0. 

October 14th. Demosthenes, greatest oratoi- of nn- 
ti(|uity, and one of the Decade, to escajK' from 
Antipater, takes poison in the Temple of Neptune, 
on the Island of Calanria, and dies, age (iO. (See 
385, and Note 30. 1 

August. Death, at Chalcis, of Ai-istolle, famous 
(Ireek ]ihilosopher; age 02. 

Ilyperides, one of the Ten Attic Orators, put to death 
by Antipater, having l)een taken ])ris()m>r at the 
battle of Cranou. 

Menander, chief of the new comedy, brings out his 
first drama, age 21. He composed 10") ]ilays. 

Crates, of Thebes, celebrated Cynic i)hilosopher, 
llourishes. 

Phocian, Athenian statesman and general, celebrated 
for his virtues, ])rivate as well as ]uib]ic, is i)ut to 
death by the Athenians; age 85. lie was forty-five 
times chosen governor of Athens. 



423 



A. M. ; J. P. 



112-2 j 3674 '4383 



424 



112-3 



429 



431 



432 



433 
434 
437 



113-4 



114-2 



115-1 
115-4 



3075 



4384 



3680 



3682 



4389 
4391 



114-3 3683 



4392 



114-4 3684 4393 



3685 

3688 



4394 
4397 



.54 



~'*«^ 




ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 
SEE 331 B. C. 




DIOGENES. 
SEE 323 B. C. 




RUINS OF THE AMPHITHEATRE OF THE ANCIENT CITY OF CAPUA, S. ITALY, 
WHERE HANNIBAL WINTERED AFTER THE BATTLE OF CANN/E. 
SEE 216 AND 312 B. C. 




THE APPIAN WAY. 
SEE 312 B. C. 



56 



K. C. 


314 TO 28.5 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


314 


Death of Xeuocrates, a philosopher, born at Chalce- 


440 116-3 


3691 


4400 




don ; noted for his virtues and intejirity ; age 82. 






314 


Death of JCschines, one of the Decade. (See 389, and 
Note 30.) 






312 


October 1st. Era of the Seleucides be<>ins with the 


442 117-1 


3693 4402 




i-eturu to Habylon of SeJeucus Nicator. 








312 


The Philosopher Zeno begins to teach at Athens, and 










fouTids the sect of Stoics. ( See 2ti3. 1 








312 


Claudia' Aipue (the first a(|ueduct ), bringing water to 




1 




R(mie from Tusculum ; the ^'ia Appia (the Appian 










Wayl. from Rome to <"a]iua; and a canal through 






1 


the I'ontine marshes, constructed by Appius < 'lau- 












dius, while censor. 










301 


I'.attb' of Tpsus. The army of Antigonus, king of 
i'ampliylia, Lycia, and i'hrygia, is defeated by the 


453 


119-4 


3704 


4413 




united forces of Cassander, king of Macedonia; 










Seleucus, king of Babylon; Ptolemy 1. (Sotcr), 










king of Egypt; and Lysimachus, king of Tlirace. 












Antigonus is slain. 










300 


The City of Antioch, liaviug been begun by Antigonus, 
is completed by Seleucus Nicator for his royal 


454 


1201 


3705 


4414 


residence. 










300 I'^nclid, of Alexandria, the celebrated inatlicinatician, 










flourislies. 










2!»S I'toleniy I. (Soterl bejiins to build the celebrated 


456 


120-3 


3707 


4416 


Alexandrian Library. 










298 Sostratus, of Cnidus, is enii)loyed by I'toleniy to build 












the Pharos, one of the Seven ^^'on(lers. (Note 9, 










section V. ) 










2!)3 


Tlie first sun-dial at Rome is placed on tlie Temple of 
(^uiriiins, by the consul, Papirius rurs(n', and time 
at Rome first divided into hours. 


461 


121-4 


3712 


4421 


2!»2 


Death of Meuander, Athenian comic poet; age 50. 


462 


122-1 


8713 


4422 


2!)2 


Tile Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders, 
begun by Chares. ( Note 9, section (1. ) 










21)2 


Dinarchus, one of the Decade, returns to Athens from 
exile. ( See 360, and Note 30. | 










2S!t 


Death of the celebrated Chinese ])hilosopher, Meng- 
Tse, or, in Latin, Mencius ; age 83. ( St^ 372. ) 


4(55 


122-4 


3716 


4425 


2S!t 


Posidippus, last poet of the new ctnnedy, begins to 
exhibit his dramas. 










285 


Dionysius, of Alexandria, begins his astronomical era 
on the 6th of June. He first computes the length 
of the year to be exactly .■!('>5 days, 5 hours, and 19 
' minutes. 


469 


123-4 


3720 


4429 



li. c. 


284 TO 2(!3 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLV.M. 


A. M. .1. I'. 


284 


(About. ) Sosiflicus, S(>si])li;iiH's, and I'liilisciis, three 


470 124-1 


3721 4430 




of tlie Trii,iiic IMeiad, tloiirish. ( Note V>i. ) 








284 


The I'ul)lic Lil)i-arv of Alexandria coiiiidcted by 












Pt(tleiiiy l'liilad(dpluis. ( See 2!I8. ) 








283 


I*to]('iii,\- I'liiladelplius eoiai>letes the J'hai-os, one of 


471 


124- 


3722 1 4431 




Ihe Seven ^^dn(h'rs. ( Note 9, section 1'.) 










280 


( About. ) llonierus, or Homer Jr., (ireeU jioet, one of 
the Tra.uic I'leiad, flourislies. ( Note 34. | 


474 


125-1 


372.-) 4434 


-TT 


Tlie (•onl])h'ti(^n of the Septiiajiint version nf tiie 
Scriptures, by seventy-two learned -lews, emidoy- 
ed by Ptob^my I'hibnbdphns, kins^ of E,iiy])t, to 
translate from the Hebrew into the (ireek lan- 
.uuaiif their Scriptures. The Septuagint includes 
all the bocks of the Old Testament, and the deu- 
tei'o-canonical books c(nnnioidy called "Aiiocry- 
])lia." Aceordiu*'' to some chronoloijists, Ptolemy 
in 2S4-2So first ordered the transbitiou bc^jiun. 
Ac. Justin .Alartyr, the seventy-two were shut up . 
in thirty-six cells, and each ])air fi'ansiated the 
whole; and on subse(|uent com])arisou it was found 
that tile thirty-six copies did u((t vary by a wcu'd or 
lettei-. 


477 


125-* 


372814437 

1 


272 


1 About. 1 Theocritus, celebrated (Jreek ]iast(U-al jioet, 
composes, at Syi'acuse, his "Idyls."" He is called the 
(•reator of bucolic jtoetry. 


482 


127-1 


3733 4442 


270 


Death (d' lOpicnrus, (!reek ])hiloso])her, and founder of 
the Ki)icnrean sect; age 72. He wrote about three 
hundred \(dumes. 


484 


127-3 


3735 4444 


■2(>U 


The first silver coinaiie at Tiome : jireviously all Tkoman 
coins were of brass. 


485 


127^ 


373(i 4445 


2(i5 


The lunnber of (|u;estors at Rome increased from four 
to eight. (Ac. Plair. | 


489 


128-4 


3740 4449 


2(i4 


The Parian or Arundeliau Marbles sculptured. 
(Note 10.) 


490 


129-1 


3741 4450 


2(;4 


The beautiful city of Nicomedia founded by Nico- 
medes I., king of Bithyuia, in Asia .Mimu'. 








204 


The Uoman army sent to aid the .Mamertines in 
Messana against the Carthaginians, which is the 
beginning of the tirst Punic AVar, which continues 
twenty-three j^ears. 








2(;3 


Heath of Zeno, the great Greek ])hiloso])her, and 
founder of the school of Stoics; age !>2. He was 
born at ("itium, on the Island of Cyinms, 355, and 
taught ](iiiloso])liy at Atln^is forty-nine years. 
1 See :n2. ) 


491 


129-2 


3742 4451 



1!. C. 


260 TO 224 15. C. 


A. u.c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. J. P. 

1 


L'C.O 


Dniliiis, Koiiian roiisul, inventor of liTapplinii irous, 
liaiiis, off Mvhi'. a ,nreat naval victory over the Car- 
tliaiiiniaiis. The tirst l\oiiian naval viclory. 


494 


130-1 


3745 4454 


lifJO 


Lvoophron, celebrated (Ireek jxiet ami L;raniniarian, 
one of the Pleiad, Honrishes. ( Note 34. i 








■2m 


.Manetho. celebrated IOiiyi)tian writer and priest, 
tlonrishes. lie was keei)er of the sacred archi\cs at 
IIeli(;])olis, and was the first E.nyi)tian who wi'ote 
in (ireek an account of the religion, history, and 
chronolojiy of Ei^ypt. 


» 






2.-.0 


<'alliniacluis, of Cyrene, celebrated (ireek poet and 
uraniniai-ian, tlonrishes. 


504 


132-3 


3755 4404 


L'50 


The dynasty of the Arsacidie, in I'arlliia, founded by 
Arsaces. 








250 


Conon, of Sanios, c(debrated (ireek !.;eiiinet(M- and 
asti-ononiei-, inventor of the curve called the "Spiral 
(if Archimedes," tloui'isiies. 








■250 


Sad(K- founds the sect of Sadducees; dews who deny 
the immortality of the soul an<l the resurrection of 










the dead. 


1 




241 


Mar'ch 10th. Tlie consul, Lulatius Catalus, jiains a 
decisive victory, near the -Ixiiates, over the ("ai'tlia- 
liinian fleet, under Ilanno. The end of (irst I'unic 
^^'al•. The Carthaginians jiromise to rele-ise all 


513 


1344 


3704 4473 




the Roman ca]>tives, to yield Sicily and ol hei- 








islands in the Mediterranean to the Unmans, an<l 








to |iay theui within twenty years 3.000 Eubouic 








talents. 






241 


Death of Hion, i)hiIosoi)her and sojihist, of Boi-ys- 
them^s, in Si-ythia, famous f(u- his knowlediic of 
])oetry, niusi<-, and philosophy. (Ac. i>emi)riere. ) 








240 


Livins Andi'imicus ju-oduces his first di'ama, the first 
comedy acted at ]k(ane. 


514 


135-1 


3705 4474 


239 


Birth of Ennius, celebi'ated Latin e]iic jtoet, at Kudiie, 
in Calabi'ia. 


515 


135-2 


3700 4475 


235 


Rome, at ]ieace with all nations, closes the Temple of 
Janus, f<u' the first time since the rei^u (d' Nunui 
I'cm])ilius, 71(;-(;72 I?. ('. 


51!) 


13G2 


3770 4479 


230 


Andiassadors, sent by Kcuue to jirotest aiiuinst the 
piracies of the Illyrians, are murdered by (^ueen 
Teuta, which causes the first lUyrian '\\'ar. 


524 


137-3 


3775 4484 


229 


The Illyrians ajiree to the terms of i)eace prescribed 
by the Komans. 


525 


137-4 


377(i 4485 


224 


Eartlnpiake at Khodes; the Colossus, one of th(» Seven 
AA'onders, is thrown down. ( Note 9, section (i. | 


530 


139-1 


3781 4490 



B. C. 


220 TO 184 B. C. 


A. U.C. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


220 


Quintus Fabius Pictor, first Kumau historian, flour- 
ishes. N. B. — His work, entitled "Annals of Fa- 
bius Pictor," contains the history of Konie from its 
foundation to A. IJ. C. 536 (218 B. C.) 


534 


140-1 


3785 


4494 


220 


A])o]lonius, of Perga, celebrated <>e'»iiiPt^Pi'' flonr- 










2111 


ISIKi'S. 

Saijiuntum taken by Haunil)al, after a siesje of eight 
months. 


535 


140-2 


3786 


4495 


218 


The beginning of the second I'uuic War, caused by the 

capture of 8ao-untum. 
Marcli of Hannibal across the Al])s, at flic head of the 

("arthaiiinian army. 


536 


140-3 


3787 


4496 


217 


Flaminins, Roman consul, defeated and slain by Han- 
nilial, at I lie battle of Thrasymenus. (June 23d, ac. 
Haydn. ) 


537 


140-4 


3788 


4497 


216 


August 2d. Battle of Cannas 88,000 Komans, under 
I'aulns .Fmilius and Terentius Varro, are again de- 
feated by Hannibal with an army of 50,000 Africans, 
Gauls, and Spaniards: 40,000 Romans slain. 


538 


141-1 


3789 


4498 


214 


rhe-Hwangte, Chinese emperor, begins the building 
of the great (Miiuese Wall. (See 210.) 


540 


141-3 


3791 '4500 


212 


Syracuse taken by the Romans, under JIarcellus, after 


542 


142-1 


3793 4502 




a siege of two years. (See 734. i 










212 


Heath of Ai-chimedes, the famous geometer of Syra- 
cuse. ( Note 35. ) 










210 


<Jr«it Chinese AVall completed, — 1,728 miles long, 20 
feet tiiick at base, and 15 feet at toj); 25 or 30 feet 
higii, witJi turrets of 35 to 40 feet higli at intervals 


544 


142-3 


3795 


4504 




of 200 to :!(»0 yards. ( See 214. ) 








202 


Battle of /ama, at which Hannibal is totally defeated 


552 144-3 


3803 


4512 




by Scipio. 










201 


End of second Punic War. The Carthaginians sue 
for peace, which the Ronmus grant on hard terms. 


553 


144-4 


3804 


4513 


108 


Attains, king of Pergamus, introduces books Avith 
velhim leaves in place of the r(dls heretofore in 


556 


145-3 


3807 


4516 


194 


use. 
Death of Eratosthenes, of Cyrene, famous astronomer 

and geometer, inventor of tlie armillary sphere; age 

82. 
Total eclipse of the sun: three days' supplication de- 


560 


146-3 


3811 


4520 


188 


566 


148-1 


3817 


4526 




creed at Rome. (Ac. Livy. ) 










187 


I'lague rages in the Grecian Islands, Egypt, and Syria, 
destroying 2,000 persons daily. (Ac. Pliny.) 


507 


148-2 


3818 


4527 


184 


Death of Plautus, celebrated Roman comic poet; 
age 70. 


570 


149-1 


3821 


4530 



60 




SCIPIO. 
SEE 202 B. C. 



61 



170 TO 159 B. C. 



A. L". c. ni.v.M. A. M. 



170 Paper invented in ("liina. 

KJi) ' Deatli (if Ennins, celebrated Kcinian ejiie p()et ; ai;e 70. 

KiS Jnne I'lst. Etlipse of the moon, predicted by Tains 

Snljiicins (iallns, the famous astronomer an<l jire- 

dictor. 
KiS June L'l'd. Battle of l*ydua, where Perseus is defeated 

by tile Iionmns, nn(h'r .l']milius I'aulus. I'nll of the 

^lacedonian Jcini^dom. 
168 Jerusalem ]tlnndered, the Jews cruelly persecuted, 

and Hie teniiile desecrated by Antiochus IV., of 

Syria, surnamed lOiiiplianes. (See 1. Maccabees, 

i., 29-51», and H. Maccabees, vi., 1-12.) 
1(>7 l-^irst ]iulilic liiirary opened at Pome; the Romans 

ha\inii brmiiilil the books from Macedonia. (See 

1'81. 1 ' 
Kib Judas Maccabeus bejiins deliverinii the Jews from 

the Syrians. (See I. Maccabees, ch. :{ and -1; also, 
I II. Maccabees, cli. S. ) 
W)C) "Andria" acted at Kome; the first play jirodnced by 

Terence (Publins Terentius Afer), celebrated dra- 
matist. 
KI5 Terence pi'odnces his second di'ama, "ITecyi'a." 
103 Terence conijiletes his third drama, '•lleautontimo- 

1 riaimenos." ( Self-Tonnentor. ) 
102 The tirst decree of longitude and latitude fixed at 

Ferro, S. ^^■. Canary Islands, by ilipparchus, of 
j Nice. 
101 TeriMice ])roduces the dramas ''Eunnchus" and 

"Phormio." "Euuuchus" is acted twice the first 

day. 
101 The "Fannia Lex" passed by the consnl I'annins, to 

restrain the luxury and extravajiance of the people. 
1 (Note 30.) 
100 Death of .Emilias Paulns, aiiv Oi*. (At whose funeral 

liames, Terence first exhiliits his ])lay "Adelphi.") 
15!) Death of Terence, aj-e 35. (Born 195.) (See 100, 

105,103,101,100.) 
15!) , The clepsydra or watm'-clock, invented by the censor 
Scipio Nasica, is used at Pome for the measuring of 

time, aliont 131 years after the introduction there of 

the sun-dial. 
15!) The autumnal eiiuinox observetl, Se]itember 27, this 
year, and the followinji, by Ilijiiiarchus, the mreat- 
est astronomer of antiquity. (Ac. Blair.) (Note 
1 37.) 



584 152-3 3835 4544 

585 152-* 3836 4545 

586 153-1 3837 4540 



587 153-: 



588 153-3 



589 153-4 
5!)1 154-2 



592 



-)93 



154-' 



154-* 



594 155-1 



3838 4547 



3839 4548 



3840 4549 
3842 4551 



3843 



3844 



4552 



4553 



3845 4554 



595 155-2 3846 4555 



63 



n. c. 


156 TO 87 B. C. 


A. r.C. OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. 1'. 


156 


Aristarclius, ;;raniniarian aud critic, famous for his 
critical powers, flourishes. 


598 


156-1 


3849 


4558 


149 


Calpuruia Lex enacted by Lucius Calpuruius Piso. 


605 


157-4 


3856 


4565 




Tlie first Ivonian law against bribery at elections. 








14! 1 


Third I'unic Wixv begins: Carthage besieged by the 
Romaus. 








14(5 


Fall of Carthage, which is taken and destroyed by 
!."?cipio. 


608 


158-3 


3859 


4568 


14(1 


Corinth taken and destroyed by the Konians, under 
iiuniiiiius. 










14(1 


End (if third Tunic War. 










14(i 


Hipparchus observes the vernal equinox, ^larcli 23d. 












( Ac. Hhiir. ) ( 8ee Note 37. ) 






1 


140 


Apollodorus, of Athens, celebrated grammarian aud 
mythologist, flourishes. 


614 


160-1 


386514574 


135 


Ctesibius, of Alexandria, famous mathematician, and 
inventor of a pump, a clei^sydra or water-clock, and 
other hydraulic machines, flourishes. 


619 


161-2 


3870 4579 

1 


134 


The Agrarian Law (Agraria Lex) a third time pro- 


620 


161-3 


3871 ' 4580 


posed, aud now enacted under the tribune Tiberius 








H. Gracchus. ( See 486, 485. ) 








123 


Tlie city of Aqua- vSextia' (now Aixda-Chai)elle), the 
first Ivoman colony in Gaul, founded by C. Sextius, 


631 164-2 


3882 


4591 




pro-consul. 










IKi 


I^irth of .Marcus Terentius Varro, celebrated Latin 
autlKir. ( See 43, 28. ) 


638 


166-1 


3889 


4598 


lOfi 


January 3d. Birth, at Arpinum, <if Cicero, illustrious 
Koman orator, philoscqiher, and statesman. 


648 


168-3 


3899 


4608 


100 


Heptend»er 30th. Hirth of Pompey the Great, famous 
Roman general and triumvir. 










100 


July 12tli. Pdrth of Cains Julius Ca'sar. 


654 


170-1 


3905 4614 


ill 


A decree of the Koman Senate forbids human sacri- 


657 


170-* 


3908 ^ 4617 




fices. 










05 


First oration of Horteusius, celebrated Roman orator, 
in the Forum ; age 19. 


659 


171-2 


3910 


4619 


<(5 Rirtli of Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Cams), i^veat 










Latin i)oet. 






i 


91 Death of L. L. Crassus, celebrated Konian orator; 


663 


172-2 


3914 4623 




age 49. 








88 


Fivmt iMithridatic War (between tlie Ronmns and 
Mithridates YL, "The Great," of Pontus) begins; 
caused by the iimssacre of all Romans in Asia 
Minor, by order of Mitliridates. 


666 


173-1 


3917 4626 


87 


Birth of Cains Valerius Catullus, eminent Roman, 
poet. 


667 


173-2 


3918 


4627 



(54 




65 




CICERO. 
SEE 63 B. C. 




M. BRUTUS. 
SEE 44 B. C. 



1!. C. 84 TO 53 B. C. 


A. U. C. 1 OLYM. 

1 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1 

84 End (if first Mitliridntir War. 


670 


174-1 


3921 


4630 


S3' Second ^lithridatic War begins. 


(;71 


174-2 


3922 


4631 


82 End of second Mitliridatic War. 


672 


174-3 


3923 


4632 


70 Posidonins, iX't. 56, celebrated Stoic i)l)iloso])ber, and 


675 


175-2 


392() 


4635 


fonnder of a school at Khodes, calculates llie heinlit 










of the atniospliere to be about 400 stadia. ( See 51 










B. (M 










74 Third Mithridatic War beijins; Nieomedes III. liav- 


680 


176-3 


3931 


4640 


! ing died and left Bithynia to the Konians, and 










Jlithridates clainiinji' it for a son of Xicoiuedes. 










70 October 15. J'.ii-th of ^'irgil, most illnstritms of J^atin 


684 


177-3 


3935 


4644 


1 


poets, at the villaee of Andes, near .Mantua. \ (See 












35, 30, 19. ) 










(;5 Decenibei- 8. Birth, at Vennsinni, of Horace, cele- 


689 


178-* 


3940 


4649 


brated J^atin poet. 










G3 .fernsaleni taken by Ponipey the Great. 


691 


179-2 


3942 


4651 


63 I^lithridates \'I., to escape captnre, takes poison and 










dies. 










63 End of third and last ilithridatic War. 










63 


Septenilier 23d. Birth, at Aricia, of Octavins (after- 
wards Angitstus), Roman emperor. 










63 


October. Catiline's conspiracy to extirpate the Sen- 
ate, plunder the treasury, and set Home on hre, is 
detected in time by Cicero, who delivers a telling 
oration against it in the Senate, Novend)er 8th. 










62 


Catiline having raised an army, is defeated and 
slain. 


692 


179-3 


3943 


4652 


60 


Parthenius, of Nica-a, (Jreek poet, and preceptor of 
^'irgil, nourishes. 


694 


180-1 


3945 


4654 


60 


ApoUodorns, of Pergamus, (Jrcek rhetorician, flour- 
ishes. 










60 


First Triumvirate is formed, composed of Julius 










Caesar, Pompey, and M. L. Crassus ("The Rich"). 










58 


Ca'sar's first campaign in (iaul. 


(iOC iso-3 


3947 


4656 


55 


Ca?sar's first invasion of Britain. 


699 181-2 


3950 


4659 


55 


Cicero composes his work, "De Oratore." 








55 


October 15th. Death, by suicide, of Lucretius, cele- 
brated Latin poet ; age 40. 










54 


Caesar's second invasion of Britain. 


700 


181-3 


3951 


4660 


54 


First campaign of Crassus. He plunders the temple 
at Jerusalem. 










54 


(About.) Cicero writes his work, "De Republica." 










53 


June 9th. Crassus totally defeated and killed by the 


701 181-4 


3952 


4661 




Parthians, under their leader, Pacorus. (See 39.) 











67 



H. r. 52 TO 44 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


52 Verciufietorix, i>('ueral-in-cliief of the tribes of Celtic 


702 


182-1 


3953 


4662 


Gauls, after brave resistauoe, surrenders himself to 










Ciipsar. 










51 Death of I'osidnnius, celebrated Greek Stoic philos- 


703 


182-2 


3954 


4663 


opher, a't. S4. (See 7!».) 










51 Ga'sar completes his con(|uest of Gaul. 










1!) Caesar ordered by the Senate to disband his army. He 


705 


182-4 


3956 4665 


refuses, and marches with his forces towards Rome. 










4!> War declared between Ga'sar and Pompey. 










48 Au};ust 9th. Battle of I'harsalia, in which Pompey 


706 


183-1 


3957 


4666 


is defeated by Cicsar, and compelled to flee to 










Eo:ypt. 










18 Sei)tenU>er 29th. I'cmipey the Great killed by the 










Egyptians upon landing at Egypt. 










47 Ga-sar conquers Egypt. (Alexandrine War. ) 


707 


183-2 


3958 


4667 


47 ! Death of Catullus, Latin poet ; age 40. (See 87.) 










47 Augiist 2d. Pharnaces, king of Pontus, defeated at 










Zela by Ca^sar, who writes to the Senate his fa- 










mous letter, "Veni, vidi, vici." (1 came, I saw, I 










conciuered. ) 










4<> April (!th. Ca'sar defeats the Pompeian army at the 


708 


183-3 


3959 


4068 


battle of Thapsus. 










46 Ciesar made dictator for ten years. 










46 Ca'sar emjiloys Sosigenes, celebrated astronomer, of 










Egyptian birth, to assist him in reforming the 










] calendar. 










46 This is called the "Year of Confusion," because in 










correcting the calendar, ninety days were added to 










this year, and leap-3'ears for the future. 










45 March 17th. Battle of Munda, in Spain, between 


709 


183-4 


3960 


4669 


('ivsar and the republican forces of Home, under 










Labienus, and Pompey's two sons, Cneus and Sex- 










tus Pompeius. ('a-sar gains a decisive victors'. 






^ 




Labienus and Cneus are slain; Sextus escapes by 










flight. 










45 Ciiesai" returns to Home, and is appointed by the Sen- 










ate dictator for life. 










44 Conspiracy of M. Biiitus and Cassius, assisted by D. 


710 


184-1 


3961 


4670 


Brutus and others. Caesar, age 55 years, 8 months, 










.3 days, is assassinated in the Senate House, on the 








- 


Ides" (15th) of March. 










44 Octavius, hearing of his uncle's assassination, and 










that he had been appointed his heir, comes to 












Rome to claim his inheritance, Mark Antony 












opposes him. 











68 




POMPEY THE GREAT. 
SEE 48 B. C. 



■- Oil ^ 




JULIUS C/ESAR. 
SEE 48 AND 44 B. C. 



09 



11. c. 


44 TO 39 B. C. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


44 


September 2d. Cicero delivers liis first Pliilippic; 


710 


184-1 


3961 


4670 




Ins second, written at lionie, is never spolven; his 






1 




tliird and fourtli are delivered in (he Senate, De- 












cendjer 20th. 










43 


Cicero delivers his last ten I'hilippics between Jann- 


711 


184-2 


3962 4671 




arv 1st and April 22d; in all fonrteen he declares 












Antony to be an enemy to his country. 










43 


Ptolemy, age 15, claiming- his share of the power in 
Egypt, is poisoned by order of his sister, Cleo- 
patra. 










43 


March 27th. Battle of Mutina (now Modena), in 
which Antony, having liesieged I). Brutus, is de- 
feated by the consuls I'ansa and Hirtius, both of 
whom are killed in battle. 




♦ 






43 


Octavius, Antony, and T>e])idus, the three hostile lead- 
ers, unite their forces, form the second Triumvirate, 
and rule with absolute power. 










43 


The bloody pi'oscrii)tions are issued. 










43 


Cicero is proscribed by Antony, and killed December 
7th, age 63 j^ears, 11 mouths, 4 days. 










43 


Varro is also proscribed, but escapes. (See IKi and 

28.) 
March 20th. Birth of Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 










43 












celebrated Roman poet. 










43 


Decius Junius Brutus betrayed by his soldiers and 
slain by command of Antony. ( See 44. ) 










43 


The colony of Lugdunum | Lyons) founded by Mu- 
uatius Plancus, when i)ro-consul in Gaul. 










42 


Battle of Philippi, in which Mark Antony and Octa- 


712 


184-3 


3963 4672 




A'ius gain a complete victory over the republican 












forces under Brutus and Cassius. 












Cassius, defeated, orders a soldier (o luu him through. 












and Marcus Junius Brutus falls uiton his own 












sword. (See 44.) 










42 


Octavius returns to Rome; Antony remains in the 
East. 










41 


Cleopatra, suspected of having assisted Brutus, is 


713 


184-4 


3964 4673 




summoned by Ant(jny. They meet at Tarsus. 










30 


Treaty of Misenum, between Octavius, Antony, and 
Sextus Pompeius. 


715 


185-2 


3966 


4675 


39 


June !)th. Ventidius, Antony's lieutenant, defeats 
the Parthians, whose leader, Pacorus, is killed in 
the battle, on the fourteenth anniversary of his 
great victory over Crassus. ( See 53. ) 











71 



B.C. 


36 TO 27 B. C. 


A. V. C. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


.1. p. 


36 


Lepidus ejected from the Triumvirate and banished 


718 


186-1 


3969 4678 




from Rome by Octavius. 










35 Horace publi.slies his fir.st l)ook of ''Satires." 


719 


186-2 


3970 


4679 


35 Virgil begius to write the "Georgios." (See 70, 30, 












ID.) 


- 








34! May. Death of Sallust ( Caius Sallustius Crispus), 


720 186-3 


3971 


4680 


celebrated Eoman historian ; age 52. 








34 Antony invades Armenia, and sends the king, Ar- 










tavasdes, to Egypt in chains. 










33 Octavius sends his sister, Octuvia (Antony's wife). 


721 186-4 


3972 


4681 


to reclaim Antony, who has neglected her for 


1 








Cleopatra. 










33 


Antony dismisses and divorces Octavia. 










32 


Cornelius Nepos, celebrated Roman historian, author 
of "Vitie Excellentium Imperatorum" (Lives of the 


722 187-1 


3973 


4682 




Illustrious Generals), flourishes. 










31 


September 2d. Battle of Actium, in which Octavius 
is victorious over Antony. 


723 


187-2 


3974 


4683 


30 Antony, age 53, completely defeated, and receiving the 


724 


187-3 


3975 


4684 


false information that Cleopatra is dead, stabs him 












self; and Cleopatra, fearing Octavius, destroys her- 












self l)y the liite of an asp. 










30 


Nicopolis, in Epirus, on the Ambracian Gulf, op})osit(' 
Actium, is founded by Octavius to commemorate his 
victory at Actium. 










30 


Horace publishes his "Epodes" and also his second 
book of "Satires," late in this year or early in 29 










30 Virgil completes his "Georgics" and commences the 












",Eneid." (See 70, 35, 19.) 










30 


Diouysius, of Halicarnassus, Greek historian, comes 
to Rome to study Latin and write his history. 










After twenty-four years' labor, he produces his 










history in Greek, "Roman Antiquities," in twenty 










volumes. 










29 


Octavius returns to Rome and celebrates his tri- 
umph. He closes the Templei of Janus, for the 
third time since its erection, (in token of universal 
peace. 


725 


187-4 


3976 


4685 


28 


Death of Varro, celebrated Latin author; age 88. 
(See 116, 43.) 


726 


188-1 


3977 


4686 


27 


Octavius resigns his power, but it is restored to liiiii 
by the Senate, with the titles of "Imperator" and 
"Augustus." 

• 


727 


188-2 


3978 


4687 




MARK ANTONY. 
SEE 33 AND 30 B. C. 




INTERIOR OF THE PANTHEON. 
SEE 27 B. C. AND PAGES 169 AND 179. 



74 



n. c. 


27 TO 4 B. C. 


A. U.C. 


OLYM. 


A. M. J. P. 


27 


The Pantheon, a circnlar temple at Rome, is built br 
Marcus Vipsanius Ayriiipa, Jioman consul, and 


727 


188-2 


1 

3978 4687 




dedicated to all the gods, in memory of the great 












victory at Actium, 31 E. C. ( See 008 A. 1). I 










L'5 


I'ropertius, eminent lioman elegiac poet, flourishes. 


729 


188-* 


3980 


4689 


1'5 


Augustus closes the Temjile nf Janus for tlie fourth 
time. 










•2{) 


{•"irst hook of Horace's "Epistles" published. 


734 


190-1 


3985 


4694 


1!) 


Septeml)er 22. Death, at Brundusium, of P. Virgilius 
]Maro, generally known as ^'irgil; age 50 years, 11 
months, 7 days. X. P». — He had flnished, hut not 


735 


190-2 


3986 


4695 




revised his ".i:neid." ( See 70, 35, 30, 17.) 








18 


Death of Tilnillus, nincli admired Roman elegiac 
poet. 


736 190-3 

1 


3987 


4696 


17 


Lucius Rufus Varius and Plotius Tucca revise and 
])i-('](ar(' for jiuhlication ^'irgil's ".T^neid." 


737 190-* 


3988 


4697 


8 


The name of the month Sextilis changed to Augustus 


746 193-1 


3997 


4706 




(August), in honor of the emiteror. 










8 


November 27th. Death of Horace, c(debrated Latin 
poet; age 56 years, 11 months, I'J days. 










r. 


Septendier. The angel Gabriel appears to Zacharias 


748 193-3 


3999 


4708 




and foretells the birth of St. John Baptist. (Date 




, 








generally accepted. ) 










5 


March 25th. The angel Gabriel announces to the 


749 193-* 


4000 


4709 




Blessed ^'irgin ^lary the Incarnation of Jesus 












Christ ; the seccnid Great Mystery of the Church. 












( Date generally accepted. ) 










5 


Api'il 4tli. Temple of Janus closed for the fifth time, 
in token of universal peace. 










5 


Decend)er 25th. Birth of our Loi-d Jesus Christ, at 
Bethlehem. (Ac. Usher, Chrysostom, Hales, Blair, 
Clinton, Haydn, etc., etc., etc. ) ( Note 38. ) 










5 


December 25th. The shepherds visit our Savior. . 






1 


4 


January 1st. Circumcision of Christ. 


750 194-1 


4001 


4710 


4 


January (ith. The visit of the .Magi, or tlie Three 
AVise Men, to our Lord, at Bethlehem: "The "Shmi- 
festation of Christ to the Gentiles." (First 
Epi])hany. ) 










4 


March 28th. Death of Herod the Great, king of 
Jiidca. (See Note 38.) 











INDEX OF B. C. NOTES. 



Xt)Ti:. B. c. 

1— A. M. and .1. P. Eras.. First Period 

2— Deluge 2348 

3 — Aucieut Cliiua 2270 

4 — Yaou 2257 

5 — Tciii]d(' of 7>('liis 2245 

(i— Slum 2207 

7— Yu 2207 

S— iMumdiiiii of Egypt 2188 

!)— Seven AVonders 2000-224 

10— Arundeliau Marbles 1582 

11 — ( 'eerops 1556 

12— IVutecost 1491 

13 — Dauaus in (Jreece 1486 

14— Idiei Daetyli 1453, 1406 

15— Pentateuch 1451 

16 — Eleusiiiian Mysteries 1356 

17— Codrus '. 1070 

18— Hebrew ]'ro]>]iets 862-397 

19— Ephori 760 

20 — Xabonassar Era 747 

21— Arion 610 



NOTE. B. C. 

22— Buddha 594 

23 — Seven \Vise :Men 593 

24 — (Vrus the Great — Persian Em- 
pire 559 

25 — Crcesus the Ivieh 546 

2(J— Fall of Babylon 538 

27 — Order of Cyrus to llebuild Tem- 

]ilc " 536 

28— Milo 511 

29— "The Triad" 499 

30— "The Decade," (tr "Ten Athenian 

Orators" i79-292 

31 — "Seventy Weeks" of Daniel.... 458 

32 — Parrhasius and Zeu.\is 410 

33— Socrates 399 

34— ''Tragic Pleiad" 285-150 

35 — Archimedes 212 

36 — Fannia Lex 161 

37 — Ecpiinoxes 159, 146 

38— Birth of Christ 5 



TO 



NOTES. 

FROM 1st period TO 1 B. C. 



Note 1. — 1st Teriod B. C. 

The dates throughout this book, according to tlie ^'ulgar or CHiristian Era, B. C. 
and A. D., are in a fcolunin to the left side of each page, while the Anno Mundi (A. 
M.), Julian Period (J. IM, etc., etc., etc., are all at the right hand side, to avoid con- 
fusion. 

The era of the Julian Period begins 4713 B. C. 

There are several modes of computing time by the Anno Mundi Era. Constanti- 
iKipolitan A. M. 1 begins 5508 B. C. ; Alexandrian, 5492 B. C. ; one is begun 4008 B. 
(\ ; and the Jewish A. M. 1 begins 3760 B. ('. In this work, however, A. M. 1 is placed 
at 4004 B. C, the hitherto generally accepted year of Creation, or first year of the 
world. (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 

NOTio 2. 

For those who take 4004 as the heretofore commonly accepted date of the creation 
of man, 2348 can be calculated exactly as the date of the Deluge by subtracting the 
ages of the antediluvians as giAen in text of Genesis 5, 6, and 7; and, of ccmrse, vice 
versa, the date of Creation can be calculated, by addition, from the date of the Deluge. 
Therefore, if the date of Creation be changed, the dates of Deluge and all other Bibli- 
cal history must be changed to correspond. 

Note 3—2270 B. C. 

According to the most ancient chronicles of China, there were at least 6 Chinese 
rulers before the reign of Yaou, as follows: Fohi (the Is'oah of Sacred History j, Shin- 
nung (Shem), Hwaug-te (son of Shem), Shaou-haou (son of Hwang-te), Chuen-heul 
(nephew of Shaou-haou ), and Te-kuh. 

Fohi, founder of the Chinese empire, is generally admitted to have been the Noah 
of Sacred History. He is said to have invented tishiug nets, bird-snares, the eight Qua 
or 04 Chinese symbols, and two musical instruments, both called tlie "kim," one of 27 
strings and the other of 38 strings. 

Shin-nong (i. c. Celestial Husbandman), seccmd emperor, tbougiit to have been 
Shem, Noah's eldest son (from whom it is known the Chinese are descended |, invent- 
ed (ac. the Chinese) implements for tillage, taught his people to sow live sorts of 
grain, and to make salt from sea- water. 

Hwang-te, third emperor, invented the Kyatse, or cycle of sixty years, and also 
made a kind of compass, a card showing the four cardinal points. Having noticed that 
liollow trees floated, be invented barks and oars. He also invented wagons, and had 
oxen and horses trained to draw them. 

Comparatively little is recorded of the fourth and fifth emperors, Shaou-haou, and 
< 'huen-heul or Chwen-hyo. 

Te-kuh, sixth emperor, invented vocal music. He set the flrst example of poly- 
gamy, l)v marrying four wives. 



Note 4—2257 B. C. 

The most aucient books of Chiua date from tlie time of Yaou, grandson of Chuen- 
liefil, fifth emperor. Durinc,- Yaon's reigu, Hi and llo, two able mathematieians, care- 
fnlly examined the motions of the moon and stars, and invented instruments for ob- 
serving tliem. Together witli Yaou, they regulated the twelve lunar months. 

Yaou chose Shun to sueoeed him as emiieror, instead of his own son, Yu, because 
he thought it l)etter for the i)eoiile's welfare. 

Note 5—2245 B. C. 

The Temple of Belus, supposed to have been originally the Tower of Babel, was 
a magnificent structure. It had lofty siDires and was adorned with many statues of 
gold, one of them 40 feet high. 

In the upper part of the temple was the tomb of Babylon's fimnder, Belus (called 
in Sacred History Ximrod), who was deified after death by the Babylonians. 

Note 6—2207 B. C. 

Shun shut himself up in Yaou's tomb, to give veut to his grief for the loss of one 
whom he regarded as his father. Hence the custom arose in China of monrning three 
years for one's parents. 

The Chinese historians attribute Shun's advancement, to the submission and obe- 
dience which he always showed to his parents. He received from them only ill usage 
and his life was often in danger. Yet, he bore all their cruel treatment so patiently 
that, by degrees, bis respect and obedience wrought a change in their hearts. From 
this the Cliinese philosophers deduce two great moral principles: — first, that however 
wicked fatliers and mothers may be, children are nevertheless bound to pay them re- 
spect and obedience; second, that tliere is no man so bad but may be reclaimed at last 
bv good offices. 

Note 7—2207 B. C. 

Yu, nintli emperor, founded the first Cliinese dynasty of emperors, the "Hya Dy- 
nasty." Having tasted the Chinese wine invented by I-tze (a drink made from rice), 
Yu exclaimed, "This li(pn)r will cause the greatest troubles of the empire." He ban- 
islied I-tze, and forbade liis subjects to make the wine. The art, however, was pre- 
served, and the law proved useless. I-tze's invention became in time one of the deli- 
cacies of th(^ Chinese table. 

Note 8—2188 B. C. 

At this date chronologists appear to the casual observer to again differ. The ma- 
jority state that Mizraim, Ham's second sou, founded the kingdom of Egypt and built 
the city of Memphis. In many works, liowe\ er, we read that Menes built Memi)his and 
was the founder of the Egyptian monarchy. 

But, in studying the matter more deeply, we find that most antiquarians agree that 
JNIenes is (mly another form, in another language, of the Hebrew name Mizraim, as 
found in Biblical history, just as the founder of the Babylonish monarchy is called 
Belus in profane history, and Nimrod in the Bible. Be this as it may, it cannot be 
doulited that the Egyptian monarchy was founded by Jlizraim. One strong ])roof of 
this is that until the reign of ^Egyptus (14S5 B. C. ), from \\hom the country received 
its present name, Egypt was known only by the name Mizraim, after its founder, as 
Assyria after Assur; Nineveh after Ninus; Rome after Romulus, etc., etc. 

~ 7S 



Note 9, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and ( 1—2000-224 B. C. 

The Seven Wonders of the Worhl are, in chronohiiiical order, as follows: 

First— Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2000 B. C. 

Second — The Egyptian Pyramids 1 0S2 B. C. 

Third— Temi)le of Diana, at Epliesns 772-552 B. C. 

Fourth — Statue, at Elis, of Jupiter Ulynipius 485 B. C. 

Fifth— Mausoleum 352 B. C. 

Sixth— The Pharos 2«J8-2S3 B. C. 

Seventh— Colossus of Khodes 2f»2-2S0 B. C. 

Section A— 2000 B. ('. 

The \\'alls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built in the reigu of Seniiraniis, 
queen of Assyria. Each of the four walls enclosing the city was 15 miles in length, 
87 feet broad, and 350 feet high. In each of the four sides of this great scjuare there 
were twenty-tive gates (one hundred in all) of solid lu-ass. The streets began at each 
gate and were built in a .straight line to the gate exactly opposite, so there were fifty 
streets, each fifteen miles long, twenty-five running mnth and south, and twenty-five 
east and A\est, crossing each other at right angles. Besides these fifty streets, there 
were four half streets which had houses on only one side, and the wall on the other. 
These four were each 200 feet broad, tlie other fifty being about 150 feet l»road. 

The Hanging Gardens of Baljyhm were large terraces built one above the other, 
the top ones l)eing as high as the walls. The ascent from terrace to terrace was bj' 
wide stairs. The terraces were supported by huge arches, raised on other arches, one 
above the other. On top of the arches were laid immense stones, 1(JX4 feet. On these 
was jilaced a mixture of earth and bitumen, upon which were two layers of bricks, 
securely- cemented. These were covered with thick sheets of lead, upon which rested 
the mould of the gardens, which was sufficiently deep to allow the largest trees to 
take root in it. There were five of these gardens, and in them grew trees, fiowers, and 
vegetables. 

Note 9, Section B— 1082 B. C. 

The great Gizeh Pyramid was built by ('h('oi)S, king of Egypt, in 1082 B. C, as 
his mausoleum. Another was built by Ceidiren, king of Egyi^t, about 1032 B. 0. 

The perpendicular height of the Gizeh Pyramid is at present 450 feet, 9 inches, 
with upper room or sei)ulchral chamber 3414 ft^^t X 17^, feet and lOj', feet high. 
The present length of base is 740 feet. It covers eleven acres of ground, and is com- 
posed of stupendous blocks of stone. (The original height was 480% feet, and length 
of base 7(;4 feet. ) ( Ac. Vyse. ) 

Note 9, Section C— 772-552 B. C. 

The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long, 225 feet lii-oad, and the roof 
was supported by one hundred and twenty-seven cidunms 60 feet high, which had been 
l)laced there by one hundred and twenty-seven different kings. Of these columns 
thirty-six were carved in the most beautiful manner. One of the chief architects 
was Ctesiphon or Chersiphron. This celebrated temple was begun in 772 B. C, and 
was not completed until 552 B. C, two hundred and twenty years after its founda- 
tion. Ou the night that Alexander the Great was born, 356 B. <\, this temple was 
burned by Erostratus, in hopes of making his name notorious. 






A'OTE 9, Section U— 435 B. C. 

The statue, at Elis, of Jupiter Olympius \\as made by the famous Athenian statu- 
ary, Phidias, in 435 B. C. Having been baiiislied from Atliens by his countrymen, for 
caning his own image and tlmt of Pericles on the shield of his celebrated statue of 
Minerva, Phidias retired to Elis, and there made the fauums statue of Jupiter Olvm-' 
puis, out of revenge for the ill treatment which he had recei\ed from the Athenians,'^ 
that it might eclipse the statue of Minerva at Athens. , 

XuTE 9, Section E— 352 B. C. 

The mausoleum was a magnificent monument, erected by Artemisia to the mem- 
ory of her husband, Mausolus, king of Caria, 352 B. C. It was built by four archi- 
tects : Scopas erected the side which faced the east, Tomotheus the south side, Leo- 
chares the west, and Bruxis the north. Pithis also was employed to raise a pyramid 
over this great monument, and the top was embellished with a chariot drawn by 
four horses. 

Note 9, Section b^— 298-283 B. C. 

The Pharos, or watch-tower of Alexandria, was begun by Ptolemj' Soter, in 298 
B. C, and completed by his son, Ptolemy Philadelphus, in 283 B. C. It was built on 
Pharos, an island about seven furlongs distant from the Egyptian shore, to which it 
was joined in 284 by a causeway. This tower was of white marble, and could be seen 
at the distance of one hundred miles. On the top constant fires were kept up, to guide 
sailors. The following inscrijjtion was ordered to be carved on it: "King Ptolemy to 
the gods, the saviours, for the benefit of sailors." Sostratus, however, wishing to 
have in the future all the gion-, engraved in the marltle an inscription bearing his 
own name; then tilling up the hollows with mortar, he wrote on it the above (pioted 
words. When, in time, the mortar had, little by little, cnimbled away, Ptolemy's name 
disappeared, and the following lines became visil)le: "Sostratus the Cnidian, son of 
Dexiphanes, to the gods, the saviours, for the benetit of sailors." 

Note !), Section G— 292-280 B. C. 

The Colossus of Rhodes was a brass statue of Apollo. Its feet were ui)on the 
moles Avhich formed the entrance of the harbor, and ships passed in full sail between 
its legs. It was 70 cubits (105 feet) high, and everything in equal proportion. A 
winding staircase ran to the top, whence could easily be discerned, l>y the help of 
glasses (Avliich were hung on the neck of the statue | , the shores of Syria, and the ships 
that sailed on the coast of Egypt. 

The Colossus was the work of Chares, of Lindus. He began it 292 B. C, and com- 
pleted it 280 B. C. After remaining uninjured for fiftj'-six years, it Avas thrown down 
by an earthquake in 224 B. C, and was finally destrf>yed when Rhodes was taken, in 
653 A. I)., by the Saracens, who sold the pieces of the Colossus for old metal to a 
dealer, who is said to have used nine hundred camels to carry the brass from Rhodes. 

Note 10—1582 B. C. 

The Amndelian Marbles contain chronology of ancient history from 1582 to 355 
B. C. ; sculptured 204 B. C. They consist of thirty-seven statues, one hundred and 
twenty-eight busts, and two hundred and fifty inscriptions. They were found in the 
Isle of Paros, in the reign of James I., IGIO A. D. They were purchased by Mr. Petty, 
for Lor<l Arundel, in 1024, and reached London in 1(>27. They were presented to the 

80 



University of Oxford 1667 A. 1)., by Lord Aiiiudel's <>randsou, Heury Howard. Tlu' 
charactei's are Greek, of wliicli there are two translations; — one by Selden, 1628, and 
one by rricU^aux, KITd. (See KHd, 1G27, IC.Iil A. D.) 

Note 11—1556 B. C. 

Cecrops, a native of Sais, led a colony from Egypt, and fonnded twelve small vil- 
lages in Attica, and gradnally drew thither the inhabitants of that conntry. Tie gave 
them laws and regnlations, and introduced among them the worshi^i of the Egyptian 
deities, and is said to have been the first avIio raised an altar in Greece to Jupiter. He 
taught his subjects to cultivate the olive. 

Cecrops is generally considered the f(mnder of Atiiens, although Theseus, his ninth 
successor on the throne, 1235 B. C, formed the twelve villages, which Cecrops had 
founded, into one city, to which the nanu' Athens was given. 

The fable in which Cecrops is represented as half nmn and half serpent, derived, 
perhaps, its origin from the fact that Cecrops Avas master of two languages, the 
Greek and the Egy])tian, or that he had command over two countries, Egypt and 
Greece. 

Note 12—1491 B. C. 
The great Jewish Feast of Pentecost (i.e. fiftieth") was instituted in commemora- 
tion of the receiving of the law from Blount Sinai, on the fiftieth day after the de- 
parture fi-om Egy])t, and as a day on which the Israelites were to offer to God the 
first fruits of the harvest. Called also "Feast of Weeks" because it was celebrated 
seven weeks after the Passover. 

_ Note 13—1486 B. C. 

Danaus, son of Belus and Anchinsp, reigned in Egypt (after the death of his 
father) conjointly with his brother, .T^gyptus. A did'erence arising between them, 
Danaus set sail with his fifty daughters in a ship called "Armais," in quest of a set- 
tlement. He visited Ikhodes, and then 'landed on the coast of Peloponnesus. This 
was the first ship that had ever appeared at Greece. From compulsion, or some say 
voluntarily, Gelanor, the last of the Tnachid.i>, abdicated the throne of Argos in 
favor of Danaus, in 1-175 B. C. 

According to tradition, the success of Danaus induced the fiftv sons of ^Egyptus to 
end)ark for (Jreece. Fearing smli a nund)er, and terrified by an oracle, Danaus bade 
his fifty daughters, who had been promised in marriage to his fifty nephews, to mur- 
der their husbands on their wedding night. Hypermnestra alone spared the life of 
her husband, Lynceiis, who succeeded Danaus after a reign of fifty years. 

Note 14—1453 and 1406 B. C. 
Ida-i Dactyli was the name given to the ten priests of the goddess Cybele. Called 
Td;ei, ]dural of Id;ea, the surnanu' of Cybele, because she was worshiped at Blount 
Ida; and Dactyli (fingers), signifying the nund)er ten. 

Note 15—1451 B. C. 
The argument that Moses did not write the Pentateuch because of vei-se 10, Deut. 
34 ("And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto ]Moses, whom the Lord 
knew face to face"), is very weak, for neither the Jewish nor Catholic Church ever 
claimed that the last eight verses, Deut. 34, verses 5-12, describing the death and 
burial of Afoses, were written by a dead man; but that all the Pentateuch from Gen. 



i., 1, to Deut. xxxiA'., 4, was written by Moses, inspired by God, and that tlie last eight 
verses of Deut. were written by Joshua after tlu^ death of Moses, perhaps many years 
after, as Joshua lived until 1426 B. C. 

Note 16—1356 B. C. 

The "Eleusinian Mysteries" was the most celebrate<l of all the religious ceremo- 
nies of ancient Greece, so-called from Eleusinia, a great, festival obsei^ed every 
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, Pheneata', Spartans, I'arrhasians, and Cretans. 
By the people of Athens, liowever, it was celelirated every tilth year, at Eleusis, in At- 
tica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus. He was a king of Thrace, made priest 
of Ceres by Erechtlieus, king of Athens. 

Eumoli»us Ix'came so powerful as priest, tluit lie waged war against p]rechtheus. 
Both were killed in battle, and peiice was restored between their descendants on con- 
dition that the jiriesthood should ever remain in tlie family of Eumolpus, and the 
regal power in the house of Erechtheus. Tlu' priesthood continued in the family of 
Eumolpus for twelve liundred years. He wlio was once appointed to the office, was 
obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. 

Note 17—1070 B. C. 
^^'hen (he lleraclida' made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the vic- 
tory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Herac- 
lida' thereupon gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus. This ]>atriotic king, how- 
ever, disguised himself and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The 
Athenians gained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called "The Father of his 
Country." To i)ay greater honor to his memory, the Athenians resolved that no man 
after Codrus should reign in Athens under the title of king, and their kingdom was 
thenceforth ruled by archons. 

Note 18—862-397 B. C. 
The Four Greater Hebrew Prophets, whose books are contained in the Old Testa- 
mcut, are: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel. The Twehe Minor Hebrew Prophets 
are in Bible order: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, 
Zephaniab, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. The chronological order of the Sixteen 
<'anouical Proi>hets are: Jonah, S(\-; Joel, 800; Amos, 787; Hosea, 785; Isaiah, 760; 
Micah, 750; Nahum, 713; Zephaniah, 630; Jeremiah, 629; Habakkuk, ()26; Ezekiel, 
595; Obadiah, 587; Daniel, 555-534; Haggai, 520, sixth uionlli; Zechariah, 520, 
eighth month; and .Malachi, 397. 

Note 19—760 B. C. 
The Ephori wcie jiowerful magistrates at Sparta, five in numbci-, elected annually. 
They could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them if 
guilty of misdemeanor. They were much the same as the Rouuin tribunes, created 
to watch with a jealous eye over the I'ights and liberties of the people. They had the 
right to convene, prorogue, and to dissolve the greater and lesser assemblies of the 
l)eople. The former was composed of 9,000 Spar-tans, all inhabitants of the city; the 
latter consisted of 30,000 Spartan inhaltitanis of the inferior towns and villages. 

Note 20—747 B. C. 
The Egyptian or Nabonassar Era, beginning February 26th, 747 B. C, consisted of 
365 days only, instead of 3()5'_|. I( was reformed 30 B. C., by which time the begin- 
ning of the year, by continually receding, fell on the 29th of .\iigust, and it w;is de- 

_ 



teriiiiued that in future the 2!»th of August should be the first of the Egyptian year. 
To reduce the Nabonassar Era to the Christian Era, subtract 746 years, 125 days. 

Note 21—610 B. C. 

According to Herodotus, the historian, Arion having traveled through Italy, etc., 
and by liis talents amassed a fortune, embarked at Tarentum for Corinth, to return 
to his friend and patron, I'eriander, the tyrant. The sailors, coveting his wealth, 
decided to kill the poet, and ordered him to cast himself overboard. He gained pei*- 
mission to first sing a s(Mig and play upon his citliara or lyre. DoI])hins were attracted 
to the ship by the e.\(|uisite music, and, as tlie poet fell into the water, one of them 
took him ujxm its back and carried him safely to shore. He reached Corinth before 
the shi]), and, having told his adventure to Periander, tlie sailors were, upon lauding 
at Corinth, convicted of their crime and punished accordingly. 

XoTK 22~5!)4 B. C. 

ISiddartha Cautania, the Hakya Muni, commonly known as Buddha ( i. c. Enlight- 
ened One), was the only son of SuddlK'idana, raja of the Sakyas, and was born 623 
B. C. (Jautama's mother was Mahamaya, a daughter of the raja of Koli. At the age 
of 16 (iautama married the Princess Yasodhara. In July, 51t4, age 2!), suddenly real- 
izing the vanity of earthly riches and pleasures and the uncertainty of life, he re- 
tired into seclusion, to think out some new form of religion and belief that might 
bring lasting happiness. He left home on the day of the birth of his only son, 
Rahula. 

While in retirement he invented and planned out Buddhism. From all accounts 
he was, without doubt, sincerely searching after Truth, and subjected himself to the 
severest discipline and hardness. A\'hen he came forth again before the world and 
preached his new doctrine, he founded an order of mendicant monks, with himself as 
their head, all being obliged to beg their daily food. Later on, at the earnest request of 
his heart-broken wife, he founded the Buddhist nuns, and Yasodhara was the first to 
enter. 

His followers called him Buddha because of his apparent wisdom, and after 
death he was deified and worshiped as a god; lience many writers treat him as a 
mythical character. 

Biiddhism spread ra])idly throughout Eastern and Central Asia. Buddha, in his 
religion, inculcated the strictest morality, liut taught the doctrine of migration of 
souls, even in the vegetable kingdom. Therefore, the priests and monks were com- 
pelled to beg their daily bread, for fear of themselves destroying a soul while pre- 
paring their own food. He died 543 B. C, age SO. 

NOTK 23—593 B. C. 

The Seven Wise Men of Greece were : 
; Bias, of Priene, flourished 593 B. C. 

Chilo, who was one of the Epliori of Sparta in 556 B. C. 

Cleobulus, of Lindus, born 634 B. C. ; died 564 B. C. 

Periander, born 665 ; died 585. He was tyrant of Corinth, 625-585 B. C. 

Pittacus, of :\ritylene, born 651 ; died 560 B. C 

Solon, archon of Athens, boru 638; died 558 B. C. 

Thales, of Miletus, Iwrn 640 ; died 548 B. ( ;. 

' '' — ■ — • ' 

S3 



Two or three maxims of eaoli of the Heveii Wise Men are jiiveu below- 
First, Hias — "Endeavor to jiain tlie good will of all men." "The most miserable 
man is he who cannot endure misery." "l>o not praise an unworthy man for the 
sake of his wealth." 

Second, Chilo — "Never speak evil of thi' dead." "Reverence old ai;c." "(xovern 
your anj;er." "Be not over-hasty." "Seek not impossibilities." "].,et yonr friend- 
ship be more eonspicnons in adversity than iu prosjjerity." 

Third, Cleobnlns — "Re more attentive than talkative." "Detest ingratitnde." 
"Kndeavor always to employ yonr thoughts on souiething worthy." 

l'"onrth, I'eriander — "The intention of crime is as sinful as the act." "Perform 
whatever you have ])romised." "Pleasure is tleetiug; honor is immoi-tal." 

Fifth, Pittacus — "The possession of power discovers a uian"s true character." 
"Whatever you do, (hi it well." "Do not tlial lo your Meighbci- whicii you would 
take ill from him." 

Sixth, Solon — "Kevereuce (Jod (or the gods i, and honor your parents." "Mingle 
not with the wicked." "Do not consi<ler theitresent jileasiii'c, lint the ultimate good." 
"Believe yourself tit to command when you have leai-ued to obey." 

Seventh, Thales — "It is better to adorn the mind than the face." "Never do that 
yourself which you blame in others." "The most ditlicult thing is to know one's self; 
the (^asiest, to give advice to others." 

Epimenides, who is reckoned among the Seven Wise Men liy those who exclude 
from the list the name of the wicked tyrant, Periander, came to Athens ")!)(> B. (\ He 
was the son of Agiasarchus and Blasta. According to tradition, while tending his 
flocks one day, he entered a cave, where he fell aslee]). His sleep (ac. Pliny I con- 
tinued fifty-seven years. When he awoke, he found every surrounding object so 
changed that he scarcely knew where he was. His brother, to his great astonishment, 
told him how long he had slept. He is supposed to have lived 289 years. 

Note 24—559 B. C. 

Cyrus, "The (ireat," was the son of (\unbyses, a Persian nobleman, and .Mandane, 
the daughter of Astyages, king of Media. Astyages, (ac. Herodotus,) being warned 
in a dream that his daughter's son would become king, commanded an officer named 
llarpagus to kill the infan(. I larjiagus ordered a hei-<lsnian to exjiose the child on 
tile mountain, but the man sjiared its life, and (he future hero was brought U]i as a 
s]ie](lier(l. Cyrns A\as afterward res(ored (o his parents, and, luning incited the 
Persians to revolt, defeated Astyages, and, uniting Media to Persia, founded the Per- 
sian em])ire. 

Note 25—540 B. C. 

( "r(esus,king of Lydia,]iassed for the richest of maid<ind. Hence the saying, "Kich 
as Crcesus." He was the tirst who made the (ireeks of Asia ti-iliutary to the Lydians. 
His court was the asylum of learning; and .10so]i, the fabulist, among others, lived 
under his ])atronage. Cru^sus considered himself the hajijiiest of mankind, and so ex- 
jiressed himself in a conversation with Solon the Sage, who differed from him, and 
gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. After a reign of fourteen years, 
Crcesus was defeated and taken captive by (\vrus the Great, who ordered him to be 
bui'ued alive. The jiile was already on fire, when (Vrus heard the con([ueretl mon- 
arch exclaim with i)itiable energy, "Solon! Solon! Solon!" Cyrus asked him the 

84 




SOLON THE SAGE. 
638-558 B. C. 



/ 




THALES, ONE OF THE SEVEN WISE MEN. 
640-548 B. C. 

85 



iiieauing of his cxclamatiou, and lie repeated the eouversatiuu he had ouee had 
\\ith the sage ou humaii happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and, realizing 
file tiekleness of fortune, ordered Cnesus to he taken fx*om the hurniug pile. Cyrus 
and Cru'sns afterwards hecame most intimate friends. 

Note 26—538 B. C. 

Cyrus marched with a large army against Habylon, the capital of Assyria, whose 
king was the Belshazzar in the Book of Daniel. Having diverted the course of the 
Euphrates, after a long siege, he entered the city by the dry channel of the river, 
while the impious king and court were feasting. (See Daniel, ch. v., and Isaiah 
xlv., 1.) 

Darius, the Mede, mentioned in Daniel as ascending the throne of liahylon after 
it was captured l)y the Medes and Persians, was Cya.xares II., of .Media, under his 
nephew, Cyrus, of Persia, just as the king of fcsaxony is under the emperor of (.Jennany. 

As Darius (Cyaxares II.) is spoken of in Sacred History as king of Babylon from 
SHS to 53(!, it would appear that in the division of cou(]uered lands, he was permitted 
by Cyrus to reign in Babylon from the capture, 538, until 530, ^\'hen probably he died, 
being then tU years old. Sacred History speaks of the year 53(i as the first year of 
Cyrus, king of Babylon, i. e. the fii'st year that Cyrus reigned tlici-e personally, ap- 
pointing no one to succeed Darius. 

Note 27—536 B. C. 

In 53r., two years after the capture, Cyrus took the government of Babylon under 
his personal supervision. He issued an edict that the Jewish captives of Babylon 
sliould I'eturn home and rebuild the temple in their holy city, and he sent back to Je- 
rusalem the 5,400 gold and silver vessels which Xei)uchadnezzar had taken from the 
temple and placed in the house of the gods. ( lM)retold by Isaiah, xliv., 26-28 ; ch. xlv., 
1-13; Jeremiah xxv., 11-12.1 (See II. Chronicles xxxvi., 22-23; Ezra i. ; and I. Es- 
dras ii., 1-14. 

Note 28—511 B. C. 

Telys, tyrant of Sybaris, banished eight hundred of the richest citizens. They took 
refuge in Crotona. Telys afterwards demanded that the exiles be given up to him. 
This the Crotonians refused to do, and war was declared between the two cities. 
.Milo, heading the army of the Crotonians, gained a complete victory over the Sy- 
barites, 511 B. C. 

Wlwn an old man, Milo was one day passing through a forest, and found a tree 
l)artly cleft by wedges. He inserted his hands in the opening with the intention of 
severing the tree. But as the wedges fell out his strength failed him, and the aper- 
ture closed on his hands, holding iiim fast. \Miile in this helpless plight, wild beasts 
devoured him. 

NoTK 211- 4!)9 B. C. 

The (ireat Triad, the three greatest (Ireek tragedians, were .Eschylus, Sophocles, 
and Euripides ; but, ac. Alexandrian Canon, there were five, which includes Ion and 
lophon. 

Sfxtion A— ^Eschylns was born at Eleusis, in Attica, 525 B. C. He exhibited his 
first tragedy 499 B. C. In September, 490, he, with his two brothers, Cyna?geirus 
and Amcinias, was graced at ;Marathon with the ](rize of pre-eminent bravery. In 
484 he gained the first prize for tragedy. This he did thirteen times during his pul)lic 
career. 

S7 



The iiiainici- of liis dealli, wiiicli occurred at (icla, i^td 15. ('., was most siiii^ular. lie 
was sitting' in an ii|K'n field, motionless, absorbed in meditation. An eagle flying over 
liim witli a tortoise in its hill, niistoolv tlie poet's bald liead for a sione, and dropped tlie 
tortoise on it, to breal; the shell. .l^sch.\ lus was killed by the blow. 

He composed about seventy tragedies. The seven following are extant : "I'rome- 
theus Bound," "The Seven Against Thebes," "The Persians," "The Female Suppli- 
ants," "Agamemnon," "Choephora-," and "Eumenides." 

Section B — Sophocles was born 495 B. (A in the village of Colonus, about a mile 
from Athens. In 4(58, age 27, he gained the first prize for his drama, "Triptolemus." 
Between this and the year of his death he olitiiined the first i)rize for his dramas at 
least twenty times. He die<l 405 B. C, age 1)0. 

He composed more than one hundred tragedies, of whicli the seven following are 
extant: "Antigone," "Electra," "Trachini:e," "(Edipus Tyrannus," "Ajax," "Philoc- 
tetes," and "(I'klipus at Colonus." 

Section C — Euripides was born on the island of Salamis, 480 B. (J. He exhibited 
his first drama, "Pleiades," in 455, age 25. He gained first prize 441 B. C, and again 
in 428 B. C. for the "llippolytus." He died in Macedon 400 B. C. According to tradi- 
tion, he was killed by a pack of ferocious hounds. He coiajxtsed about seventy-five 
tragedies. The eighteen following are extant: "Hecuba," "Ion," "Alcestis," "Medea," 
"Helena," "lidiigenia in Aulis," "Hippcdytus," "Baccha^," "Heraclida^," "Supplices," 
"Hercules Furens," "Orestes," "Troades," "Electra," "Andromache," "Iphigenia in 
Tauris," "Rhesus," and "Pha^uissiB. " 

Section I) — Ion brought out first tragedy, 451, and died before 421 B. C. 

Section E — lophon gained second prize for tragedy, in contest where Euripides 
received first prize and Ion third prize, 428 B. ('. He died after 405 B. ('. 

Note 30— 47<)-292 B. C. 

Tlie Decade or T(^n Athenian or Attic Oratoi-s were in chronological order as fol- 
lows : 

First — Antiph(»n was born 470 B. ('. He was ti-ied for treason and put to death 
for his share in the "Rev(dutiou of the ]''(mr Hundred," 411 B. C. Fifteen of his ora- 
tions are extant. 

Second — Androcides was born 407 B. C. He was exiled for advising peace, and 
died 391 B. C. A few of his orations are extant. 

Third — Lysias, born 458 B. C; died 378. He composed more than two hundred 
orations, of which thirty-five are ext<ant. 

Fourth — Isocrates, born 430 B. C; died by suicide 338 B. C. Twenty-one of his 
orations are extant. 

Fifth — Isanis, born 420 B. (\ ; died 353. Eleven of his orations are extant. 

Sixth — Lycurgus, born 396; died 323 B. C. One oration is extant. 

Seventh — yEschines, born 389; exiled from Athens 330 B. O. by Demosthenes' 
"Orations on the Crown." He died 314 B. C. Three of his orations are extant. 

I<]ighth — Demosthenes, Iku'u 382 B. C. Being sentenced to dentli by Antipater, he 
took i)oison and died October 14th, 322 B. C. Sixty of his orations are extant. 

Ninth— Hyperides, b(u-n 390; died, by order of Antipater, 822 B. C. All of his 
orations are lost. 

_ 




/ESCHYLUS, ONE OF THE TRIAD. 
SEE 456 B. C. 



Tfiith— Diuarchiis, huni 8(i() B. C. ; returned to Atlu'iis fi-om exile 292 B. (J. Tliree 
orations are extant. 

N. B. — Dionjsius classes only six great orators, in two groups: Lysias, isocrates, 
and Isa'us as inventors; and Demosthenes, Hyperides, and .-l^seliines as perfecters. 

Note 31—458 B. C. 
A\'itli March of this date begins the seventy weeks prophesied in Daniel, ix., 24 : 
The iSeventy ^^■eeks of Years=TOX 7=41)0; and from March, 458, to March or April, 
83 A. D.=490 years, which would seem to prove the date of the Ci'ucitixion. The Jews 
received the permission to rebuild on the first day of the first month, (/'. c. March 1,) 
as March is the first month of their sacred year. Many chrouologists make the mis- 
take of one year in calculating dates from B. C. to A. D., (for explanation of which 
see Note A, in A. D.,) and placing this at 457, state that from 457 B. ('. to 33 A. D.= 
490 years, which is not correct. 

Note 32—410 B. C. 

In a trial of skill between Parrhasius and his rival, Zeuxis, the latter painted a 
I)icture of a bunch of grapes which looked so natural that the birds pecked at them. 
Flushed with this success, Zeuxis called upon Parrhasius to draw aside the curtain 
hanging over the canvas and exhibit his painting. The curtain was the painting, and 
Zeuxis had mistaken it for real drapery. Zeuxis acknowledged himself cou(iueretl,aud 
exclaimed : "Zeuxis has deceived the birds, but Parrhasius 1ms deceived Zeuxis him- 
self." 

Note 33—399 B. C. 

Socrates thinking himself commissioned by the gods to teach philosophy and mor- 
ality, devoted to it all his time and energy. Aristophanes, in his comed^', "Clouds,"" 
exhibited 423 B. C, ridiculed the character of Socrates. This first started a feeling 
against the great moralist. Twenty-four years later, 399 B. (\, Lycon, an orator, 
Meletus, a poet, and Auytus, an infiuential demagogue, accused Socrates of disbeliev- 
ing in the Athenian gods, of seeking to introduce new gods, and of coriiipting the 
Athenian youth. He was summoned before the tribunal and condemned. Knowing 
his innocence, he would not declare himself guilty, and his dignified and fearless re- 
plies, exasperating the judges, they doomed him to die. ^^'hen ordered, according to 
Athenian laws, to pass sentence on himself and to mention what death he preferred, 
Socnites answered : "For my attempts to teach the Athenian youth justice and mod- 
eration, and to render the rest of my countrymen more happy, let me be maintained 
at the jmblic expense the renmining years of m,y life in the Prylaneum, an honor, ( ) 
Athenians, which I deserve more than the victors of the Olympic games. They nmke 
(heir countrymen more happy in appearance ; but I have made you so in reality." The 
judges, enraged at this rejjly, condemned him to drink hemlock. 

Before returning to prison he said to the judges : "\N'e must part : I to die, and you 
to live; but which of us has the happier destiny is known only to the gods." 

His friend, Criton, bribed the jailer and planned for Socrates to escape, but the 
philosopher refused to avail himself of the chance, believing it a duty to submit to the 
law and authority, and said to Criton: ">A'here shall I fly to avoid the irrevocable 
doom passed on all mankind?"' 

Socrates taught the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and the sin of commit- 
ting suicide. When, at the appointed time, the poison was handed to him, he drank 
it without emotion, and in a few minutes expired. 

91 



NoTK ;u— 2sr)-ir)(> n. d. 



There are four different versious of the "Tra.nie l*]eia<l,"" or the "Seven (rreek 
Tragie l*oets/' wliich are given below in full, for the benefit of the student. The first 
three versions will be found nearly alike. The third version, bj^ A. Soh(')ll,is evidently 
the most correct, and the fourth version the least accurate, as the first version is iu- 
coniplete, giving no seventh name, and the second gives Dionysides instead of Sosi- 
phaues as tlie sixth name, and the fouilli xcrsion, by Tzetzes, gives three names not 
found in anv of the other lists. > 



.Vc. to Suidas. 

1. Homems or 
Homer Jr. 
1.'. ►Sositheus. 
^^. I^ycophron. 

4. Alexander. 

5. IMiiliscus. 
('). Sosi])haiu's. 
7 



Ac. toM. S. F. Scholl 

Homerus or 
Homer Jr. 
Sositheus. 
Lycoiihi'on. 
Alexander. 
I'liiliscus. 
Dionysides. 
.Eantides. 



(Correct.) 
Ac. to A. Scholl. 

Homerus or 
Homer Jr. 
Sositheus. 
Lycophron. 
Alexander. 
Pliiliscus. 
S()si])hanes. 
.Eautides. 



Tzetzes. 

Homerus or 
Homer Jr. 
Theocritus. 
Lycojjhron. 
Aratus. 
Philiscus. 
Nicander. 
.Eantides. 



1. lliuuerus (II- ihsmcr Jr. was born at Hii'rapolis 'H\o H. C. He wrote forty-five 
tragedies, which ai-e all lost. 

•2. Sositheus tlourished alxmt 250 B. C. 

:'>. Lycophron fiourished '2i>i>-'24:7 B. C. He wrote over forty-five tragedies, of 
wliicli only one work is extant, and the titles of tAventy liavebeen presented. 

4. AlexaniU-r fiourished alxmt I'.KI B. C. 

."). Philiscus fiourishwl about 2UU B. C. 

(i. Sosiphanes t1(mrished alxmt 300 B. C. 

7. Jvmtides fiourished alxmt 300 B. C. 

Dionysides — His name is not to Ix' found in any work. 

Theocritus fiourished 270 B. (\; celebrated i)astoral poet. Many works extant. 
Aratus tlourished 27r> B. ('. Some of his works are extant. He is supposed to be 
the jMH't Avhom St. Paul (pioted in his address to the Athenians. (Acts, xvii., 28.) 
Nicander flourished about l.">0 B. ('. Only two works are extant. 

NoTK 35—212 B. C. 

When the Ikomans, under .Marcellus, besieged Syracuse, Arcliimedes constructed 
machines which raised the enemy's ships up in the air and let them fall suddenly into 
the water with sulticient violence to sink them. He also set some of the ships on tire 
with his burning glasses. When at last Syracuse was taken, in 212 li. ('., Marcellus 
gave strict orders to the soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, and offered a reward to the 
one who should bring the famous (Jreek bef(U"e him uiiinjured. Archimedes was at 
home engaged in solving a jirobleni, not e\eu aware that Syracuse was in the hands 
of the Romans, when a soldier entered and ordered the great man to follow him to 
Alarcellus. Archimedes refused to leave until he had finished the ]iroblem ; where- 
u\Hm the soldier in a i»assi(ui killed him. 



92 



Hierou II., of Syracuse, oner oousnlted Ai-cliimedes about a j^oldeu crown wliicli 
flic king feared liad some baser metal alloyed witli it. A\liile tryinn to ]>lan some mode 
of detecting the fraud, .Vrcliimedes went to the baths and ste])ped into a tub "luite full 
of water. As the water ran over the sides of the tub, the thought Hashed into the mind 
of Archimedes, that as the overflow of the water must lie e(iual in bulk to his body, so 
the bulk of the crown compared with a mass of jmre gold of ei|ual weig]it,botli drojjjyed 
into an equal quantity of water, would show the amount of alloyed metal by the differ- 
ence of the overflow. This discovery threw him into such an ecstasy of jt»y that he 
ran home withcmt waiting to dress, crying out: "Eureka! Eureka I" (I have found it.) 
^^dlence the expression so often used, denoting pleasure and sui^jrise. 

Note 30— Kil B. C. 

The "I'annia Lex" decreed that no [lerson slmuld s]MMid more than one hundred 
asses a day on the great festivals, thirty asses on certain lesser feasts, and ten asses on 
all other days. The "as" was a Roman coin of brass A\'eighing f)riginally one pound, 
but reduced after first I'unic AYar to two ources. In second Punic AA'ar it was reduced 
to one ounce, and by the "Papiria Lex," 101 J\. (". (A. W (\ 503), to one-half ounce, 
eqmil to three and one-tenth farthings. 

-p Note 37—159 and 140 B. C. 

lli]»|)archus first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autum- 
nal e(|uinox is one hundred and eighty-six days, seven days longei- than the inter- 
val between the autumnal and vernal equinox, occasioned by the eccentricity of the 
earth's orbit. He divided the heavens into l!l constellations: iL* ecliptic, l21 in the 
northern hemisphere, and 10 in the soutbei'n; and he gave names to all the stars. 

Note 3S— 5 B. ('. 

It is strange, that, while tlie date of the birth of nine-tenths of the great men of 
the world is accurately known, tlie date of the birth of the "King of Kings," the Lord 
of Heaven and Earth, is yet a ([uestion o])en to discussion. The coi'rect date, how- 
ever, can be found as follo\\s: 

The dates given by Arcbbishoj) Usher on the margin of the lOnglisb Bible, St. Luke, 
<liapter ii., are (piite accurate. Verses l-liO, desci-iliing tlie birth of our Lord and tlie 
visit of the shepherds, are dated 5 B. C \'(*rse L'l, however, Iieginiiing "And when 
eight days were acconvplished," etc., is correctly dated 4 B. (\, showing that the 
eighth day after the birth of riirist the new year (4 B. (\) had begun; so that 
Christ was born on the eighth day before Januar\- 1st ( /. c. December 25th. i 

Decendier 25fh is uni\'ersally accepted as tlie birthdax' of our L(U'd, and is used 
alike by chroiHslogisfs who claim different years as the correct date. If our i>(M'd 
had been born seven days later, that is, January 1st, then His birth would have been 
in 4 B. ('. But as December 25th is the day universally accepted, 5 B. ('., seven days 
before the beginning of the year 4 B. (\, is the correct date. This is ])roved by the 
fact that Herod the (ireat, king of Judea, died starch 2Sfb, 4 B. ('. A\'e are exjiressly 
told in (tod's Word (St. Matthew, ch. ii., vs. 1, 3, 15, l!t, 22), and we also learn 
from jirofane history that Christ was born in the days of Herod the king. Therefore, 
as Herod died nearly nine months before Decemlier 25, 4 B. ('., our Lord must have 
been l)orn December 25, 5 B. ('. ; that is, three moiitlis and three days liefore the death 
of Herod. 

93 



REFERENCES. 

"Herod died March 28tli, A. U. 0. 750, 4 B. C." 

— Michaiid's Biographie Universal. 

"Herod died between March 13 and April 5 soon after tlie birth of Christ." "Made 
kin,u of Judea 40 B. C." 

lolnison's Xrir ('iiir('r-'<((l ('i/clopadia. 

"Death of Herod between an eclipse of tlie moon, March 13th, and the feast of tlie 
Passover." — Clinton. 

"Herod died in the thirty-seventh year (if liis reijin, 4 H. C." 

— iiinith's DiCtiuiKiiii iif (IrrrI: (iiid I'oiiiuii l'io(/i(iphi/. 

"Death of Herod 4 B. C." — Eiici/dopwdid Biitannica. 

"Herod died 4 B. C." —Moiiil Wide l-Uicijclopedia. 

"Herod died in March, 4 B. C." — Huydn'x Biography. 




94 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIAL 

BATTLES 



\ 



FlIUM 585 TO 1 ]',. C. 



B. C. 

.Vitiiiiii 31 

.Eiiospotamus 405 

Aliiii 3!)0 

Ai-lH'la 381 

('aiiiuv 210 

< Irauitus 334 

Ilal.YS 585 

Ipsus 301 

Issus 333 

:\Iaratli()ii 490 

^lumla 45 

ilutina 43 



\ 



15. C. 

Mycale 479 

riiarsalia 48 

I'hilippi 42 

Platfea 479 

Pydiia 168 

Salaniis 480 

Thapsus 46 

Tlu'nuopyla- 480 

Thrasyiiiemis 217 

Zania' 202 

Zela 47 



I'or Special Wars, see "AVai-s" in jneueral alphabetical index. 
FIIOM 1 TO 1900 A. i>. 



A. D. 

Al)rahaiii 1759 

Alm-Klea 1885 

Agiiicdurt 1415 

Ahmednuggur 1803 

Aladja Da«ili 1877 

Alcoiea 1868 

Alexandria 1801 

Aljnbarota '.1385 

Alma 1854 

Alnninza 1707 

Angora 1402 

Arcot 1760 

Arganuni 1803 

Aries 508 

Ascalon 1099, 1191 

Asperne ■;i809 

Assave 1803 



A. D. 

Auerstadt 1806 

Ansterlitz 1805 

Halaklava 1854 

Baltimore 1814 

Rannockbnrn 1314 

Baruet 1471 

Battle of the Standard 1139 

Bantzen 1813 

Belgrade 1717 

Bemis Heights 1777 

Bennington 1777 

Bitonto 1734 

Blackheath 1497 

Blenheim 1704 

Bloreheath 1459 

Borodino 1812 

Bosworth 1485 



95 



A. II. 

Buyue KiDO 

l>rau(l_vwiiic 1777 

r.iciteiifekl 1G31 

r.ii(l';/e water 18U 

r.i-'.er Tm-k 1770 

.I'.iill Ifini 1801 

liimker Hill 1775 

I^ixiu- 17(;4 

Calais 1347 

('alatifini 18(i(t 

< "amdeii 1780 

( V'lTo (}(H'(l(t 18-47 

Champlain 1814 

( Mianii-kia-waii 18(!0 

(MiapTiltciX'c 1847 

( 'hickaiiiauiia 18(i3 

(Miilliainvailali .1849 

< MiipiK'wa 1814 

Conniiia 18(M» 

Courcelles 1870 

(NnviKMis 1781 

( 'rayford 4r)7 

CreoY 134(1 

Cullddeu 174(; 

Dresden 1813 

1 )unlilaue 1715 

Duiidalk 1318 

Duiidar lli'tO 

])nri(|iie 1139 

Kckmuhl 1809 

Ediichill U>i2 

Erie 1813 

Kssliu^ 1S09 

Eiitaw Springs 1781 

Evesham 1LM)5 

Eylaii 1S07 

l\iir Oaks lS(i2 

Einisterre 1747 

IMve l^^irks 1S(>5 

T'ontenoy 1745 

Eoo-Chow 1884 

I'^rederiokshnrn 18(12 

I'^riedland 1807 

(Jawal-liur 1803 

(}aza 1799 

(Jedid 1S99 

Oeriiiantown 1777 



A. D. 

Gettysburg- 1863 

(xisors 1198 

(iravelotte 1870 

Gnzerat 1849 

Ilalidou TTilJ 1333 

Hastings 10(j(; 

Hohenliuden 1800 

Honiildoii Hill 1402 

Inkeriuan 1854 

Il>swioli 4(>(5 

Lpiiijiie 1S79 

Isly 1844 

Issiis 194 

Jaffa 1799 

•Teiina 1800 

Kikullen 1798 

Kiinersdorf 1 759 

Laffeld 1747 

La Hogne .1092 

Leipsic 1()31 

Lewes 1204 

l^e.\iiigt(in 1775 

Liindy's Lane 1814 

Lntzen 1813 

Lyons 197 

Magdala 18(58 

.Alagenfa 1859 

Majnha Hill ISSl 

Malegnand 1859 

:Malpla(|nef 1709 

.Manila 1898 

Mars-la-Tnur 1870 

.Mearcr.iMlslpiiin 485 

Mela7>Z(> 18()0 

.Alill i^prings 18(i2 

.Minden 1759 

Missionary Ividge 1803 

^loiiongahela 1755 

.Montehello 1859 

.Montniartre 1814 

.Mortimer's Cross 14(j1 

:\Inta 029 

Naas 179S 

Narva 1700 

Naseby 1(545 

Neville's Cross 1340 

Newlmrv I(i43, 1044 



96 



A. II. 

New Orleans 1815 

Niagara 1814 

Nictea 194 

Nile 1798 

North Camp 1897 

Ufkley 851 

( )luslt'e 18(J4 

(.)iiiauriiia!i 1898 

Oroquieta 1872 

Oudeiiarde 1708 

Palestro 1859 

Palo Alto 1846 

Patay 1429 

Pavia 1525 

Pea Kidge 18G2 

IVi-lK. 1800 • 

Pentlaiid Hills KiOO 

Peterwardeiii 1710 

Ping- Yang 1894 

Pisagiia 1879 

Pittsburg Landing 1802 

Plassey 1757 

P<»ictiers 13j(> 

Pollentia 40;] 

Poltava 709 

Pooiiah 1803 

Prague 1020 

Princet(ui 1777 

pyramids 1798 

ryreuees 1813 

Kauiilli.'s 1700 

liuucimx 1740 

i;a\cnua 1512 

Kesaca de la Palma 1846 

Kezduville 1870 

liiclnuoud 1802 

Kdchauiheau 1781 

SaarlirficU 1870 

Sahraon 1810 

Sacketfs Harbor 1813 

Sadowa 1800 

Saint Albans 1455. 1401 

Salankemen 1091 

Saratoga 1777 

Schweiduitz 1701 



A. 1). 

Seio 1770, 1822 

Sedan 1870 

Sempaeli 1380 

Seringapataui 1799 

Seven I'ines 1802 

Slieriffniuir 1715 

Shiloh 1802 

Shrewsbury 1403 

Smolensk '. 1812 

Soissons 486 

Solferino 1859 

Spurs 1513 

Standard 1138 

Steeukerk I(i92 

Stilh\'ater 1777 

Stoke 1487 

Stony Point 1779 

Tala\era .1809 

Tarapaoa 1879 

Tewkesbury 1471 

Tlianies . ." 1730 

Tioonderoga 1758 

Tippecanoe 1811 

Tokar 1884 

Towtou 1401 

Trafalgar 1805 

Trenton 1770 

Uhn 1805 

riundi 1879 

Valparaiso 1891 

Velestino 1897 

Viouville 1870 

Vittoria 1813 

Vougle 507 

Wagrani 1809 

Waketieid 1400 

Waterloo 1815 

WildiM-ness 1804 

\\imliester 1813 

Wissembourg 1870 

Woerth 1870 

^^'(n'oester 1051 

Wounded Knee Creek 1890 

Zenta 1697 

Zutphen 1586 




MARSHAL JUNOT. (DUC D'ABRANTES.) 
SEE 1808 A. D. 



98 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

FKOM 1 TO 1!»03 A. D. 

N. B. — Names of most of the kings, etc., are uot placed in this index, nor in the 
l)<)dy of tlu' work, as they are iu the Tables of Kulcrs, at the end of the book. 



A. A. D. 

Abbasside D.ynasty "50 

Abbey * .' 7J)3, 1065 

Abdaliuelik 695 

Abd-el-Kader 1832, 1814, 1869, 1883 

Abdiillaii 1899 

Abdiir l{oiinian 1891 

Abei'crombie 1801 

Aberdeen 1191 

Abernethy 1831 

Aberration of Light 1727 

Abo 1640, 1743 

Abool-Abbas-Abdallah 749, 750 

Abraham ( battle ) 1759 

Abu-Bekr 632 

Abu named 1897 

Abu-KIca (battle ) 1885 

Abulfeda 1331 

Acaoins 484 

Academy of Arts 1768 

Academy of Music I<i72 

Academy of Sciences 166(», 1702 

Achard 1799 

Achromatic Telescopes 1757 

Acquaviva 1528 

Acre 1191, 1291, 1799 

Act for Prevention of Cruelty to 

Animals 1849 

Act of Settlement 1701 

Acts— 1279, 1496, 1533, 1709, 1716, 

1736, 1753, 1765, 1766, 1807,... 1808 

Adam 1065 

Adams 17!l7, 1S25, 1826, 1848 

Addison 1719 

Adelung- 1806 

Admiralty (Court of) 1357 

Adolphus 414 

Adrian 1154 

Adrianople 1878 



A. D. 

Advent 433 

.I':ila 477, 485, 490 

Aerolite Explosion 1896 

Aetius 451 

Afghans 1878, 1879 

Africa 534 

Africanus 221 

Agassi/, 1873 

Agincourt ( battle) 1415 

Agnew 1848 

Agnus Dei 687 

Agricola 78, 84, 1485 

Aguesseau 1751 

Aguiualdo 1901 

Ahmednuggur ( battle) 1803 

Almoin 1008 

Ainswortb 1882 

Air-giiu 1656 

Air-pump 1650, 1827 

Airy 1892 

Aix-la-Chapelle (peace) 1748 

Akbar 1605 

Alabama 1819, 1861 

Aladja Dagh ( battle) 1877 

xVlaui 406, 409 

Alaric 403, 410, 507 

Alaska 1867 

Alban (St.) 303, 793 

Albany 1623 

Albert 1861 

Albert Nyanza 1864 

Alcolea (battle ) 1868 

Alcott 1888 

Aldermen 1242 

Alembert 1783 

Alert 1812 

Alexander. ..110, 250, 1821, 1881, 
1883, 1889, 1894 



99 



A. D. 

Alexander de Spiua 1299 

Alexandria. .1798, (1801, battle), 

18(13, 1882 

Altieri 1803 

Alfonso 1139, 1253, 1870, 1874, 

1885, 1886 

Alfred 872, 878, 88(3, 887, 888, 

891, 897 

Al-j;iers 1082, 1815, 1810 

Alien Laws 1798 

Ali jMn.sjid 1878 

Aljuharota (battle ) 1385 

Alkalies 1808 

Alleetns 296 

Allen 1775, 1813 

All Saints' Day 835 

All vSouls" Collejie 1437 

Alma (battle I 1854 

Aliiia->est 1230 

xVlaiai;ro 1535 

AInianae 1472, 1732 

Alnianza ( battle | 1 707 

Almeida 1505 

Alnwiek 1174 

Alphousiue Tables : 1253 

Alsace 413 

Amadeus 1870, 1871, 1873 

Amazon Kiver 1540 

Ambrose 387, 390, 397 

Anibrosian (Miant 350 

America 1492, 1497, 1499 

American Kevohitiou 1770, 1782 

American Society Preyention of 

Crnelty to Animals 1866 

American-Spanish War 1898 

Amerlinji: 1 887 

Amherst 1758, 17(;0 

Amiens ( ])eace I 1802 

Ammonia 1785 

Amphitrite (planet ) 1854 

Ana'sthetics 1847 

Anafestns . 697 

Anastasins 599 

Anathemas 387 

Anderson 1848, 1860, 1861, 1875 

Andrassy 1890 

Andre 1780 



A. D. 

Andre\\- ( St. ) 69, 359, 809 

Andros ' 1689 

Angelic Knights 456 

Augelo, .Alichael 1512, 1564 

Anglo-American (treaty) 1871 

Anglo-Indian War 1894, 1897 

Angoi-a ( battle | 1402 

Animalcnles 1677, 1723 

Annapolis KiOl 

Anne's A^■ar 1702 

Annnnciation 350 

Anson 1740, 1744, 1762 

Anti-Jac(;bin 1797 

Antioch 1097, 1098 

Antiquarian Society 1751 

Anti-Slayery Societ.\ 1823 

Antony ( St. ) '. 251, 305, 356 

Apion 39 

Apollinaris 375 

Apollodorns 105 

Aquinas 1274 

A(]uitaine 507 

Arabic Numerals 991 

Arabi Pasha 1882 

Arago 1848, 1853, 1870, 1892 

Aragon 1035, 1479 

Aram 1759 

Arbuthnot 1735 

Archangel 1553 

Arcot (battle) 17(50 

Arctic E.xi)e(lition 1896 

Ardohindschan 1784 

Arganum ( battle I 1803 

Argentine Hepublic 1865 

Argus 1813 

Ariosto 1533 

Aristides 125, 129 

Arithmetic 1602 

Arins 31(5, 336 

Arkansas 1836, 1861, 18(58 

Arkwriglit 1769, 1771, 1792 

Aries, 314, ( battle 50S ) 813 

Arnnida 1588 

Armellini 1849 

Armenians 1890 

Arnold 1775, 1780, 1781, 1888 

Arris (treaty) 1435 



100 



A. D. 

Artahiiiuis 226 

Artaxci'xes 22G 

Artesian \\'i41s 1859 

Artliiir ."■)()<•>, HIT, 1881, 1886 

Artie-le.s lo3!», 1552, 1563, 1571 

Ariindeliau Marbles 1610, 

1627 1667 

Asraldii i battle ) 1099, 1191 

Ascension 33, 68 

Ascbaiii 1568 

Aslie 1779 

Asliniole , 1692 

Asperne ( battle I 1809 

Assaye ( battle) 1803 

Asteroids. .1801, 1802, 180-t, 1807, 
1845, 1847, 18-18, 1849, 1850, 
1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856 

Astor 1848 

Astr;ea 1845 

Atalanta ( planet ) 1855 

Athanasiau Creed 340 

Atbanasins 373 

Athens 52, 528 

Atlanta 1864 

Atlantic Cable 1866, 1869 

Atterbury 1732 

Attila. . 433, 447, 451, 452, 453 

Attucks 1770 

Atzerott 1865 

Auber 1871 

Andubon 1851 

Anerbacb 1882 

Auerstadt I battle ) 1806 

Augier 1889 

Aussburj;- 1530 

Auiinste 1848 

Auonistine 354, 387, 430, 597 

Aniiiistine ^Monks 1256 

Au-iustinns (Note L, and 1638) . .1640 

Auiic Council 1501 

Aurora P.orealis 1716 

Ausonins 394 

•Vusterlitz (battle) 1805 

Australia 1793 

Austria 1866, 1870 

Avalanche 1897 

.\ vermes 1198 



A. D. 

.Vvicenna 1037 

Avignon 1309 

Azcarraga 1S97 



B. 

Rabylas 250 

Bacon 1252, 1260, 1292, 1626 

Badajos 1812 

Baden 1326 

Badinnnai Pass 1897 

Baflin Bay 1616 

Bagley 1898 

Bainbridge 1812 

Baird 1799, 1806, 1887 

Bajazet 1402 

Baker 1645, 1864, 1893 

Baker Pasha 1884 

Balaklava ( battle I 1854 

Balboa 1513 

Baldwin 1261 

IJalliol 1290, 1333 

Balliol College 1263 

1872 



Ballot-box 

Balmaceda 1891 

Balloon 1783, 1804, 1882 

Baltimore, 1729, 1797, . . . (battle, 1814 
Baltimore American (newspaper) 1773 

Balzac 1850 

Bancroft 1891 

Bank, 808, 1157, 1694, 1791, 1816, 1817 

Banks 1863 

Bannockburn ( battle) 1314 

Baratier 1740 

Barbadoes 1625 

Barbier 1882 

Barcelona 1705 

Barclay 1619, 1813 

Barlaam 1339, 1348 

Barlow 1559 

Barnaby 1882 

Barnet ( battle I 1471 

Barometer 1643 

Baronets 1611 

Barre 1765 

Barri 1220 

Barrier (treaty) 1715 

Barrios ' 1898 



101 



A. D. 

BaiTislci's 12<)1 

Barron 1807 

Bardioldy 18-17 

Bartholomew (St. ) 71, 1130 

Barton 1531 

Basel 1131, 1131, 1139 

Basel (university I 1158 

Basil '. 370, 379 

Bastile of Paris 13(;9, 13S3, 1789 

Baton 123C 

Battles,— 191, 197, 1138, 1111, 
1171, 1191, 1198, 12(51, 1205, 
1282, 1290, 1311, 1318, 1333, 
131(i, 1317, 1350, 1385, 1380, 
1388, 1102, 1103, 1115, 1129, 
1155, 1159, 1100, 1101, 1101, 
1170, 1185, 1187, 1197, 1512, 
1513, 1525, 1580, 1620, 1031, 
1012, 1013, 1014, 1645, 1051, 
1000, 1090, 1691, 1692, 1(;97, 
1700, 1701, 1700, 1707, 1708, 
170!), 1715, 1710, 1717, 1734, 
1745, 1740, 1747, 1755, 1757, 
1758, 1759, 1700, 1701, 1701, 
1770, 1775, 1770, 1777, 1778, 
1779, 1780, 1781, 179S, 1799, 

1801, 1803, 1805, 1800, 1807, 
1808, 1809, 1811, 1812, 1813, 
1814, 1815, 1811, 1840, 1817, 
1849, 1854, 1859, 1800, 1801, 

1802, 1803, 1801, 1805, 1800, 
1808, 1870, 1872, 1877, 1879, 
1881, 1884, 1885, 1890, 1891, 
1891, 1897, 1898, 1899 1900 

See Speeial Index of Battles, page 95 

Battle of the Standard . 1139 

Bantzen ( battle) 1813 

Baxter 1091 

Bayle 1081, 1(;97, 1700 

Bazaine 1870 

Beaeonsti(>l(l 1880 

Beanohani]) 1139 

Beanniont 1010 

Beanninr 1730 

Beanreo-ard 1801, 18(i2 

Beeket 1170 

Beddoes 1808 



A. D. 

Bede 192, 703, 731, 735 

Beecher 1887 

Bees 1070 

Beethoven 1827 

Beg- 1449 

Behring Straits 1728 

Beliring St raits Arbitration Treaty, 

1892 '. .1893 

Belgrade (battle) 1717 

Belisarins 531, 555 

Bell 1832, 1842 

Belle Isle 1701 

Bellini 1835 

Bellona ( planet i 1854 

Bells 400, 680, 945, 1008 

Belty 1804 

Bend)o 1547 

Beniis Heights (battle) 1777 

Benedek '. 1806 

Benedict 529, 1192, 1424, 1885 

Benet College 1351 

Bengal 1757, 17(>5, 1771 

Bennington (battle I 1777 

Benthani 1832 

Bentley 1742 

Berceo 1206 

Bergh 1800, 1888 

Berkeley 1753 

Berlin ". 1163, 1871 

Bernard ( St. ) 1116, 1153 

Bernini 1080 

Bernonilli 1782 

Bertha 575 

Berthier 1798 

P.erthollet 1785 

Berzelins 1848 

Bessel 1816 

Bethnne 1641 

Betterton 1710 

Beza 1605 

Bible,— 373, 405, 1229, 1253, 1144, 
1100, 1517, 1534, 1535, 1539, 
1588, Kill, 1759, 1770, 1782, . . .1881 

Bible Society 1816 

Bicycle 1867 

Birde 1623 

Birkbeck 1823 



t02 



A. U. 

Hissiimirk 1SG5, 1871, ISiM), 1898 

Bitouto ( battle ) 1731 

Black-Eagle 17(11 

Black Friars 1215 

Blackfriars Bridiie 17(i(), 177(1 

Hlackhawk .1882 

Rlacklicatli (battle) 1197 

Black -hole \7M 

lilackstoiie 1780 

Blanc 1SS2 

Ble.la 433 

Bleiiheini (battle) 1701 

Blind, 1781 ( letters, 1827 

P.l 1 1.j53, 1()19, l(i2S, 1897 

Bloreheath (battle) .1459 

Blue Stocking- Club 1800 

Blum lS(i5 

Bluinenbacb 1840 

Blythe 1813 

Bocaccie 1375 

Bechart 16G7 

Bode 1820 

Bodleian Library 1598 

Boerliaave 1738 

Boers 1881, 1899, 1900, 1902 

Bohemia 1711 

Boileau 1711 



Bolevji 15;; 



i3(; 



Boliugbn.'ke 1399 

Bolivar 1819 

Bolivia 1879 

Bombs 1495 

Bond>- vessels 1081 

Bonaparte, — 17!»3, 1795, 1790, 
1797, 1798, 1799, 1801, 1802, 
1804, 1805, 1813, 1848, 1886, . . .1891 

Bonaventura 1274 

Bonheur 1899 

Boniface 000, 008 

Bonner 1558 

Book of Sports 1018, 1033 

Booth 1S05, 1893 

Borda 1S97 

Borodino ( battle ) 1812 

Boscowen 1758 

I'x'ssuet ir,82, 1704 

^'"^ton 1030, 1889 



A. D. 

Boston Fire 1872 

Boston Massacre 1770 

Boston Port Bill 1774 

Boston Tea Tarty 1773 

Boswell .' 1795 

Bosworth (battle ) 1485 

Botany Bay 1787 

Botbwell 1507 

Boudinot 1810 

Bougainville 1700, 1769 

Bouiton 1798 

Bourges 1438 

Bowyer 1777 

B(»xer 1813 

Boxers 1900 

Boyle 1000, 1091 

Boyne (battle) l(VM) 

Bracciidini 1459 

Braddcc 1755 

Bradley 1727, 1702 

Bradstrect 1758 

Brag 1097 

Bragg 1803 

Braiie 1601 

Brandt 1007 

Braudywiiie ( battle | 1777 

Brantonie 1614 

Brazen-nose College 1509 

Brazil 1500, 1801, 1805, 1870, 1889 

Breakspere 1154 

Breakwater 1812 

P.reitenfeld ( battle ) 1031 

Bretigny ( treaty ) 13(iO 

Brett 1851 

Brewster 1817 

Bridges,— 1057, 117(i, 1700, 1770, 

1811, 1814, 1819, 1855, 1890, . . .1892 

Bridgewater (Canal) 1758,1761 

Bridgewater ( battle ) 1814 

Brier Creek ( battle | 1 779 

Bright 1889 

Brissot 1793 

Brist(d 1542 

Britain,— 43, 121, 178, 208, 420, 

449, 457, 477, 485, 495, 506, .... 597 
British India ( war and revolts), — 

1878, 1894, 1897, 1898, . .1899 



103 



A. D. 

Brittany 1491 

Brock ' 1812 

Broke • 1S13 

Bronte 1855 

Brooke KiL'S 

Brown 1813, ISU, 1859, 1878 

Browuiuj; 1889 

Brace. ....1290, 1306, 1311, 1318, 

1333, 1340 17(i8 

Bruckcr 1770 

Brnn 1820 

Brunelleschi 1444 

Brnni 1444 

Brnno 905, 1084 

Brnsh (electric li<;lit ) 1882 

Bryant ' 1878 

I'.uclianan 1570, 1582, 1857, 1801 

Buckin;4liani 1028 

r?nell ! 18(;2 

Bnenos ^Vyres 1535 

Bnlfon . .' ■ 1788 

Bniicand 1844 

Bnljiaria 1870 

Bnlsarians 803, 870 

Bull 1022 

Bnller ]8!>9 

Bullet-proof ('loth 1894 

Bull Bun (battle) 1801 

Bulwer 1873 

Bunker Hill 1 775 

P.unny 1897 

Buuisen 1800 

Bunyan 1688 

Burji'oyne 1777 

Burjiundians 400 

Buro-undy 413, 501 

Burik 802 

Burke 774, 789, 797 

Burlinjuanie 18(i8 

B.urniah 1885, 1880 

Burnet 1715 

Burns 1796 

Burr 1804, 1830 

Burrows 1813 

Burton 1890 

Butler 1080, 1868 

Buxar (l.attlei 1764 



A. I). 

Byng 1718, 1757 

Byron 1704 

C. 

< 'abal ^linistry 1070 

Cable, 1851, 1858, 1866, 1869, 1881, 1892 

Cabot 1497 

Cabral 1500 

Cabul 1879 

Cade 1450 

Ca'dinon 080 

Cairo 909, 1798 

Cains Colleije 1557 

Calais (battle | 1347 

Calatiflui ( battle ) 1800 

Calcutta 175(;, 1757 

Caledonia 1803 

Caledonians 84, 208, 404 

Calendar. .1582, 1792, 1793, 1805. 1800 

Calhoun 1850 

Calico 1(;31 

Califcrnia 1535, 1848, 1850 

Callao 1(;87, 174(5, 1800 

Callinicus 073 

< 'allioiie ( planet I 1852 

Cahnar Union 397 

Caliuet 1757 

Calccherino 1898 

Calvin 1535, 1504 

Camara 1898 

( 'andiaceres 1799 

CandMin 1898 

Cambray 1508, 1529 

Cambrensis 1220 

Candiridiic ( universities) . . . .02(), 

1320, 1343, 1344, 1348, 1351, 
1448, 1475, 1490, 1519, 1540, 

1557, 1584 1593 

Camden, 1023 ( liattle, 1780 

Camoens 1572, 1579 

Caui])anile 1174, 1902 

(Note Y.) 

Cauii)bell 1 685, 1844 

Camperdown 1893, 1898 

Campos 1879 

Canada (bishopric, 1793) 1867 

Canadian Pacitic Bailroad 1885 



104 



A. D. 

Caual ITScS, ITdl, 1803, 1S25, 

1857, 18(i8, 18()lt, 1871, 1887, . ..1889 

Canary Islands 1402 

Caiiby 18G5, 1873 

Camlia 1859 

Candles 1300 

('aiuiiini' 17it7, 1858 

(Jauiioii 134(5, 1539 

Canonical l IkidUs 490 ) . . . ( hours, 391 

Canonization 993 

Cauon.s, 380, 900, 1127, 1140, 1151, 1234 

Canova 1822 

Canovas del Castillo 1890, 1897 

Canti'riinry 002, 851 

Canton .'. 1857, 1858 

Caiitu 1895 

Canute lOKi, 1017 

( "ape Breton 1 745, 1758 

Cape of Good Hope. . . 1 ;8(;, 1497, 1800 

Capjic 1792 

Capucliin l''riars 1525, 1528 

Caracal la 215 

Caracas 1812 

Caracci 1002, 1009, 1019 

Caractucus 50, 51 

Carazo 1889 

Cards 1392 

Carey 1879 

Car-fare 1882 

Carlisle 1800 

Carlovinjiian 752, 987 

Carlsbad 1364 

Carlyle 1881 

Carmelites 1150, 12 10 

Carnot 1887, 1894 

Carolina. .lO.lO, 10(;o, 1003, 1070, 

1080, 1729 

Car]>enter 1885 

''ar])io I(i35 

Carteret 17(53 

< 'arthatie 425 

Carthusian 1084 

Cartier 1534 

Casanlion 1014 

Casey ] 8(52 

Cass 18(56 

Cassini 1712 



.\. D. 

('assniiccioal 1883 

("astagnedo 1718 

Castefar 1873 

Castell 1(185 

Caslella 1502 

Castile 1035, 1479 

Castillo 1879, 1881 

( 'astle Pinckney 1800 

(Cathedrals,— 602, 604, 1220, 1248, 

1258, 1675, 1710, 1880, 1887 

Catherine Hall 1475 

Catherine of Aragon 1509 

Caucasians 1804 

Cavajiiiari 1879 

Cavaliers 1079 

Cave 1731 

Cavendish 1784, 1810 

Cawnpore 1857 

Caxton 1471, 1474 

Cecco d"Asc(di 1327 

('elano 1255 

("elihacy 1073 

Cellini 1570 

Celman 1890 

Cenis Canal 1857, 18(58, 1871 

Censorinus 238 

(Vnto i(;oo 

Central Park 1881 

("erdic 495, 519 

Ceres 1801 

Cerro Gordo (battle ) 1847 

Cervantes 1(51(5 

( Vn-vera 1898 

Cetewayo 1879, 1882, 1883, 1SS4 

Ceylon 1505 

("hacornac 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856 

(liadwick 1898 

Chain-shct 1(5(56 

( 'halceihn 451 

Chalmers 1847 

(Mialons 451. 813 

( 'hambers 1728 

Chambord 1 883 

Champlain (battle) 1814 

( "hamiKillion 1832 

Chancellorsville 1863 

Chauii-kia-wan (battle) 1860 



105 



A. D. 

Cliauts 350, 399 

Chapultepec (battle) 1847 

Cliai']('inai;iie. .742, 785, 8(1(1, 8(11, 

813, SU 

(diaries... 135(), 1392, U22, Ki-Ki, 

1(147, 1(149, 1(;50, 1(;51, l(j(iO, 

1830, 1836 

Charlpstou 18(i5 

riiarter-Housc 1371 

Chase 1808. 1873 

Chattei-tdii 1770 

(liaueer 1400 

(Mieeseuian 1775 

Cherries 1540 

( "liesapeake 1807, 1813 

Cheshire 350 

( 'liess 588 

Chester 1541 

Chevrenl 1889 

Chicai^o 1871 

Chickamauga ( battle ) 1803 

Chihleric 752 

Cliili 1535, 185(), 1879 

ChilJiainvallali (battle) 1849 

Cliiiia 1279, 1842, 1844, 1850, 

1857, 1870, 1881, 1894, 1898, ..1900 

Chinese War 1860 

Chill Kaiiji' 1808 

Chi])i.ewa (battle) 1814 

ChloriiK; 1785 

Chldroforin 1831, 1834, 1847 

r^h(iat(' 1859 

Choeulate 1520 

Cliolera 1831, 1832, 1865 

Chosroes 500, 611, 614 

Christ Collej^e 1442, 1525 

Christian Era 51(>, 816 

Christianity 178, 878, 912, 955, 

986, 988 995 

Ciiristians 40, 64, 95 

Christina 1(;89, 1886 

Christmas ()8, 137 

Chronometer 1704 

(^hrosopolis 323 

Clirysoloras 1415 

Chrysostoni 381, 386, :!97, 407 



A. D. 

Churehes 602, 604, ll(-)3, 1220, 

1248, 1258, 1577 1580 

Clunrhill 1706 

Church ^^■ardens 1127 

Churubusco 1847 

("ibber 1757 

fMnciniiati ( Society 1783 ) 1892 

Cinnanius '. 1153 

Cintra 1808 

( 'irce ( planet I 1855 

( 'ircnit Court 1176 

Circulation of Blood.. 1553, 1619, 1628 
Circninnavii;ation ....1522, 1580, 

1744, 176(;, 1768, 1769 

Cisaliiine Kepnblic 17'.t7 

Ciudad Eodri-o 1812 

Civil Marria.iic Bill 18(58, 1875 

Civil Kijihts Bill 1866, 1875- 

Civil War in Japan 1868 

Civil AVar— T\ S. A 1861-65 

Claniiy 1813 

(Marc Hall (colle-cl 132(>, 1344 

ClareiKb.n 1104 

Clarenden ]irintiuji' office 1711 

Clarke 1729 

( 'laudius 43 

Claudius Claudiaiius 408 

Clavier 188(), 1892 

(May 1852 

Clayton-Bulwcr ( treaty ) 1850 

Clement .1309, 1378, 1424 

(Menicnti 1832 

Cleopatra's Needle 1880, 1881 

Cleveland 1885, 1893 

(Meves 1540 

Clintrm 1778 

Clive 1757, 1765 

Clock ...' 13(i8, 1370 

Closter-Seven ( treaty ) 1757 

Clotaire 013 

Clothworkers Co 1482 

Clovis 486, 496, 507, 508, 510, 511 

Coaches 1585 

Coal 1231, 1273 

Cobbett 1835 

Coburn 1794 



106 



A. It. 

( 'ock-Lane Ghost 17012 

Code 435, 501, 512!*, 887, 1099, 

1215, 1253 

( 'odringtou 1827 

Coftee 1813 

Coins 1337, 1339, 1314, 1609 

Coke 1(;28, 1034 

Colbt'i't 1083 

Coleridyv 1834 

Colfax "^ 1885 

Col le-ios,— 1249, 1203, 1312, 1314, 
1320, 1340, 1343, 1344, 1348, 
1351, 1375, 1427, 1437, 1441, 
1442, 1448, 1450, 1475, 1496, 
15(»9, 1516, 1518, 1519, 1525, 
1540, 1547, 1554, 1557, 1571, 
1584, 1591, 1593, 1602, 1613, 
1016, 1619, lfi24, 1700, 1714, 1800 

('olley 1881 

(Ntlliiinwood 1810 

(N)llius 1889 

Collisions 1878, 1898 

Colorado 1870 

( 'olosseiini 75, 80 

ColnniOa 5()5, 597 

Colunibanus 578, 015 

( 'olnmbia 1819, 1865 

(Ndnndms 1492, 1498, 1506 

( 'oniet 1337, 1(>79, 1811, 1818 

( 'ommandnients 891 

Counnon Prayer Rook, 1549, 1552, 1()04 

( 'onmions 1 115 

Companies 1232, 1327, 1345, 

1384, 13!I3, 1410, 1437, 1439, 
1447, 1404, 1400, 1482, 1558, 

1579, 1595, 1000 1606 

Compass 12(i0, 1302 

Complutensian Kiltie 1517 

< "oucordance 1247, 1737 

Concordat ISlll. 1808 

( "onfederate States 18(11 

Conferences of Constantinople, — 

1870, 1877, 1881 

< 'oufession 1215 

C(mfession of Anijsltnrji 1530 

Conformation 34, 190 

Congress 1774, 1775, 1802 



Congrt 



A. D. 

1729 



Conjunction 

Connecticut 1033, 1605 

Couscrii)tion 1863 

Consecration of Churches 153 

Constance (C(tuncil) . .1414, 1415, 1417 
Constantine. . . .312, 313, 321, 323, 

328, 337, 1453 

Constantinople 330, 381, 448, 

480, 553, 073, 080, 809, 1203, 

1204, 1201 1453 

Constantius 292 

Constitution 1787, 1788, 1789, 

1812, 1815 

Continental Congress 1774, 1775 

C(tntractus 1054 

Contreras 847 

ConvcTitical Act 10()4 

Convex Classes 1252 

( '(tnway 1782 

Cook. ." 1708, 1771, 1778, 1779, 1889 

C(toke 1837, 1880 

('(toper 1079, 1713, 1841, 1851, 1885 

Coote 1700, 1781, 1782 

C(tpcnhagen 1479 

Coiteinican 1633 

Copernicus 1543 

C(titiier C(tins 1339, 1009 

Copyright Act 1709 

Copyright Bill 1888, 1891 

Cctrcoran 1888 

Corday 1793 

Cordova 1517 

C<trd\vainers Co 1410 

Coi-ea 1894 

Corneille 1084 

Cornell University 1868 

Cornwallis 1780, 1781 

Coronation 457 

Coronati(tn Oaths 979 

C(trp(tral I'uuishment 1882 

Corpus Christi College 1351, 1510 

< Ntrreggio 1534 

Corsica 1708 

Cortez 1521, 1535 

Corunna ( battle i 1809 

Cotton 1631 



107 



A. D. 

Cotton .Alills 1771 

Coiiucil (if Ancients 1795 

Conncil of J-'ivc^ Hundred 17!t5 

Councils, — 314, 3-5, 317, 381, 431, 
451, 553, 680, 693, 787, 813, 869, 
1059, 1076, 1123, 1164, 1179, 
ll>15, 1245, 1274, 1311, 1409, 
1414, 1415, 1417, 1431, 1438, 
1501, 1512, 1517, 1545, 1563, IStM) 

(/oup <letal 1799, 1851 

Courbet 1884 

Courcelles ( hattle i 1870 

Courteuey 1382 

Court of Admiralty 1357 

Court of Conscience 1493 

Court of Requests 1493 

Court of Sessions 1425 

Courts 1176, 1215 

Cousin 186r) 

Covent (Jardcn 1808 

Coverdale 1535, 1558, 1567 

Cowley 1667 

Cowpens ( hattle ) 1 781 

Cowper 1800, 1882 

Craniner 1533, 1539, 1547, 1556 

Crayfdrd ( hattle) 457 

Crel)ill(>n 762 

Crecy ( hattlel 1346 

Creed ( Atlianasian I 340, 891 

Creniieux 1848, 1870, 1880 

Crete 189S 

Cridda 586 

Crimean War 1854, 1856 

Cromartyshire 1898 

Crompton 1779 

Cromwell 1649, 1653, 1658, 1659 

Cronje 1881, 1900 

Cross. .110, 328, 431, 614, 622, 629, (i42 

Crown Point 1759, 1775 

Crucifixes 461 

Crucifixion . . 33 

Crnden 1 737 

Crusa<les,— 1095, 1097, 1146, 1147, 
118!), 11!)5, 1201, 1202, 1203, 

1204, 1217, 1219, 1248, 1270 

Ci'vstallisatiou 1781 

Cuba 1492, 1895, 1897, 1898, 1902 



A. D. 

Cudworth 1688 

Cullen 1790 

Culldden (hattle) 1740 

Culi>epper 1673 

Cumberland 1862 

Cuniiin^nhaui 1775 

Cushinn 1879 

Custer 1876 

Cyclone 1883 

Cyclopa'dia 1728, 1730, 1751 

Cyprian 258 

Cyr ( 8t. ) ( School ) 1686 

Cyril 386 

D. 

Daeres 1812 

Dade 1835 

Da Gaina 1894 

Dauuerre 1822 

Daiiuerreotype 1839 

Dakota 1886 

D'Ah'udH'rt 1751, 1772 

Dalrymple 1808 

Damascus 1148, 1860 

Damietta 1219 

Danes 783, 787, 851, 878, 897, 1002 

Dangerfield (Note N) 1679, 1685 

Dante 1321 

Danton 1793, 1794 

I)a])hne (phi net I 1856 

D'Ai-lilay 1840 

DarlKiy 1871 

Daro-ai Ridge ( Note T ) 1897 

Darnley 1567 

Darwin 1882 

Dauphine 1343, 1349 

Da vies 1626 

Davila 1631 

Davis 1861, 1865, 1867, 1889 

Davy 1808, 1815, 1829 

Dawn 1758, 1760 

Day 1789 

Deacons 33 

Deak 1876 

Deaf and Dund. 1584, 1817 

Decatur 1812, 1815 

I )ecima] Arithmetic 1602 



lOri 





\. i>. 






A. I). 


Dcoius 


250 


Donatists 




. 314 
355 


r)i'cl;u'iiti()ii of 


lndei)eudenoe 1770 

1234 


1 )onalns . . 




IH'cri'tals 


Don ( 'arlos 


.1734, 1872, 


18! 18 


Dc Fee 

Kclaiiihrc .... 


1704, 1710, 1731 

1822 


Doni;(da 




.ISOli 
.1847 


Donijilian 




1 )('lar(n' 


. . . 1002 


r)oni(*sdav l^iook 


1080 


1080 
.1883 
.1870 


Delaware 

I>clill<' 


1027 

1813 


Dore 




Dorian 




Ih'lislc 


172(1 


Dort 




. 1 440 


1 )eluc 


1817 


Dou.i'ia.'-- 


.1388, 1800, 


1801 


Dc Me.lici 


1737 


]>over 




.l(i23 


l)e .Mello 


1804 


I )ow 




.1080 

.1894 


I )enmai-k 


1728 


Dowe 




De Qiiincey . . . 

I )('Tvis'll(»S 


1859 

1880 1800 


Downie 




.1814 

.1800 

1581 


Downing- ("ollei;e . . . 
Drake 


1580, 


]>(' f^oto 


1541, 1542 


Di'ti'dit 


1812, 18!ll 


Drapers Co 




. 1439 


I )l'\\ cv 


1808 


Dra.vton 

Dresden ( battle ) 




. io;'.i 

.1813 
.1745 


])(' Witt 


KKiU 


Diana ( tcinple 

Dias 

1 )ickoiis 


1 202, 282 


Dresden (treaty) . . 




1480 

. 1870 


Drew 




.1897 
. 1898 
.1800 
.1700 


Drevfns 




Dirtioiiarv. . . . 
Diderot 


1755, 1828, 1830 

1751, 1772, 1784 


1 )rnses 




Drydeu 




Didiiis 


1!I3 


Drv dock . 




.1889 
.1799 
. 1870 
.1712 


Dies lr;e 


1255 


] )neos 

Dudevant 

Dnel 




Diets 


15'><) iri30 


Dieu et iiioii droit 1108 


Di(H-letiaii. . . . 


284, 202, 3!)5 


Dnlfcrin 




. 1 885 


Dioijysins .... 

Diorama 

Disraeli 

Doet(;r (dei;rec 
Dodd ........ 


273, 510 

1822 

1874, 1881 

) 1207 

1777 


Dui^dale 




. 108(; 

. 1019 

.1834 

1895 

. 1584 


Dnlwich ('(dleiie. . . . 




Dnniar 




1 )nmas 


.1870, 1884, 


Dnml) 


I )( '^e 


(;;»7 


Dimhar ( battle i . . . . 
Dunblane ( battle 1.. 




.1290 
.1715 


Dolce 


168(5 


Dole 


1808 


1 »undalk ( battle i 




1318 


Dollaiid 


1757 


Dnnstan 


97i 


, 988 


Dominica .... 


1403 


Dnpont de I'Enre. . . 




. 1848 
1758 
1528 


Dominicans . . 
Dominion of C 
Domitian .... 


1215 

anada 18()7 

!)5 


1 )n(|nesne 


. . . i(;82. 


1 )ni'er ... 




1 )nrii|in' ( battle ) . . . 




.1139 
.1595 


Dom Lnis .... 


1889 


Dutch ICasMudia Co 




Dom Pedro . . . 


1889 


Dutch Ivepublic .... 




.1579 


Donald 


■^1 n 


Dutch War 




. I(;(i5 









UI9 



E. A. 1). 

Early 18G4 

Earthquakes, — 357, 358, 480, 528, 
1158, 1268, 1450. 1531, ir,2r,, 
1()31, 1(592, 1G!»3, 1703, 172(i, 
1731, 1754, 1755, 1784, 1794, 
1812, 1867, 1868, 1881, 1883, 

1885, 1886, 1899, 1902 

East Anglia 575 

Easter ^ 33, 68 

Eastern Roman Empire 1453 

Eastern Koumelia 1878 

East India Co 1595, 1600 

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill 1S51 

Eckmuhl (battle) 1809 

Eclipse 1715, 1820, 1883 

Ecuador 18()8 

Eddystone ( lii;lit-liouse;) 1696 

Ediichill (battle! 1642 

Edncworth 1767, 1849 

Edicts 132, 1598 

Edinbur-li Review 1802 

Ediniiui'iih T^niversity 1582 

Edmund 1016 

Edric 1017 

Edrisi 1153 

Edward 10(i6. 1283, 1284, 1327, 

1330, 1376, 14(;i, 1470, 1547, 

1553 1902 

Edwards 1758 

Effinjiham 1775 

E-bert 721, 827 

Ei;eria 1850 

E^iTiit ISOl 

Elireid)('r<j 187ti 

Electric Cars 1885 

Electricity 1600, 1752 

Electric Li,i;ht 1882 

Electric Railroad 18!»3 

Electro-magnetism 1820 

Electrotyping 1837 

Elevated Railroad 1893 

Elevated Street Railway 1877 

Elgin Marbles ' 1816 

Elisha 1893 

Elizabeth (Empress of Austria ) . .1898 

Elliot 1857 

Eli)hinstone 1770 



A. [). 

Emancii^ation Bill 1829 

Embargo Act 1807 

Emerson 1882 

Eninui 1890 

Emnuinuel C(dlege 1584 

Encke's Comet 1818 

Eughien 1804 

Engine 1713 

England S27, 891, 1282, 1297, ' 

1298, 1(>03 

English Church at Rome 1874 

English East-India Co 1600 

Engravings 1460 

Enterprise 1813 

Epervier 1814 

Ephesus 55, 262, 431 

Epiphany 4, 813 

Ei)iscopacy 1660 

Epistle 90 

Eras 284, 313, 516, 622 

Erasmus 1516, 1536 

Erclienwin 527 

Ericsson ,1889 

Erie ( battle 1813 I 1825 

Erigena 875 

Erik 982 

Ernesti 1781 

Erskine 1823 

Eschenbach 1200 

Essex 527, 1812, 1814 

Essling ( battle i 1809 

Ethelbert 560, 575 

Ethelred 1016 

Ethelwolf 851 

Ether 1846 

Eton College 1441 

Eugene 1(597, 1706, 1736 

Eugeniiis 1432 

Euler 1783 

Eunapius 404 

Eunomia 1851 

Euphntsyne ( planet I 1854 

Eusebius 325, 340 

Eutaw Springs (battle) 1781 

Euterpe (planet) 1853 

Eutiches 448, 449, 451 

Eutropius 364 



nil 



Jhajiriu^; 

Evaus 

Evelju 

Everett 

Evesham ( liattle I 

"Evil Mid-day" (riot) 

Excliaiige 

Excise ou Liquor 

Excommuuicatiou 484, 1054, 

1378, 

Exeter College 

Exhibitions,— 1855, 18(52, 18G7, 
1871, 1873, 187(;, 1878, 1882, 
1883, 1888, 1889, 181)3, 1894, 

Exmouth 

Explosion 1871, 

Extradition Treaty ... 188G, 1881), 

Eylau (battle) . . '. 



.V. D. 

593 

1880 
1706 
1865 
1265 
1517 
1566 
1643 

1409 
1314 



1898 
1816 
1896 
1893 
1807 



F. 



Fabian 

Fairfax 

Fair (_)aks ( battle i 
Falkland Islands . 
Falstatf 



Famine 

I'anconrI 

Faneuil 

Faraday 

Farra.nut 

Fast 

Faure 

Faust 

Favre 1870, 1872, 

Fawkes 

Fayette 1777, 1789, 1824, 

Felicity 

Felix " 

Fenelon 

Fenians 

Ferdinand , 

I'Vrrara 

I'erris wheel 

Feuillet 

Fichte 

Ficino 

Fides (planet) 



250 
1632 
1862 
1592 
1459 
1847 
1740 
1740 
1867 
1870 
1861 
1899 
1442 
1880 
1606 
1834 
164 
484 
1715 
1863 
1759 
1438 
1893 
1890 
1814 
1499 
1855 



\. v. 

Field 1866, 1892 

Fieldini; 1754 

Field of Cloth of Cold 1520 

Fiiiueras 1873 

Fiji Islands 1874 

Filipinos 1899 

Fillmore 1874 

Findlater 1897 

Finisten-e (battle ) 1747 

Firdousi 1020 

I-Mre,— 64, 1666, 1728, 1794, 1835, 
1863, 1871, 1872, 1875, 1876, 

1878, 1879, 1889 1890 

Fire Insurance 1667 

Fisher 1535 

Fisheries Treaty 1888 

Fishery Dispute 1871 

Fishmon<;ers Co 1384 

Fitzwilliam 1816 

Five Forks (battle | 1865 

Flaccus 1)2 

Flamel 1418 

Flaxman 1826 

Fletchei' 1 625 

Fleury 1743 

ITodden Field 1513 

Flood 1421, 1530, 1617, 1855, 1889 

Flora (planet ) 1847 

Florence 1855 

Florida. ..1512, 1819, 1821, 1845, 1861 

IMorins 1337 

Flourens 1847 

l'^)useca 1891, 1892 

I<\>ntaiue 1695 

Fontenelle 1757 

Foutenoy ( battle ) 1745 

Fonts 167 

Foo-Chou ( battle ) 1884 

Foote 1777, 1898 

I'^irbes 1 758 

Ford 1656 

Fordun 1386 

Forest 1079 

Forks 1 608 

Fort Clark 1861 

Fort Erie 1813 

Fort Fisher 1865 



111 



A. 1». 

Fort ( U'oi'ge ISlo 

Fort lliitteras 1861 

Fort Liiiidi-Kotal ISltT 

Fort McIIcnry 1814 

Fort :\Iinmis 1813 

Fort .MniiKric 1860 

Fort Oraniie 1623 

Fort Pillow 1864 

lM>rt Sumter 1861 

Fortuna { planet ) 1852 

Forty-two Articles 1552 

Foiiriclioii 1870 

Fox 1587, 1648, 1806 

France 420, 507, 510. 511, 752, 843 

Francis II 18(;o, 1804 

I'^rauciscans 1200 

Francis d'Assisi 1209 

Francis de Paula 1507 

I'^rankfort Treaty 1871 

l'"'rankfort University 150(i 

Franklin. . .1732, 1752, 1766, 1776, 

1700 1847 

I'^ranks 240, 241, 486, 613 

Frauenlch 1318 

Frederick. .1701, 1740, 1750, 17(;0, 1888 

Frederickshnrji' (battle) 1862 

Freeman 1802 

Free Masonry 1865 

French Calendar 1702, 1703, 1805 

French r;evolnti(m 1780, 1848 

Frenchtown 1813 

Friars 1120, 1156, 1209, 1240, 

1256, 1525, 1528 

Friedland ( battle ) 1807 

Friends 1048, 1650 

Froissart 1400 

Frolic 1812 

I'ronde 1 648 

Frossard 1870 

Fronde 1804 

Fuad Pasha 1860 

Fuo-itive Slave ISill 1850 

Fuller 1661 

Fulton 1803, 1806, 1814 

Furjiuson 1854 

Fuseli 1825 



(!. .\. I). 

Gade 1800 

Gaeta 1S(;1 

<ialen 200 

( lalerius 292 

(xali^acus 84 

(Jalileo, 1582, 1507, 1 600, 1610, 1633, 1642 

Gall (St. 646 » 1803 

Galle 1846 

Gallery 1824 

(Salupiii .1785 

( lalvanism 1791 

Galvano-plastic 1837 

Gama 1497 

Gand)etta 1870, 1879 

Game Act 1196 

Garcia 1898 

( Jardiner 1555, 1863 

<lartield 1881 

(iaribaldi 1860, 1882 

< iari'ick 1779 

( Jarter ( ( )rder of ) 1349 

(Jas 1792, 1798, 1803, 1814, 1825 

Gascoigne 1641 

Gaskell 1865 

Gasparis. .1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853 

Gasseudi 1655 

Gates 1777, 1780 

(Jatliuii- (-un I 1862, 1003 

Gaudin 1827 

(Jaul 406 

Gawal-hur ( battle | 1803 

Gay 1732 

Gay-Lussac 1804, 1815 

(Jazette 1665 

Gedid (battle) 1899 

(Jaza, 1478, ( battle, 1799 

Gelasius 496 

Gelee 1682 

tielimer 534 

(Jellert 1769 

Geneva University 1365 

Genevieve (St.) 512 

Genlis 1830 

Geoffrey. 1154, 1204, 1213 

Geographical So 1821 

Geography 1153, 1201 



n; 



A. D. 

George 1813 

George of Trehizond 1486 

George's A^'ar 1741 

Georgia 1733, 1861 

Gerard 1099 

Germaiiicns 19 

Gerniaiit(i\vn (battle) 1777 

Geriiuinv 843, 1871 

Gesiicr 1565 

Gessler 1307 

Gettvisburg ( battle ) 1863 

Gibbon 1794 

Gibbons ^1625, 1886 

Gibraltar /.1704,-1779 

Gilbert 1600, 1897 

Ginkell 1691 

Giotto 1336 

Giovio 155l! 

Girbert 991 

Girondists 1793 

Gisor.s ( liattlc l 1198 

Glaber 1048 

Gladstone 1874, 1880, 1885 

Glaigow 738 

Glanvillc 1181 

Glasgow 1 154 

Glass 676, 1180 

Gleudower lliS 

tJloria I'atri 1549 

Gloucester 1541 

Gliick 1787 

Gnesna 1000 

Godfrey 1723 

Godfrey de Rouillon 1097, 1100 

God(il])]iin 1712 

God's (iift Gdllege 1619 

Godwin 1053, 1797, 1836 

Goethe 1832 

Gold Coins 1337, 1344 

Golden Bull i law | 1356 

Golden Horde 1235 

Gold ]\rines 1848, 1851 

Goldscliinidt 1852, 1854, 1855, 

1856, 1887 

Goldsniitli 1744, 1774 

Goldsmiths' Go 1327 

Gondebaud 501 



A. 1). 

Gouville 1348 

Gonzalez de Bereeo 1266 

Good llojie (cape) 1486, 1497 

Goodrich 1860 

Gordon 1885 

( iurdon's No Popery Mob 1780 

Gospel 39, 44, 62, 63, 97, 110, 721 

Gothard's Tunnel 1872, 1881 

Goths 262, 405, 414 

Gottcbalk 849 

Gcittingen (university) 1734 

(o.ugii 1849 

Gower 1402 

( Iracow 700 

< iracus 700 

Gra-vins 1703 

Graham 1848, 1884 

(irammar ScIujuIs 1447 

(iraiiunaticus Saxo 1200 

(irammont 1870 

Granada 1492 

Grant 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 

1869, 1873, 1885 1887 

Gratian 1151 

GravebMic (l)attlel 1870 

Gray 1553, 1554, 1771, 1873, 1888 

(Jray Friars 1209 

Great Britain 1801, 1812 

Great Eastern 1860 

(ireathead 1789, 1802 

Greece 1261, 1821 

(irei'k I'ire 673 

Greeley 1872 

Greene 1781 

Greenland 982 

Greenough 1852 

( Jreenwich 1675 

(Jregoriau Calendar 1582, 1806 

( iregorian Chant 599 

(iregory 828, 835, 1073, 1076, 

1077, 1084, 1378 1675 

GrenfeJl 1888, 1889 

Grenville 1764, 17(;5, 1770 

Gresham 1566 

Greville 1628 

tirevy 1871, 1873, 1879, 1887 

Griffiths 1749 



113 



A. D. 

Grimm 1859, 1863 

Grimlal 1589 

Griqualaiul 1899 

Griscom 1881 

Griswuld 1781 

Grocers' Co 1345 

Grouiiigi'ii (university I 1614 

Grouoviii.s 1671, 1716 

Gross 1 884 

Grosseteste IL'53 

Grote 1871 

Grotiiis 1645 

Gruter 1627 

Guadalupe Hidalgo (treaty l 1848 

Guanahaui 14!I2 

Guerioke 1650 

Guerriere 1812 

Guess 1843 

Guibert 1084 

Guido 1025 

Guild Hall 1411 

Guillotine 1792 

Guiscard 1084 

Guiteau 1882 

Guizot 1874 

Gundicar 413 

Gunpowder 1340 

Gunpowder Plot 1605 

Gunpowder Waterworks 1881 

Gustavus 1631 

Gutenberg- 1444, 1460 

Gutlirum 878 

Guy's Hospital 1721, 1724 

Guzerat (battle) 1849 

Gypsies 1417 

H. 

Habeas Corpus 1679 

Haberdasher 1447 

Habibullat 1901 

Hadrian 118, 132 

Haliz 1388 

Hahnemann 1810 

Hair-powder 1614 

Hale 1775 

Hales 1740, 1761 

Hall 1656 



A. D. 

Halle (university) 1694 

Haller 1777 

Halley 1676, 1742 

Halidon Hill (battle) 1333 

Hamilton 1804, 1856 

Hampton Roads 1862 

Hancock 1886 

Handel 1759 

Hanover (treaty | 1775 

Hanway 1786 

Harding 1804 

Hargraves 1851 

Harmonia (planet ) 1856 

Harper's Ferry ( insurrection 1859)1861 

Harold ." 1066 

Har(mn-a]-Raschid 786, 801 

Harrison. .1764, 1811, 1813, 1841, 

1889, 1901 

Harrold 1865 

Hartley 1757 

Harvey 1619, 1620, 1657 

Hassan 1894 

Hastings ( battle 1066 ) 1290, 

1773,'^ 1786, 1788, 1795 1818 

Haiiy 1781,1784,1822 

Haveh)ck 1857 

Hawaii 1778, 1893, 1898 

Hawthorne 1864 

Haydn 1809 

Haves 1877, 1893 

Hayti 1492 

Headlev 1897 

Ilearne 1735 

Hebe (planet ) 1847 

Heber 1826 

Hebrew Points 475 

Hecla 1783 

Hegel 1831 

Hegira 622 

Heidelberg (university) 1346 

Pleineccius 1741 

Heinecken 1725 

Helena 328 

Hell Gate 1876 

Helmholtz 1851, 1894 

Helvetic Republic 1798 

Helvetius 1771 



114 



A. D. 

Hemaus 1835 

Hemini;ford 1347 

Heneke 1845, 1847 

Hengist 449, 457 

Henry. . .1076, 1077, 1084, 1172, 

1403, 1422, 1461, 1470, 1471, 

1485, 1509, 1547, 17(i5 17i!0 

Heptarchy, 457, 490, 519, 527, 547, 

575 586 

Heraelius 622, 629 

Hercnlanouiii 79, 1713 

Herder 1803 

Heritable Jurisdiction .1747 

Hermann Contractus 1055 

Herring Fishery 750 

Herschel . . 1781," 1789, 1822, 1848, 1871 

Hertford College 1312 

Heruli 476, 493 

Hessian Troops 1775 

Hesychius 530 

Heyne 1812 

Iligden 1327 

High Treason 1351 

Uilai'ioji 372 

Hilary 368, 449 

Hilda (vSt. ) 680 

Hill 1881 

Hind 1847, 1850, 1851, 1852, 

1854 1895 

Hiueniar 849 

Hippo 430 

Hippolytus 222 

Hispa no- American Protocol 1898 

Hobbes 1679 

Hobson 1898 

Hochkirchen 1758 

Hoe 1847, 1886 

Hotfman 1884 

Hofniann 1892 

Hogarth 1764 

Hogg 1835 

Hohenlinden ( battle I 1800 

Holbein 1526, 1543 

Holinshed 1577 

Holland 1898 

Holmes 1894 



A. D. 

Holstein 1817, 1805 

Holt 1709 

Holy Cross 328, 614, 622, 629, 642 

Holy :\Iaid of Kent 1534 

Holy Water 110 

Honiildon Hill (battle) 1402 

Homoeopathy 1810 

HoiKirius 630 

Hood 1845 



Hooke 

Hooker .... 
Hopkins. . . . 
Hops 






.1502, 


1684, 1703 
1600, 1863 
1873, 1889 
1525 


Hornet 








1813 


I lorrox .... 








1639 


Horsa 








. . . 449, 455 


Horse-guards 
Horseshoes . 








1550 

481 


Hospitallers 
Hospitals. .1 
Ilottinger . . 


(knights 
740, 1749 


) 

1756, 


1099 

1758, 1789 
...... .1667 


IIou"liton . . 








1885 


House of Commons . . 
1 louston 




1115 

1836 


Howard 

Howe 




1 770, 


1540, 
1778, 


1542, 1790 
1794, 1846 
1888 


Howitt 




Hubertsburg 
Hudson Haj' 
Hughes .... 


(pe 
Co 


ace ) . 




1763 

1670 

1896 


Hugo 








. . 1885 


IIUgUI'HotS. . 

Hull . . .' 




1560, 


1562, 


1572, 1598 
1812 


Hulls 








1736 


Humboldt . . 
I lunie 








1835, 1859 
1776 


lluns 








. .422, 427 


1 luri'icane . . 








1887 


Huss 








1415 


Hutchinson . 
Huxlev .... 








1737 

1895 


Huygens . . . 








1695 


Hyder Ali... 
Hvgeia .... 




1761, 


1769, 


1781, 1782 
1849 


Hvninal .... 








1892 


Hvpatia . . . 








415 





115 



r. A. 1). 

Iceland 860, 874, 1783 

"Ich Dicn" (En- inolto ) 134G 

Iconoclasts 7li(), 732 

Ida 547 

Idaho 18!)0 

liinatiiis 107, 1534 

Illinois 1818 

Iinaiics 72(1, 732, 787, 1548 

linniaciilati' Conception 1854 

Independence 177(1, 177S, 1783 

Indiana 1816 

Indian-r.ritish ^^ ar 1898, 1899 

Indians 1832, 1835, 1872. 1900 

Indictions 313 

Indnli;ences 1517 

Infallibility 1870, 1872 

Inji-ersoll .' 1899 

Inkernian ( hattle ) 1854 

Innocent 1206, 1208, 1245 

Inoculation 1721 

In(iuisition, 1206, 1208, 1229, 1327, 1480 

Inscriptions 1663 

Insurrections 1358, 1450, 1554, 

1848, 1871 1872 

Interest 1546 

International Citpyriulit Bill, — 

1888, . 1891 

International Exliihitions. . .1862, 

1867, 1871, 1873, 1882, 1888 

Inter-State ("(unnierce Law 1887 

Inundations 245, 353, 14! 6, 1879 

Inviucible Armada 1588 

Iowa 1846 

Ipswich ( battle ) 466 

I(|ui(|ue I battle I 1879 

Ireland 1172, 1798, 1801, 1847 

Ii-ene (planet) 1851 

Ireton 1651 

Iris (planet) 1847 

Irish 1691 

Irish Ohurch Bill 1868, 1870 

Irish Land Bill 1881 

Iron-clad Shii)s 1862 

[ronnionners' fo 1464 

Irvino- .' 1859 

IsalM'ila 1326, 1868, 1870 

Isabev 1886 



A. 1). 

Isis ( planef ) L856 

Islaniisni 610 

Island No. Ten 1862 

Isly (battle) 1844 

Issus (battle! 194 

Italics 1476 

Italy. .452, 476, 493, 568, 581, 843, 1866 

Iturbide 1822, 1823, 1824 

I\a \'idtanie 722 



Jackson. ..1813, 181-1, 1815, 1818, 

1829, 1833, 1845, 1863 

Jacobi 1837 

Jacobin 1792, 1793 

Jacobus 338, 350 

Jacopone 1306 

Jacquard Loom 1801 

Jaffa (battle) 1799 

Jauiaica 1495, 1655, 1692 

James 44, 62, 1603, 1685, 1687, 1688 

Jameson 1860 

Janseu ( Note L) 1638, 1640 

Jansenism 1653 

Janus Tom])b' 71 

Japan 1863, 1868, 1889, 1894 

Java 1812 

Jetferson 1801, 1895, 1826 

Jeffrey 1850 

Jeffreys 1689 

Jelalabad 1878 

Jena, 1548, ( battle, 1806 

Jengis-Kann 1206 

Jenner 17!I6, 1799, 1802 

Jeuuerian Institution 1803 

Jenny 1767 

Jerome 405, 420 

Jerome of Prague 1416 

Jerndd 1857 

Jerusalem, 70, 363, 614, 637, 1099, 1187 

Jesuits 1534, 1540, 1604, 1606, 

1764, 1767, 1773, 1814, 1872, 

1873, 1880 

Jesus Christ 27, 33 

Jesus Collesje 1496, 1571 

Jews 1492 



lib 



A. 1). 

Joau d'Ai-c U2t», 1430, 1181 

Jolm (St.) 2(;, li!), !)0, 90, 97, 99 

John ( Kiiiiihts of St. I 1099 

Jolms llcpkius, 1873; (Hospital, 1889 
Jolinsoii . . . I(i37, 1755, 1784, 18()5, 

18(18 1875 

.Tiiliiistoii 18(il, 18GL', 1865 

.loliHstow 11 I'lood 1889 

.lone.s U\:>-2, 1778, 177;), 1812 

■loiison 1598 

.Tnsq.liiiic 1809 

■Iiis('i)lius 37 

Joiilicrt 1881 

Joule 188;) 

Joimlau 1 794 

Juai'ists 18(17 

Jiiho 1882 

Julian 3(i!, 3(>2, 303 

Junius' Letters 1707 

Juno 1804 

Jnnot 1808 

Jupit.'v l(;i() 

Justices of tlie Peace 1()7(; 

Justinian Ciide 512, 533 

Justin Martyr I(i5 

Juvenal 128 

K. 

Kalakaua 1891 

Kaleidoscope 1810 

Kan^-yuwei 1898 

Kansas 1854, 1801 

Kansas-Nel)raska Uill 1854 

Kant 1804 

Karr 1890 

Kars 1877 

Knufnianu 1873 

Kaulhach 1874 

Kean 1833 

Kearney 1840 

Keats .' 18-21 

Keble 1827, 1833 

Keiser 1739 

Kempelen 1804 

Kempis, Thomas a 1471 

Kenneth 834 

Kenrich 495 



A. u. 

Kent 457, 500 

KentiK ky 1792 

Kepler.- 101)9, 101!), 10.30 

Keppel 1857 

Keratry 1870 

Keys of Jerusalem 801 

Khai'toum 1885 

Khiva 1873 

Khylier I'ass 1897 

Kiel I university ) KiOS 

Kilcnllen ( battle I 1798 

Kin-lake 1891 

Kind's College 1441 

Kiuy's l-^peeeh 1 107 

Kinii William's War 1(;S9 

Kircher 1C)80 

Kirchhof 1800 

Kitchener 1890, 1897, 1898, 1899 

Kleber 1799 

Klondike (!(dd Fields 1897 

Klopstdck 1803 

Kneller 1723 

Knights 809, 10!)9, 1118, 11.58, 



11!)0, 



25 1783 

Kui\'es 1503 

Knox 1559, 1572 

Koch 1890 

Kohat Pass 18!)7 

K()niji 1811 

Konifisbern ( university I 1544 

Koran t>10 

Kosciuszko 1794, 1817 

Kossuth 1894 

Koster ' 438 

Kru-er 1899 

Kuuers(b)rf ( liattle i 1759 

Kwaim-Ilsu 1898 



Labor Strike 1872, 1877 

La Bouriiogue 1898 

Lactantius 325 

Ladrone Isles 1521, 1898 

L;etitia ( planet ) 1850 

La Fayette 1777, 1789, 1824, 1834 

Laffeld (battle) 1747 

j La'iran'ne 1813 



117 



A. D. 

La Ho<'U(' ( battle) 1692 

La Ja(|ii('i'i<' War 1358 

Lake .Algaiii 1841) 

Lake's Suhiiiarine Boat 1897 

Lally 17G0 

Laiuarek 1829 

Laiiiartiiii' 1848, 1860 

Laiiih 1834 

Laiiihalle 1792 

Laiiiliert 1080 

Lainl)('rt(ni 1889 

Lamps 1736 

Laiicastt-r 1455, 1459, 1461, 

1464, 1485, 148(i, 1838 

Lanii-Son 1884, 1885 

La Place 1827 

La Roqiiette 1871 

La Salle 1682 

Lateral! Coiineils 1123, 1179, 

1215, 1512 1517 

Latimer 1555 

Latin 581, (i(;3, 1731 

Laiul 1645 

Laiulon 1759, 1761, 17!»0 

Laiienhurji 1864 

Lavoisier 1794 

Lawrence ( St. 258) 1813, 1830 

Laws 435; 521, 529, 887, 1017, 

1065, 1099, 1140, 1151, 1181, 
1215, 1234, 1253, 1351, 1356, 

1628, 1798 

Law's Bubble^ 1716, 1720 

Lawton 1898 

Layard 1894 

Lea 1886 

League of Cambrav 1508 

Leaning; Tower 1174 

Leap Year 4 

Lebrnn 1690, 1799 

Lecluis 550 

Leda (planet i 1856 

Ledochowski 1902 

Lee. .1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1870, 1808 

Le Flo 1870 

Legion of Honor 1802 

Leibnitz 1716 

Leipsic (battle 1631 ),( university, 1409 



A. It. 

Leisler 1689, 1691 

Lempriere 1824 

L<mt 130 

Leo 726, 799, 1878 

Leon 1512 

Leopard 1807 

Leopold 1870 

Lepsius 1884 

Le Sage 1715, 1747 

Lesseps 1869, 1894 

Lessing 1 781 

Letters of Junins 1769 

Leuoothea (planet ) 1855 

Leutlien 1 757 

Leuwenhoek 1677, 1723 

Levant Co 1579 

Leverrier 1877 

Lewes (battle) 1264 

Lexington (battle 1775 ) 1861 

Leyden ( university) 1575 

L'il(')i)ital ! 1573 

Library. . . .1448, 1598, 1737, 1740, 

1857, 1882, 1886 

Licinius 308, 313, 323 

Life-lioat 1789 

Life-preserver 1808 

Lighthouse 1696 

Li-ITung-Chang 1901 

Liliuokalani 1893 

Limn 1535, 1746, 1881 

Lincoln. . . .1141, 1860, 1861, 1862, 

1863, 1865 

LiTicoln College 1427, 1479 

Lincolnshire 245 

Lind 1887 

Linn;eus 1778 

Linne 1735 

Lisbon ( university 1290) 1755 

Lisle ' 1792 

Liszt 1886 

Litany 1543 

Litliograidiy 179(k 1817 

Little Belt' 1811 

Little Harbor 1 623 

Livingstone 1849 

Livy (T. Livius) 18 

Llandaff 156 



118 



A. D. 

LJeWL'lIvu 1282 

Llojd ." 1717 

Locke KIDO, 1704 

Locomotive 1814 

Locust 174!) 

Lodhrok 7!J4 

Loiiaii 188() 

Lojiuritlinis 1G14 

Lollard 1322, 1401 

Lonihardy 508 

Lonihe 1719 

London. .185, Sm, 851, 1013, 1078, 

1208, 1371, 1014, 1(565, ICOG 

Loudon Co ] 006 

London University 1826 

Lonufellow ' 1882 

Locnn 1801 

Lopez 1849, 1850, 1851, 1865, 1870 

Lord Lieutenants 1549 

Lord Mayor (title ) 1354 

Lord's Prayer 891, 1483 

Lotteries 1093, 1825 

Louis 987, I Uth 1007, 10881, 

I l(;tli, 1793 ) , ( 17tli, 1795 ) , ( 18th, 1814 
Louis Antonio (Cliild Cardinal ) . .1735 

Lonislturs;- 1745, 1758 

Louisiana. .1682, 1802, 1803, 1812, 1861 

Louis Philippe 1830 

Lowell .1891 

Loyola 1534, 1540 

Lucanus 39, 05 

Lucius 150, 185 

Ludwig II 1880 

Luiti>ran(l 902 

Luke (Hi.) 03 

LuUy 1072, 1087 

Lundy's Lane (battle) 1814 

Luueville 1801 

Lussac 1804, 1815 

Lutetia ( planet ) 1852 

Luther 1517, 1522, 1524, 1534, 

1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1850 

Lutheranisni 1530 

Liitzen ( battle ) 1813 

Luxembouro- 1093 



Lyell 

Lyons ( battle 197 



1875 

....1245, 1274, 1861 



A. I). 

Lyra 1340 

Lytton 1873 

M. 

AlacArthur 1898 

.Macaulay 1859 

MacClure 1850 

Macdonalds 10!>2 

:MacDouougli 1814 

Macedonian 1812 

.Machiavelli 1527 

JIack 1S05 

Mackintosh 1832 

Macklin 1797 

Maclaurin 1 740 

MacMahon 1870, 1871, 1873, 1879 

Madagascar 1506, 1895 

Madeira 1344, 1420 

Madison 1836 

ilad Parliament 1258 

Madras 1020 

JIadrid 1808 

^lagazine 1731 

?ilagdala (battle) 1808 

jMagdalen College 1456, 1519 

Magdalen Hospital 1758 

Magellan (Strait of) 1520, 1521 

ilagenta ( liattle) 1859 

ilagic Lantern 12()0 

Magistrates 1242 

:\ragna Charta 1215 

^Magnetism 1820 

Magnifying- Glasses 1252 

Maiidi ' 1885 

Mahrattas 1803 

Mail Coaches 1784 

Maine 1820, 1890, 1898 

Maintenon 1686, 1719 

Majorianus 457 

Majuba Hill ( battle) 1881 

:Malakhoft" Tower 1855 

ifalebranche 1715 

:\[alegnano (battle) 1859 

Malherbe 1628 

Malolas 1899 

Malpighi 1694 

]\Ialpla(|uet (l)attle) 1709 



111) 



A. D. 

:Malt('limii 1821 

Miiiiu'lulu's 17!»S 

Mauhy 1808 

.Alaiiclu'strr Ship Canal 1887, 18!)4 

.Maiuk'ville 1372, 1723 

:\[am'tti 145!t 

Manilla (battle) 181)8 

Manny 1371 

itanutius 1-17G 

Manzoni 1873 

^Maoris 1800 

Maori War 18(11, 18(15 

Marat 17!I3 

:Maratta 1713 

.AlarMes KUO, l(j27, 1GG7 

Marcellimis (St.) 304, 378 

Marconi's iuventiou 11)02 

Marco Polo 12(i0, 12!t5 

Margaret 121)0 

Mariana 1(;23 

.Marianns Scc^tns 1(I8() 

Marie 1848 

Marie Antoinette 1793 

Marlner.s" Compass 12(10, 1302 

Mario 1813 

:\rarischal (V)lle,<ie 1593 

Marix 1898 

Mark ( St. ) 44 

:\rark(!vitch 1903 

Marlowe 1593 

Marmont 1814 

:Maronites 18(!0 

Marriage Act 1053 

Marriage of Clergy 1547 

Marryat V 1848 

Marseillaise 1792 

Marshani 1()85 

Mar.-i-la-Tonr (battle ) 1870 

Martel, (Miarles 732 

Marth 1854 

Martin 397, 1417, 1429, 1824, 1849 , 

Martini(|ne 1902 

Martinmas 812 

Mary 1554, 1555, 1587 

Maryland I(i32, 1634, 1(]7G, 1()83 

Masiiam 1344 

Mass 394 



A. D. 

Massacres. .215, 390, 1002, 1282, 
1502, 1572, 1724, 1770, 1792, 
1813, 1857, 1858, 1860, 1871, 

1876, 1879, 1886, ■ 1890, 1898 

.Mass Book 1081 

3Iassilia (planet) 1852 

Massillon 1742 

Massinger 1040 

Matanioras 1846 

.Matanzas 1898 

Matliias 1897 

Matrices 1452 

iMatthew ( St. ) 39, 62 

Matthew of We.stminster 1307 

-Manna Loa 1887 

Maxentius 308 

:\raximian 292, 305 

.Maximilian 1864, 1867 

.Maximin 308 

.Maximns 235 

.Mayer 1836 

.Alayo 1872 

Ma/.arin 1661 

Mazep])a 1700 

Mazzini 1849 

.McClellan 1861, 1862 

McClosky 1875 

.AlcDowell 1861 

.Mcllenry 1814 

.McKinley 1901 

^IcIMierson 1775 

Meacham 1873 

.Alead 1754 

.Meade 1863 

.Meal-Tub Plot (Note N ) 1679 

Mearcra'dsbnrn (battle) 485 

[Mecca 622, 629 

.Mechanics" Institution 1823 

.Medici 1428, 1527 

.Medina 622 

.Meissner 1885 

.Meissonier 1891 

.Mejia 1867 

Melazzo (battle) 1860 

Melpomene (planet) 1852 

Menai Bridge 1819 

.Mendoza 1535 



120 



A. 1). 

:Mem-huis 1»S 

]\I('ii()U ISOl 

.Mciitz 813 

Mercers" Co 1393 

Merchant Tailors' Co 1466 

.Alereliant Tailors' School 1561 

iI(M'cia 586 

ileroviui^ian 752 

iierrimac 1862 

Merritt 1898 

.Menila ' U94 

Merwau 749, 750 

.Mcsiner 1775 

Mesmerism 1775 

ilessimi 1860 

.Metemme 1897 

Methodism 1729 

Methodius 312, 863 

Methueii 1902 

Metis ( planet | 1848 

Metronome 181() 

Metternich 1859 

Mexico 1521, 1822, 1836, 1847, 

1867 190(t 

:M.nani Lak<- 1849 

Micliaelis 1791 

Michaelmas 487 

Michigan 1S;>7 

Micrometer 1641 

Jlicroscopes ... 1590 

Middleton 1614, 1()31 

iliecislas 986 

Mignet 1884 

3Iikado 1868 

,A!ilan 1889 

Mill, J. S 1873 

:\liller 1899 

ilills. .555, 1299, 1590, 1633, 1771, 1883 

:\lill Springs ( battle) 1862 

.Milnes ... 1885 

Milton l(i(!7. 1674 

Minden (battle ) 1759 

-Minghetti 1886 

Minneapolis (cruiser) 1893 

Minnesota 1858 

Minnus 1813 

Mint 1792 



A. 1). 

Mirabeau 1789, 1791 

3Iiranion 1867 

Mirandola 1494 

Mishna 141 

Missionai'v IJidge (battle) 1863 

Mississippi "! .1541, 1682, 1817, 1861 

Miss.mri 1821 

Jlitchell 1868, 1889 

:MitYlene 18C)7 

Mobs 1S98 

M(hIoc Indians {Win- 1872 | 1873 

Mogniu 1870 

Moguls 1279 

Mohammed 571, 610, 622, 629, <J32 

Molay 1314 

Moliere 1659, 1()73 

Molino del Key 1847 

:\Iolinos (Note M ) 1675 

Mollwitz 1741 

Moltke 1891 

Mcmiunds 1897 

Monasteries. . . .305, 529, 565, 578, 

1371, 1536 1538 

iloney 695 

Mongolian 1206 

:Monit(n' 1862 

^loidc ( general ) 1660 

:\Ionks I friars I . .1084, 1120, 1156, 

1209, 1215, 1240, 1256, 1525, 1528 

Monmouth 1778 

]\[onongaheIa ( batlhM 1755 

Monophysite 451 

Monroe !817. 1831 

Monstrelet 1400 

Montagu 1721, 17(i2, 1800 

Montaigne 1580, 1592 

Montana 1889 

]\[ontanists 173, 203 

^1 out calm 1757, 175S. 1759 

jMoutebello ( battle ) 1859 

Monte Casino 529 

Montecuccoli 1680 

Montefiore 1 885 

:\ronterey 1846 

ilontes(iuieu 1755 

^lontfaucon 1741 

Jlontgolfier 1783 



121 



A. U. 

Montgoiiicrv 1775 

ilontgdiucry ( cniisci") 1SJ>1 

Moutmartre (battle) 1814 

Montmorenc.y Falls 1893 

.Mdiitri'Ml 17(;(), 1775 

.Monti'DSc 1()50 

Moutt isni 

Moody 18!H) 

M()()li"a.j 1841» 

jMoore '. 1809, 1852 

Moon 92, 98 

Moral 1893 

iloraviaii Brethren 1722 

Moravians 803 

:More 1535, 1833 

.Moreaii 1800 

Moreland 1071 

ilorsiaii 1781 

Moriey 1894 

Moiinons 1857 

Morrison 1834 

:Morse 1835, 1844 

Mortier 1814 

:\lortinier 1327, 1330 

.Mortimer's Cross (battle) 14(11 

Mortmain Act 1279, 1730 

Morton 184(; 

Moscow 1150, 1812 

Moses 4(!0 

:Motley 1877 

.Monltrie 1770 

Jlount Cenis 1808 

M(»zart 1791 

Miihldorf 1322 

Mule-jenny 1779 

.Mullah ( Mad I 1894, 18!t7, 1902 

Miiller 1470 

i\Iullock 1887 

Mulrcady 1803 

^liinchausen 1797 

Minister ( treaty ) 1048 

.Alurat 1812, 1814 

Murillo 1082 

Murray 1820 

Musical Notes 1025, 1473 

^Musset 1857 

:\[uta (battle) 029 



N. A. u. 

Naas ( battle I 1798 

Xana-Sahib 1857 

Naukin 1S04 

Nankinji- (treaty) 1842, 1843 

Nansen ' 1890 

Nantes I edict of) 1598, 1085 

Napier. 1014, 1800, 1808, 1890 

Naples 1200, 1800 

Nap(iIeon..lS04, 1805, 1800, 1809, 
1812, 1814, 1815, 1821, 1851, 

1852, 1870, 1873, 1878 

Nurses 553 

Narva (battle ) 1700 

Naseby (battle | 1045 

Naso (P. O.) 8, 18 

National Assembly 1789, 1871 

National (luards 1789 

Nativity of B. V. M 095 

Navii;ation 1700, 1708 

Navigation Act 1051 

Neliraska 1854, 1807 

Necker 1804 

XeiiTO Slavery 1()19 

Nelson 1805 

Neo-riatonic 2(n 

Xeptune 1 81 

Nero 01 

Nerva 9(5 

Nestor 1077 

Nestorian 428 

Netherlands 1898 

Nevada 1804 

Neville's Pross (battle ) 1340 

New Amsterdam 1023 

Newark 1890 

Newbury ( battle) 1043, l(i44 

New Castle 1234 

Xew College 1375 

X'ewconuni 171 1 

New Foundland 1497 

New Hampshire 1023, 1029, 1741 

New Haven 1005 

New Jersey 1 0(>4 

Newman 1 833 

New Mexico 1848, 1850 

New Orleans 1718 (battle 1815) . .1802 
New South Wales 1851 



122 



A. 1). 

Newspapers 158S, 1G31, 1003, 

1005, 1701, 1701), 1719, 1702, 
1703, 1709, 1773, 1797, 1802, 1811 
New Htyle (Note K)..1582, 1751, 

1752, 1753 

Newton I(i87, 1720 

New Year ISO-t 

New York. .1014, 1623, 1001, 1770, 

1803 ( eruiser, 1891 

New Zealand 1012, 1800, 1801, 1805 

Niaiiiira, 1759 ( battle, 1814 

Niai^ara l>ridge 1855 

Niaii,ara Falls 1893 

Nican^ (battle) 194 

Nicaragini ( 'anal 1889 

Nice 325, 787, 1097 

Niceplidrns 828, 1359 

Nicholas II 1894, 1890 

Nioholsini 1800 

NicoUs 1004 

NicoiiH'dia 358 

Nielmhr 1831 

Niyer 194 

Nite, 1708, 1770, .. (battle 17il8|, 1864 

Niniennen ( treaty) 1B78 

Nisibis ' 338 

Nobles 1344 

Nollekens 1823 

Nootka Sunnd 1778 

"No Popery Mob" 1780 

Nordenskj()bl 1879 

Normans 1000 

North 1 770. 1 774, 1792 

North Camp ( battle ) 1897 

North Carolina 1801 

North Dakota 1889 

North East I'assajic 1879 

Northern Passage 1850 

Nortlunnbria 547 

North AA'est Passage 1847 

Notre Dame ". •. 1163 

Novaliehes 1868 

Nova Scotia 1 787 

Novation 251 

Novgorod 862 

Nnmerals ( Arabic ) 991 

Nnnez ^866 



O. A. D. 

Gates 1678, 1685 

Oaths 528, 979 

Oaths (if Allegiance 1600 

Obelisk 1580, 1880, 1881 

Occam 1347 

Ocean 1513 

Ocean Wave 1871 

Ockb-y (battle) 851 

O'Conuell 1847 

Odoacer 47(i, 493 

(Khlenschliiger 1850 

Oersted 1820 

Oft'a 790, 793 

Oglethorpe 1732 

Oiiio 1802 

Oil 1859 

Oil Paintings 1415 

Oklahoma 1890 

Olaf 995 

Olbers 1802, 1807, 1840 

Olga 955 

(Hivetan 1535 

Obizaga 1808 

Olnstee ( battle) 18<vl 

OJympioUoTO* Iil7, 425 

Omaha 18!)8 

Omar 037 

Omdiirman (battle) 1898 

Ommiyade 749 

< )nomasticon 188 

0])lithalnu)Scope 1851 

Orange Free State 1899, 1900 

Oranges 1547, 1595 

Orango .1883 

Ordinances 1830 

Ordination 33 

Oreg(m 1859 

Oreilana 1540 

Organs 058, 757 

Oribasins 300 

Origeu 253 

Oriole Festival 1881 

Orleans, 1870 (siege, 1429 

Orleans CMaid of) . .1429 

Orlof 1770 

Oroqnieta (battle) 1872 

Osceola 1835 



123 



A. D. 

( »siiiaii Dijiua ( Note V ) 1884, 

1888, 1891 IJMIO 

Osiiioml 1081, lOU!) 

( )sti'(i,i;()tlis 493, 553 

( )s\\ ('!;(( 175(5 

Uttawa 1858 

Otlerlmrii 1388 

(Mway 1085 

Oiidc'iiarde (battli') 1708 

Ovid (P. U. Xaso) 8, IS 

Owen 1890 

Oxford S><{\, 1249, 1263, 1312, 



1314, 1340, 1375, 142 



1437, 



1441, 1442, 145(;, 1509, 151(), 
1525, 1541, 1547, 1554, 1557, 
1571, 1(502, 1013, If.Ki, 1(J24, 1714 

Oxford Movciiicnt 1833 

( >xy!4('n 1774 

P. 

I'ac-ific Ooeaii 1513 

Tacific Kail Uoad 18(i!» 

Paderhorii 1592 

I'a-aniiii 1840 

I'ajies 1848 

I'aiiitiiijis 1415 

I'alacio ;iS90 

Palafox 1809 

Talcstriiia 1(500 

I'alcstro ( battle I 1859 

Taiiadio 1580 

I'alladjis 420 

I'allas 1802, 1811 

Palmer 1784 

Palmerstcn 18(55 

Paliiios 9(5 

Palo Alto (l)attlel 1846 

Panic 1837, 1857, 1873 

Paimouia 427 

Pautheou (508 

Paoli 1807 

Papal Authority, 1431, 1434, 1533, 1682 

Pai.al Pull 1850 

Papal See.. 1309, 1377, 1378, 140!», 
1414, 1415, 1417 1439 



A. u. 

Papal States 1870 

Pajter 1000 

I'aper .Alills 1590 

Papias 110 

Papin's Dige.ster 1681 

I'appus 380 

I'araeelsus 1541 

Paraguay 1864, 1865, 1870 

Paris 505, 510, 1369, 1436 

Paris ( (Capitulation ) 1871 

l*aris ( Insurreetion I 1871 

Paris ( Siege ) 1870 

Paris (Treaties I 1763, 1783, 

1814, 1815, 1856 

Paris ( University ) 794 

Parish P>(iundaries 636 

I'arker 1559, 1575 

Parks 1668 

Parliament 1236, 1258, 1265, 

1279, 1293, 1327, 1344, 1352, 
1399, 1401, 1533, 1539, 1552, 

l(il8, KMO 

Parnell 1891 

Parr 1543, 1635 

Parson 1808 

Partheno];(' (planet) 1850 

I'arthians l!!8, 226 

Partou 1891 

Pascal 16(52 

Paschal Oycle 463 

I*as(]uier 1875 

I'assaro^\■itz 1718 

Pasteur 1895 

Patay (l.atlic; 1429 

Patkul 1707 

Patrick 372 

Paul (St., 35, 52, 55, 67 ) 1801 

Paul's (^athedral ( St. ) (504 

Paulding I860 

Paulo 1507 

Pavements 1841 

Pavia (battle) 1525 

Pavia ( T'niversity ) 1361 

Pavia y Lacy 1868 

Payne 1865 

Peabddv 1857 



124 



A. U. 

IVace (temple cf, 75), (of Cam- 
hray 152!)) . . . .1718, 1743, 1748, 
1783, 1801, 1828, 1857, 1877, 
1878, 1871), 1881, 1884, 1885, 

188(5, 18!!0, 18:(5 1897 

I'eace Cougress 1899 

IVaoock .."! 1813, 1814 

Pcakc 1813 

l'c;i irid-i' (battle I 1862 

IVdn. II 1891 

Peel 1850 

Pe.Hii.v IStewart 1774 

I'ei-ho (battle) 1800 

I'eit Saiiii- 1900 

I'ciwai- Pass 1878 

Peixotd 1894 

Pekiii 18(10, 1900 

Pela-ins 400 

Pelhaiii 1754 

Pelieau 1813 

Pellegrini 1000, 1890 

Pcinbertcii 1803 

Peiiihroke Cdllege 1024 

Pembroke Hall 1343 

Penance 157, 1077, 1174 

Penduhiiii 1382, 1050 

Penn 1055, 1718 

Pennsylvania 1081. 1082 

Penny-posta-e 1840, 1849 

Pensacola 1814 

Pentateneh 1482 

P.Mitland Hills (battle) 1000 

Pei)perell 1745 

Perceval 1809 

Percy 1388 

Pergamus 130 

Per-olesi 1730 

Periwigs 1620 

Peri)etnal Edict 132 

Perry 1813, 1854 

Perseention 04, 95, 107, 118, 

177, 202, 235, 250, 257, 303, 313, 1558 

Persia 226, Oil, 051 

I'eni 1524. 1800, 1808, 1879 

Petan 1652 

Peter (St., 67) . .1095, 1115, 1711, 1721 
Peterboroua.li 1541 



A. D. 

Pelersbnrg 1865 

I'eter's Pence 727 

Peterwardein (battle) 1710 

Petrarch 1304, 1374 

Petrel 1888 

Petroleum 1859 

Petty 10(;o, 1087 

Pharanntnd 420 

Philadelphia 10S2, 1777, 1778 

Philel]»hns 1481 

Pliilili|)ine Isles 1521, 1898, 1899 

Phili]i])s 1787 

Pliilos(i]i]iical Society 17(i2 

Philostorgins 125 

PhociPa (planet) 1853 

Ph(>s](]i(irns 10()7 

Phranzes 1477 

PhrencdogT 1803 

Piaiioforte 1709, 1717 

Piazzi 1801 

Picarl 1870 

Picts 834 

I'ierce 1853, 1809 

Pike 1813 

Pike's Peak 1891 

Pilatns 1340 

Pilgrim Fathers 1020 

Pilpay Fables : 500 

Ping-Yang ( battle ) 1894 

Pi7is 1540, 1543, 1824 

Pi])e 1580 

Pi])]»in 752 

Pisa 1174. 1409 

Pisagna ())attle) 1879 

Piso 05 

Pitt 1761;. 1777, 1778, 1806 

Pittsburg Landing (battle) 1862 

Pius,( 7th, 1809) (9th, 1818) ( 10th, 1903 

Pi y Margall 1873 

Pizarro 1524, 1535 

Plague. . . .78, 167, 252, 558, 1485, 

1517, 1665, 1720 1792 

Plassey 1757 

Platina 1481 

Playing Cards 1392 

Pleiades 92 

Pliny (C. P. Secundus) 23, 61, 79 



12:> 



A. D. 

Plotiuus 2(15 

Phitarch (JC) 

Plymouth Kll'U 

Plymouth Breakwater 1812 

Plyuiouth Co IC.OC) 

I'ogsou i.sr)(> 

I'oictiers 1350 

Poland 550, 1795 

Pole 1555 

Poles 1864 

Politiiui 141)1 

Polk 1845, 184;) 

Pollentia (battle) 403 

Pollio, (\ A 4 

Poll Tax 1379, 1381 

Pollux 188 

Poltava (hafth'i 1709 

Polycarj) ( 8t. I 157, 166 

Polychrouieou 1327, 1482 

Polyj^amy 393 

Polyglot Rihle 1517 

Polyglotta I(i57 

Polylnnu ( planet ) 1854 

Pomeroy 1893 

Pomona ( i)lan('t ) 1854 

Pompeii 79, 1748 

Ponce 1584 

Pondicherry 1760, 1761 

Pons ' 1818 

Pont Nenf 1578 

Poouah ( battle ) 1803 

Pope.. 138, 606, 1059, 1744, 1798, 

1849 1870 

Popbam 1806 

Popish Pb.t 1678 

Porter 1812, 1814, 1850, 1891 

Port Hudson 1863 

Portland 1809 

Porto Bello 1739 

Porto Kio.. 1873, 1898 

Portufral 1139, 1185 

Postage 1883, 1884, 1885 

Postal Car Service 1897 

Posts 1635, 1681 

Potatoes 1586 

Potosi 1545 

Potter 1898 



A. D. 

Poussin 1665 

Powers 1879 

Pnemunire (Statutes of).. 1352, 1392 
Pragmatic Sanction .. 1268, 1438, 1713 
Prague (University 1348) (battle 

lt;20) 1741, ....' 1757 

Prague ( treaty ) 1866 

Pratt '. 1882, 1886 

I'ratt Library 1882, 1886 

Prayer (Lord's) 891 

Prayer-book 1549, 1552, 1604 

Predestination 849 

Premonsti'auts 1120 

Presburg ( treaty ) 1805 

Presbyteriauism 1335, 1559, 1560 

Prescott 1859 

President 1811, 1815 

Prevost 1813 

Priessnitz 1851 

Priestley 1774 

Priests 46 

Prim 18(i8, 1870 

Primavista 1497 

Prince of Wales 1860, 1863 

Prince of Wales Strait 1850 

Princeton (battle) 1777 

Printing... 1438, 1442, 1444, 1452, 
1471, 1473, 147(1, 1482, 1517, 
1(539, 1711, 1757, 1781, 1800, 

1811, 1814, 1827 

Printing-press (type-revolving) ..1847 

Privy Council. . 895 

Proc'lus 485 

Proctor 813 

i'roserpine ( planet ) 1853 

IM'ospei' 460 

Protestants 1529 

Protocol 1898 

Providence 1636 

Prussia 1701, 186(>, 1871 

Psalms 1457, 1534, 1548, 1562, 1570 

Psyche ( planet ) 1852 

Ptolemy 139 

Pullman Cars 1874 

Puritans 1564, 1620 

Pusey 1833 

Pushkin 1837 



126 



A. I>. 

I'utiiaiii 1775 

I'ym 1(;43 

I'yraiiiids (liattle) 17!tS 

TyreuL't's (peace 1059 I, . . (battle, 1813 

Q. 

(^iiadratus 125, 247 

(^nadniple Alliauce 1718 

(Jiiakei's KIIS, U!50 

(Juehec 10(18, 175!l, 1850 

(,)ueeu's CoUe.ue 134(1, 1448 

(^Hieenstown 1812 

(^Miietisni ( Note Ml 1075, 1087 

(^uiii 1706 

(,»iiiiiaiilt 1088 

(^)niTicy Uailroad 1826 

(,)uiiitiliaii 118 

(^iiitn 1755 

R. 

Hahelais 1553 

Kaoine I(i99 

lladcliffeian Library 1737, 1749 

Kadetzky .' 1878 

Rastadt' (treaty) 1714. 1734 

Raikes 1781 

Kail ways.. 1825, 1826, 1830, 1855, 
1868, 1809, 1876, 1877, 1882, 
1883, 1885, 1888, 1890, 1891, 

1893, 1898 

Ralei.uli 1618 

Ralph de (ileiivillc 1190 

Ramillies (battle) 1706 

Raidiael 1520 

Rattazzi 1873 

Rauconx (battle) 174() 

Ravenna ( battle) 1512 

Reade 1884 

Reciprocity (treaty) 1854, 1891 

Red Po]>e"(Note Z) 1902 

Reformation 1534 

Reform Rill 1832 

Txeformers 1529 

Refraction of Li-iht 1626 

Reoo-io 1860 

Reis 1861, 1873 

Religions Toleration. .1687, 1688, ](]89 



Rembrandt 

Reni 

Rennie 

Rcsaca de la Raima (battle) 

Reservation of Blessed Sacrament, 

Rcsni-rection 

Reucblin 

Revolutions, 1775 Anier., 1789 Fr., 
1830 Paris, 1848 Fr., Sp 

Reynolds 1 708, 

Rezonville (battle) 

Rliangabe 

Rheims 

Rhode Island 

Rhodes 053, 

Rhynois 

Riall 

Richard 1189, 1381, i;!99, 

Richardson 

Richelieu 

Richmcmd (battle 1802 | 

Richter 

Ricord 

Ridley 

Riel ' 

Rio de la Plata 

Riots 1517. 

Rizzio 

Robert of (ibmcester 

Roberts ^878, 1879, 1899, 

Robespierre 1793, 

Robus 

Rochanibeau 

Rocliefducauld 1005, 

Rochester 

Roderic the Cid 

Rodney 

Roi>ation Days 

Roner de Haveden 

Roilin 1741, 

Rollo 

Rome..()4, 75, 78, 114, 193, 395, 
410, 427, 447, 455, 480, 840, 1084, 
1527, 1580, 1798, 1808, 1848, 
1849, 1870, 

Rooke 

Roosevelt 1898, 



v. 1). 
1(J09 
1042 
1814 
1840 
100 
33 
1522 



1808 
1 792 
1870 
1892 
1813 
1030 
1310 
1824 
1814 
1483 
17(il 
1042 
18(i5 
1825 
1889 
1555 
1885 
1515 
18(i3 
150(i 
1282 
1900 
1794 
1.594 
1781 
1 (;80 
1 883 
1099 
1 780 

409 
1202 
1848 

912 



1871 
1093 
1901 



A. D. 

Kosc-ius 1804 

Kost'craiis 1S(;:{ 

Kost's ( W'iw of ) 1455, 1485 

Koss 1814, 18G2 

Kossiiii 18(58 

Kdswitliji 984 

Kdtlischild ISlL', 1879 

Ivdiuiiaiiia 18(!1 

Iioiuulheads 1(>79 

Rousseau 1 778 

Rowau 1898 

Ro^al Colli'gc I'f i'liYsiciaiis 1518 

Royal Edicf. 1504 

Ro^al Exclianiiv 15(!() 

Roval Iluiiiaiie So 1774. 1824 

Royal lustittiticn 1800 

Royal So IC.CO. KKIL' 

Rubens 1(140 

liUiiby Scliixil 15(i7 

Ruiiiias 4l.'l' 

Ruuiford 1814 

Russia S(;i', l:.';5(;, 1721, 178(;, 

18(>J, 1S77 1881 

Russo-Turkisli War... 1853, 1877, 1878 

Rye House IMot ]()83 

K'vsw'ick ( |)eacei 1(197 

S. 

Saai'briick ( battle i 1870 

Sabraou ( bat t id 184G 

Saecas 201 

Sackett's Harbur ( battle ) 1813 

Sackville 1759 

Sadoleto 1547 

Sadowa (battle I 18()(i 

Safety-laiii]) 1815 

Safti ' 1849 

Sa^asta 1890, 1898 

Saint Alban 303. 793 

St. Albans I battle) 1455, 14()1 

St. Albans- Hall 1547 

St. And.rose 387, 390, 397 

St. Andrew's T^niversity 1411 

St. Au!4ustine 354, 387, 430, 597 

St. Auiiustine (Florida) 1565 

St. Bartholomew's Massacre 1572 

St. Bernard 114fi. 1153 



-V. D. 

St. Bernard's Monastery 1897 

St. Clair's Tunnel ." 1890 

St. Cyr School KJSti 

St. Domiun-o 1492, 1867 

St. (Jail .' 646 

St. Genevieve 512 

St. (Jothard's Railway and Tun- 
nel 1882 

St. Helena 1502 

St. Hilda (i80 

St. James' Palace 1530 

St. John 2(i, 29, 90, 9(;, 97, 99 

St. John's Colle-e 1557 

St. John's Kuiiilits 1099 

St. Lawrence, 258 | River, 1534 

St. Luke 63 

St. .Mark 44 

St. .Mary ^Jasdalene Hall 1602 

St. Mary's Hall 1616 

St. Mary's Town 1668 

;-t. .Mattliew 39, 62 

St. I'atrick 372 

St. Patrick's Knii^hts 1783 

St. Paul .' 35, 52, .53, 67 

Sn Paul's Cathedral 1710 

St. Paul's School 1509, 1512 

St. Peter 67 

St. Petersburg 1703 

St. Polycarp " 157, 166 

St. Sebastian 288 

St. Simeon 108 

St. Simonians 1825 

St. Thomas 1867 

Sainte-Beuve 18(59 

Saladin 1187 

Salamanca 1240, 1812 

Salankemeu (battle) 1691 

Salem Witchcraft Delusion 1692 

Sales, Francis de 1(520 

Salisbury 1220, 1258 

Salmerou 1873 

Sabmica 1890 

Sailers' Co 1558 

Salt Works 1237 

Salvator Rosa 1 673 

Samoan Treaty 1900 

Sampson 1898 



128 



A. D. 

Sand . . 18T(> 

Sandwich Islands 1778 

San Francisco 1898 

Saunazaro 1530 

San Salvador 1192 

Santa Anna 183G, 1817 

Santa Cruz 1899 

Santa Fe 181(5 

Santa Maria ad Martyres (>U8 

Santiago de (Uiatemala 1773 

Sapor liGU, 338, 350 

Saracens. . .651, 053, 073, 713, SHu 909 

Saragossa 1 809 

Saratoga (battle ) 1777 

Sardinia 1720 

Sardis 317 

Sarum Use 1081 

Satellites 1010 

Saturninus Ill 

Sa\aunaii 1819 

Savings Bank 1801 

Savonarola 1198 

Sawtree 1101 

Saxe 1740, 1717, 1750, 1887 

Saxo-Grammaticns 1200 



Saxons 419, •19E 



785 



Scaliger 1558, 1609 

Scarron 1 660 

Schamyl 1859 

Schiller 1805 

Schism 1051, 1378, 1129, 1139 

Schleswig 1865 

Schleswig-Holstcin \\:u- 1864 

Schley 1898 

Schoffer 1452, 1457 

Schofleld 1805 

Schools.. 1117, 1509, 1512, 1560, 

1561, 1567, 1688, 1694, 1751, 

1781, 1784, 1791, 1817 

Schopen 1860 

Schwartz 1310 

Schweidnitz (battle I 1761 

Scio (battlel 1770, 1S22 

Scotland 565, 834, 1297, 1298, 

1603, 1715, 1745 

Scott 1685, 1814, 1832, 1838, 

1847, 1866 



A. U. 

Scriptures 196, 1229, 1253 

Seabury 1784 

Sebastian ( St. ) 288 

Sebastopol 1854, 1855 

Secession in U. »S 1861 

Secundus, C. P 23 

Sedan (battle) 1870 

Sedition Laws 1798 

Selden 1654 

Senipach (battle) 1386 

Seniitagha Pass 1898 

Seneca 65 

Senefeldcr 1796 

Sepoys 1857 

Septembrizers Massacre 1792 

Septennial Act 1716 

Sepulveda 1572 

Serfs 1861 

Sergius 695 

Seringapatani (battle) 1799 

Serrano 1868, 1885 

Servetus 1553 

Servia 1877, 1903 

Servia-Bulgaria Dispute 1885 

Sevastiani 1809 

Seven I'ines (battle) 1862 

Se^en Years" AVar 1756 

Severus 194, 198, 202, 208 

Sevigne 1696 

SeAvard 1865 

Sewing Machine 1846 

Seymour 1-536, 1537, 1857, 1882 

Shakespeare 1616 

Shannon 1813 

Sharpe 1772 

Shaw 1885 

Sheaffe 1813 

Shelley 1822 

Shere'Ali 1878, 1879 

Sheridan 1816, 1864. 1865 

SlieritTniuir ( battle) 1715 

Sherlock 1761 

Sliermau 1891, 1896, 1898 

Shiloh (battle) 1862 

Shrewsbury (battle) 1403 

Sicard 1898 

Sicilian Vespers 1282 



129 



A. D. 

Sicily 1266, 1693, 1735 

Siddous 1831 

Sidney 15S6, 1681 

Sidney-Sussex College 1593 

Siege of Paris 1870 

Sieyes 1799 

Sikhs 1845, 1846, 1848, 1849 

Silk 551, 1620, 1687, 1719 

Silk Stockings 1547 

Silva ^ 1660 

Silver Mines 1545 

Simeon ( St., 108) 1130 

Simon 1870, 1896 

Simoniaus ( St. ) 1825 

Sistine Chapel 1512 

Sitting Bull 1876 

Six Articles 1539 

Sixtus 258 

Skinners' Co 1327 

Skobeleff 1878 

Slavery 1619 

Slaves 1834, 1850, 1854, 1859, 

1862, 1863, 1865, 1872, 1873, 

1880, 1886 

Slave Trade 1807, 1808 

Sloane 1753 

Smeaton 1792 

Smith 1790, 1839 

Smolensk (battle) 1812 

Smolensk! 1897 

Smollett 1771 

Suell 1626 

Snorri-Sturluson 1241 

"Society for I'revention of Cruelty 

to Animals" 1849, 1866^ 1872 

Society for Propagation of the 

Gospel 1697, 1701 

Society of Merchant Adventurers, 1296 

Socinus 1604 

Soissons (battle) 48(i 

Solemn League 1638 

Solferino (battle) 1859 

Solis 1515 

Soltikof 1759 

Somerset 1772 

Sonderbund League 1847 

Soudan 1896 



A. D. 

Soult 1813, 1814, 1851 

South African Republic 1899, 1900 

South Carolina 1860 

South Dakota 1888, 1889 

Southern States 1868 

Southey 1843 

South Sea Bubble 1710, 1720 

Southwark Bridge 1814, 1819 

Soutln\orth 1899 

Spain 409, 412, 414, 713, 1035, 

1492 1869 

Si)anish-American ^\nv 1898 

Spanish Succession (Note O) 1701, 

1702 .1713 

Speaker for the House of Com- 
mons 1377 

Speaking-trumpet 1671 

Spectacles 1299 

Spectrum Analysis 1860 

Speed 1629 

Spelmau 1641 

Spencer 1599, 1882 

Spinning-jenny 1767, 1769 

Spinning machine 1779 

Spinola 1630 

Spinoza 1677 

Spion Kop 1900 

Spires (Diet of) 1529 

Sponsors 180 

Spurs (battled 1513 

Stael-IIolstein 1817 

Stamp Duty 1694, 1712, 1765, 1766 

Standard (battle) 1138 

Stanhope 1773, 1800, 1816 

Stanton 1868 

Stark 1775 

Starving Time 1610 

Statutes of Praemunire 1352, 1392 

Statutes of Provisors 1344 

Steamboat 1801, 1803, 1806 

Steam-engine 1663, 1681, 1711, 

1736, 1765 1814 

Steam-railways 1830 

Steamship . .' 1814, 1819, 1838 

Steel-yard Co 1232 

Steele 1729 

Steenkerk (battle) 1692 



130 



A. D. 

Stefano (peace) 1878 

Stephen ( St., 34) 1814 

Stereotype Uii, 1781 

Sterne 17G8 

Sternhold 1518 

Steyn 1899 

Stiiicho 403, 405 

Stilliuolieet 1099 

, Stillwater (battle) 1777 

Stockholm (treaty) 1719 

Stockiiig-friinie 1589 

Stoke (battle) 1487 

Stone Buildino-s 070, 1170, 1209 

Stony Point (battle) 1779 

Story 1845 

Stow 1005 

Stowe 1896 

Strasburg ICSl, 1870 

Stratton 1883 

Strauss 1849 

Street Cars 1859 

Strieker 1814 

Strikes 1872, 1877, 1902 

Striking Clock 1368 

Stuart 1715, 1745, 1863 

Style (new and old) (Note K|, 

1582, 1751, 1752, . . . . .1753 

Stylites 460 

Sub-marine Boat 1897 

Sub-marine Telegraph 1851, 1858 

Sucei ' 1890 

Suchet 1812 

Snevi 406, 409 

Suez Canal 1869 

Suffrage 1866 

Sugar 625, 1747, 1799 

Sugar Cane : 1506 

Suidas 996 

Sulpicius Severus 400 

Sumner 1874 

Sun Chia Su 1868 

Sunday Schools 1780, 1791, 1824 

Sun's Motions 1676 

Sun-ajah-al-Dowlah 1756, 1757 

Surnames 1100 

Surplices 316 

Surratt 1865 



A. D. 

Suspension Bridge 1883 

Sussex 490 

Sweating Sickness 1485, 1517 

Sweden 722 

Swedeuborg 1772 

Sweyn ". 10J3, 1014 

Swift 1745 

Swiss Confederacy 1798 

Swiss Repub. or Cantons .... 1307, 

1386, : 1847 

Swithin (St.) 862 

Syagriiis 486 

Synod -125, 448, 449, 1127 

T. 

Taeping Rebellion 1850, 1864 

Talavera (battle) 1809 

Talbot 1737 

Talleyrand 1790, 1838 

Talmud 320, 504 

Tamai 1886 

Tamerlane 1402, 1405 

Tananarive) . 1895 

Taney 1833 

Tapestry 1619 

Tarapaca ( battle) 1879 

Tariff Bill 1828 

Tasman 1642 

Tas.so 1581, 1593, 1595 

Tatianists 173 

Tax 1378, 1381, 1767, 1770, 1795 

Taylor 1667, 1846, 1847, 1849 

1850, 1865, 1878, 1886 

Tea 1666 

Teheran ( peace ) 1857 

Teias 553 

Telautograph 1893 

Telegraph 1684, 1767, 17!>2, 

1796, 1835, 1837, 1844, 1851, 

1857, 1881 1882 

Telephone, 1861, 1873, 1883, 1886, 1892 
Telescopes. .1591, 1608, 1609, 1675, 

1757, 1789 

Telesphorus 130, 137 

Tell, William 1307 

Tellier 1691 

Temi)lars (Knights) 1118 



131 



A. D. 

Temple (of Peace, 75 ) KiitT 

TeuiaiiisiM 1805 

Tennessee IT'JO, 1861 

Tennvsou 1892 

Tei-tulliau 11)7, 1!»8, 199, l.'03 

Test Act I(i73 

Testament 1516, 1522, 1526 

Tentonic Kni-hts 1190, 1230, 1283 

Tewtik I'asha 1892 

Tewkesbniy (battle) U71 

Texas, 1836, 1845, 1861, . . . (ship, 1892 

Thackeray 1863 

Thalia (planet) 1852 

Thames, 1736 ( battle, 1813 

Thames Tnunel 1825, 1843 

Theebaw 1885 

Themis ( planet ) 1853 

Theodore 1868 

Theodoret 429 

Theodoric 493, 508 

Theodonis 429 

Theodosian Code 435 

Theodosius 380, 390 

Theresa ( ^t. I 1582 

Thermometer 1597, 1609, 1730 

Thessalonica 390 

Thetis ( ])lanet ) 1852 

Thiers 1871, 1873, 1877 

Thirtv-nine Articles 1571 

Thirty Years" AYar. . . . 1455, 1485, 1618 

Thomas 1862, 1873 

Thomas a Becket 1170 

Thomas A(iuinas 1274 

Thompson 1814, 1835 

Thoms 1885 

Thomson 1748 

Thoruhill 1734 

Thornton 1846 

Thorwaldsen 1844 

Thon 1617 

Thrace 422 

Ticonderooa (battle 1758) . .1759, 1775 

Tien-Tsiu 1900 

Tilden 1886 

Tilloch 1781 

Tilly 1631 

Tilsit (treaty) 1807 



A. D. 

Timnr 1402, 1405 

Timhile 1526 

Tin- 1895 

Tintoretto 1594 

Tinville 1795 

Tii>pecauoe (battle) 1811 

Tippoo Sahib ( or Saib) 1792, 1799 

Titian 1576 

Titus 70 

Tobacco 1586 

Tokar (battle) 1884 

Tolbiac 496 

Toledo 693 

Tommaso 1460 

Topete 1868 

Tordesillas 1625 

Torgau 1760 

Tories 1679 

Tornado (gunboat 1873) 1882, 

1893, 1896 

Torricelli 1643 

Torro del ( ireco 1631 

Tonl 1870 

Tours 732, 813 

Towers 1078, 1174 

Townley 1805 

TowtoH (battle) 1461 

Tracts 1833 

Tnut Society 1825 

Trafalgar (battle) 1805 

Trajan's Column 114 

Traus-Caspian Railroad 1888 

Trans-Cendentalism 1882 

Transfer System ( free ) 1894 

Transjurane 888 

Trans-Siberian Railroad 1891, 1898 

Trausubstantiation 1215, 1381 

Transvaal Republic 1877, 18S1, 

1889 1900 

Treaties 843, 912, 1360, 1420, 

1435, 1529, 1706, 1713, 1714, 
1715, 1719, 1725, 1738, 1745, 
1757, 1763, 1783, 1792, 1800, 
1802, 1805, 1807, 1809, 1812, 
1814, 1815, 1819, 1826, 1827, 
1842, 1844, 1846, 1848, 1850, 
1854, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 



132 



Treaties — a. d. 

1SG4, 1805, 1S6(J, 1868, 1871, 
1878, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1880, 
1888, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 
1895, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, . . .1903 

Trent (Council of) 1545, 1563 

Trenton ( battle) 1776 

Tribune 1841 

Triennial Act 1694, 1716 

Trinidad 1498 

Trinity 828 

Trinity CVdleye 1540, 1554, 1591 

Trinity Hall ('ollei;e 1351 

Tri].]e' Alliance. . 1717, 1897 

Tripoli 1801 

Trivet 1328 

Trucliu 1870 

Trollope 1882 

Troscliauer 1473 

Troyes ( treaty ) 1420 

Truce ' 1396 

Trumpets 790 

Truro Cathedral 1887 

Tscluidi 1572 

Tseni; 1890 

Tsoui-Hsi 1898 

Tuba >^tentori)lionica 1671 

Tuileries 1564 

Tunnels. . .1825, 1843, 1872, 1881, 

1882 1890 

Tupper 1889 

Turco-dreek Convention 1881 

Tur-ot 1781 

Turin 1706 

Turkey 1821. 1853, 1877 

Turki'y (\. 1579 

Turkiiiaucliay ( peace I 1828 

Turks 1716, 1736, 1799, 1822, 1827 

Turner 1851, 1894 

Tycoon 1868 

Tyler 1381 

Tyndall 1893 

Ty])e 1438, 1442, 1444, 1452 



rtfa 575 

T'hricli 1870 

T'lui (battle) 1805 



A. D. 

Ulphilas 373 

rinndi ( battle | 1879 

rnibrella 1786 

Uniformity Act 1662 

T'nijienitus Bull 1713 

Cnion of Calmar 1397 

Union of Utrecht 1579 

Unions 1707, 1776, 1787, 1801 

Ignited ^States 1787, 1812 

Universities.. 626, 794, 886, 1206, 
1240, 1249, 1290, 1346, 1348, 
1361, 1365, 1409, 1411, 1454, 
1476, 1479, 1494, 1502, 
1544, 1548, 1575, 1582, 
1614, 1636, 1640, 1665, 

1734, 1826, 1868 

Upsal 722, 1476 

T'rania | planet ) 1854 

Uranus 1781 

Urban 1378 

Urujuuay 1865 

Utah . 1850, 1896 

T'treclit 1579 (universitv 1636) . . .1713 



1458, 
1506, 
1592, 
1694, 



Y. 



.1799, 



Vaccination 

^'alencia 

Valentinian 

Valerian 257 

^'allcy Forge 

Valparaiso, 1866 I battle. 

Van I'ui'cn 

Vanburgh , 

Vancouver 1 795, 

Vandals 405, 406, 40!(, 412, 434 

Vandcrvelde 

Van Diemen's Land 

Van Dyke 

Van Eyck 

Vassy 

Vatican Council, 1869; (Library 

Vauban 

Velasipiez 

Velde 

Velestino (battle) 

A'cndonic 

"S'enetians 



1803 

1812 

.364 

, 260 

1777 

1891 

1837 

1726 

1798 

, 455 

. 1707 

. 1642 

.1641 

.1415 

. 1562 

1448 

.1707 

.1660 

. 1707 

.1897 

.1712 

. 697 



133 



A. U. 

Veuice 1157 

Ventilators 1740 

Venus 1639 

Vera Cruz 1847 

Verdun (treaty) 84:3 

Vermont 1791 

Vernet 18(33 

Versailles 1687 (peace 1783), 1870 

Versailles (treaty) 1871 

Vespasian 75 

Vespers, Sicilian 1282 

Vespucius 1499 

Vesta 1807 

Vesuvius 79, 472, 1631, 1779, 1872 

Vicksburg 1863 

Victor 1809 

Victor Emmanuel 1861, 1870, 1878 

Victoria 1837, 1838, 1840, 1850, 

1858, 1876, (ship 1893), 1897, 1901 

Victorius 463 

Vida 1566 

Vienna (Council 1311), (Exhil)i- 

tion 1873), (treaties 1738, 1864, 1866 

Vienna (univei*sity) 1365 

Villafranca (treaty) 1859 

Villani 1348 

Villanovanus 1313 

Villars 1709 

Villiers 1628 

Vimiera 1808 

Vinci 1519 

Vintners Co 1437 

Vionville ( battle) 1870 

Viriiil 1886, 1892 

Virginia 1610, 1673, 1861, 1862 

Virginius 1873 

Vitalianus 663 

Vittoria ( battle) 1813 

^'ladimir 988 

Volcanic Eruption 1883, 1887. 1892 

Volney . . .; 1820 

Volta 1793, 1827 

Voltaic Pile 1793, 1800 

Voltaire 1778 

Von Beust 1886 

Von Bunscn 1899 

Von Caprin 1890 



A. D. 

Von der Tann 1870 

Von Eanke 1886 

Von 8teinmetz 1870 

Vougle (battle) 507 

Vulgate 405 

W. 

ANadliam College 1613 

AN'agner 1883 

AA'agram ( battle) 1809 

Wakefield (battle) 1460, 1804 

AVakeham 1375 

Wales 517, 1282, 1283, 1536, 1814 

Wall 121,306 

Wallace 1297, 1298, 1305 

Wallenstein 1628, 1634 

AA'aller 1687 

WaljMde 1715, 1742, 1745, 1757 

Walton 1057, 1683 

A\'ai'dens 1127 

A\'arren 1775, 1878 

Warrington 1814 

Wars... 1358, 1455, 1618, 1642, 
1665, 1689, 1702, 1738, 1744, 
1754, 1756, 1803, 1812, 1821, 
1835, 1842, 1846, 1853, 1854, 
1859, 1860, 1861, 1864, 1866, 
1868, 1872, 1877, 1878, 1879, 

1894, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900 

Warwick 1470 

^^'ashington. . . .1732, 1775, 1776, 
1777, 1778, 1781, 1789, 1793, 

1799, 1800, 1814 

Wasliington 3Ionunient 1885 

A\'ashingt(m State 1886, 1889 

Wasp 1812 

Watches 1477, 15!l7 

^^■ater 1784, 1800 

Waterland 1 740 

AVaterloo ( battle ) 1815 

Waterloo Bridge 1811, 1817 

Water Machine 1656 

Water Mills 555 

Water AVorks 1614 

Watt 1765, 1769, 1781, 1798, 1819 

AVat Tyler 1381 

AVawasset 1873 



134 







A. D. 


A. U. 


A\ax Caudles 




1300 


AA'iliiiiiijiton 1805 


A\'aviie 




. 1779, 1791 
1156 


\N'ilna 1812 


A^•:lVutl(^'te 


Winchester, 1813, (battle, 1804 


AVeaviiig 


.1132, 


1331, 1589 


AN'iiid-iMills 1299 


AWber 


1828, 


1820 

1843, 1852 


A\ine 1300 


A\'ebster 


AA'inkel 1810 


AA't'i-hai-wei I-'urts . . . . 




1895 


AA'iiisor ( F. A. 1 1803 


Wellesk'v 1803, 


18U8, 
1813 


1809, 1852 
, 1814, 


AMustaulev 1690 


AVellmgtou 1812 


AAlseousiu 1848 


1815, 




1852 


^A'isemaii 1805 


Welti 




1890 


A\isseuibourji (battle) 1870 

AVitchcraft "... 1730 






1641 


AW'l'lKM' 




1817 


AVitikiiid 785,909 

AA'itteuberj; ( university ) 1502 


AA'cslev 




1791 


A\'i\ssel 




1489 


AA'oerth (battle) 1870 


AA'essex 




519 


AA'olfe 1759 


AA'cstcni 




1838 


AVulfram von Escbeubacli 1200 

AVolseley 1882 


Wcstticld 




1871 


West Indies 




18(;7 


AA'olsev 1529 


AA'estini lister 




1215, 1511 


AA'oodford 1897, 1898 


A\('stiiiiiister Abbev. 




1005, 1220 
.1738, 1750 


AA'oodward 1728 

AA'orcester 1S30 and 1800 


A\'estminstei' Uridine. . 




^\■estnlinster Hall . . . . 




1097 


AA'orcester ( battle ) 1051 


A\'estiiiinster Scbool . . 




i5(;o 


AVorcester ( Colleiie) 1714 


AN'estplialia ( peace | . . 




1648 


AVordsworth 1850 


A\('st A'irniiiia 




1801, 1803 
1593 


AA'orld's Fair 1851, 1853, 1876, 

1878, 1893, 1894, 1898 1901 

AA'onus 1070 

AVdttou 1639 


^^ lialebdiies 




AN lieatstone 




1837 


AVliios 




1079 


AMiipplc 




188<) 


AVouudcd Knee Creek ( battle) . . . .1890 


AX'liiskv Insiirrection . 




1794 

1752 


AA'ranncl 18()1 


AN'histoii 


AVredvS 1878, 1887, 1893 


AA liite . . 




1813 1899 


AVren 1075, 1710, 1722 

AVriobt 1821 


AAhitefield 




1770 


AVliite Plains 




1770 


AVrotb 1847 






33, (;8 


AVvatt 1554 


AAliittier 




1892 

1813 


W'vcliffc 1381. 1382, 1384 


AVieland 


Wyomin- 1808, 1890 


\\ilb('r force 




.1823, 1833 




AA'ilderness ( battle | . . 




1804 


Y. 

YalcCdllci-e 1700 


AAilliclniina 




.1890, 1898 


AVilkes 


. 17()2 


, 17<i3, 1797 


Yates 1894 


AVilkie 




1841 


Year 4, 15(54 


AMlliani. . .lOOf.. 1008 


1097 
1837, 


, 1088, 
1800, 


Y()ii"(' . . . .1901 


1<;S9, 1(192, 1(J93, 


York 1455, 1159, 1401, 1404, 


1888, 




1890 


1485, 1486, 1703, 1813 


AVilliains 




1630 


A'orke 1704 



135 



A. D. 

Young- 1 7G5, 1829 

Yucatan 1517 

Z. 

Zampieri 1011 

Zedler 1730 

Zenta (battle) 1097 

Zinzendorf 1760 

Znaim (treaty) 1809 



A. D. 

Zola 1898 

Zollifoffer 18G2 

Zoom 1747 

Zori'illa t Moral 1893 

Zoriidorf 1758 

Zosinius 410 

Zulus 1879 

Zutphen (battle) 1586 

Zwiiiiili 1518, 1531 




CHARLOTTE CORDAY. 
SEE 1793 A. D. 



136 




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til 

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Q. ^ 

UJ UJ 

LJ 1 

I I- 

•- li 

U. ll- 

o J 

UJ U3 

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to 

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138 



PERIOD 111. 



UNIVERSAL CHRONOLOGY FROM 1 to 622 A. D. 



A. D. 



4 TO 33 A. D. 



A. U. C. 



OLYM. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



8 
18 

18 

19 

23 
2G 
27 
29 
33 



33 

33 
33 



33 



Deatli of Cains Asiniiis Pollio, distinguished Ro- 
man antlior, oi-aloi-, and |)atn)H of literatnre; 
age 80. 

Leap Year corrected, having formerly lieen every third 
year. 

Ovid, the poet, banished by Augustus. 

Death of Livy (Titus Livius), celebrated Roman his- 
torian ; age 70. 

Death of Ovid (I'lublius Ovidius Naso), celebrated 
Roman poet ; age 60. 

Octolier 9th. Death, at Antioch, of Germanicus, suc- 
cessful Roman general ( nephew of the emperor 
Tiberius) ; age 33. He is supposed to have been 
poisoned. 

Birth of riiny the •Elder (Caius I'linius ►Secundus), 
celebrated Roman naturalist. 

St. John tlie Baptist, age 30, begins preaching repent- 
ance, and baptizing. 

Our Lord Jesus Christ, age 30 years, is baptized in 
Jordan by St. John. (Note A.) 

August 29th. St. John the Ba])tist is belieadcd in 
prison, by order of Antipas. 

April 3d, Friday. The Crucifixion. (Ac. Eusebius. ) 
Date approved by Ai"chbishop Usher, Haydn, Blair, 
Lempriere, etc., etc. (See Note 31, in B. C.) The 
Crucifixion is placed at 29 A. D., March 25, by 
Lactantius, Clinton, and others ; and it is placed at 
30 A. I), by Africauus. 

April 5th, Sunday. Resurrection of Christ. The first 
Easter Day. Date generally accepted. 

May 14th, Thursday. Ascension of our Lord. 

May 24th, Sunday. The descent of the Holy Ghost on 
the Apostles. Whitsunday: the birthday of the 
One, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Clnirch. 

The first Ordination or Making of Deacons by the 
Apostles, by the laying on of their hands. The 
first seven deacons — Stephen, IMiilip, Prochorus, 
Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, Nicolas. — Acts vi. 
(Ac. Com. Chron. ) 



761 

771 



776 
779 
780 

782 
786 



195-4 I 4008 



2003 



201-2 



402 



4030 



202-1 



203-1 



4033 



4037 



4717 



196-4 4012 4721 
199-2 4022 4J31 



199-3 4023 4732 



4736 



4739 



201-3 4031 4740 



4742 



4746 



i:i;i 



A. U. 



34 TO 65 A. D. 



A. u. C. 



34 8t. 8tL'itlit*ii, thedeacdu, in'oto-inartyr, stmicil to death. 
! (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 

34 Tlie Apostles kSt. Peter and 8t. .John tirst jierforiii the 

Sacranient of Confirmation at Samaria. — Acts viii., 
17. (Ac. Com. Chron. ) 

35 Conversion of SauLof Tarsus. His name changed to 

Paul. ( Ac. Com. Chron. ) 
Birth of Josephus, celehrated Jewisii historian. 
St. Matthew writes his Gospel in Hebrew. 
Apion of Alexandria, Greek granunarian. flourishes. 
Novendter 3d. Birth, at Cordo\a, of Lucan ( ^larcus 

Aumpiis Lucanus), Boman poet, author of "Phar- 

salia." 
The discii)les of Christ first called Christians at 

Antioch. (Ac. Com. Chron.) 
Claudius, the Boman em])eror, invades Britain. 
St. James tlie Great, brother of St. John, beheaded, by 

order of Herod Agrippa. 
St. j\[ark writes his Gospel in Greek. 
Elders or Priests ordained by the A|)osties in every 

Clmi'cli. — Acts .\iv., 23. (Ac. Com. Chron.) • 

Caractacus, king of the Silures, a Bi'itish tribe, de- 

fealed by Osstorius Scapula, and taken to Bome in 

chains. 
The ('iii]ieror Claudius releases Caractacus, and sends 

him liouu'. 
St. Paul preaches at Athens. 
St. l*aul jireaches at Ephesus. 
Birth of i'liny the Younger ( Caius I'Jinius C;ecilius 

Secundus), Latin author, and orator. 
Helirew Gosjk'I of St. Matthew rendered into Greek 

by an unknown translator. (Ac. Blair, i 
Novend)er 24th. Death of Aulus Persius Flaccus, 

celebrated Boumn satirical poet, within fifteen days 

of his 2Stli birthday. 
St. Janu's the Less, author of the Epistle, iK-headed by 

order of Ananias, high priest. 

63 St. Luke writes his Gospel in Greek. 

G4 The great fire at Bcune begins July PHli. Tlie greater 
part of the city is destroyed. The Chriotians are 
falsely accusc<l by Nero of having stai'tcd the fire. 

64 First persecuti(!n of the Cliristiaus undci' Xcro. 
65! Piso, Seneca (Stoic iihilosoplicr and nuiralist), his 

nepliew Lucan the poet, and others, ((Uispire to take 
Nero's life. The conspiracy is detected. Piso kills 



140 



37 
39 
39 
39 



40 

43 
44 

44 
46 

50 



51 

52 

55 
61 

02 
02 



787 



788 

790 
792 



r93 



r96 



799 
803 



OLYM. 



A. M. 



203-2 



203 3 



2041 



4038 



4039 4748 



4041 4750 



204-3 ! 4043 4752 



204-4 



205 3 



4044 



4047 



797 205* 4048 



206-2 
207-2 



4050 4759 
4054 ; 4763 



804 2073 4055 4764 



805 


207-4 


4056 


SOS 


208-3 


4059 


814 


210-1 


4065 


815 


210-2 


4066 



816 


210 3 


4067 


817 


210-4 


4068 


818 


211-1 


4069 



rwMWiPP' 




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■ 


111 


UJ 


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o 


<n 


< 


O 


Q. 


_i 
O 
o 


Q 

Z 
< 


Ul 




I 


o 


H 


< 


Ii. 
O 


o 

00 


q: 


Q 


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nr 




111 


r^ 


h- 
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UJ 
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iJiiiliilliillliililJillllllllllllllllllilliiiliili 



142 



A. D. 


Co TO 90 A. D. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


G5 


hiiusolf. By <n'(ler of Nero, Seneca and Lueau are 
put to death April 30th. 


818 


211-1 


4069 


4778- 


()() 


I'lutarih, celebrated (Jreek philosopher, moralist, and 
biographer, flourishes. 


819 


211-2 


4070 


4779 


(".7 


June 29th. St. Paul is beheaded, and St. Peter cruci- 
tied, head-downwards, at Koine. 


820 


211-3 


4071 


4780 


G8 


The festivals of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and 
Whitsuntide lirst ordered to lie observed. 


821 


211-4 


4072 


4781 


69 


Novendjer 30th. St. Andrew, brother of St. Peter, cru- 
cified on an X-shaped cross, at Patrse, in Achaia. 


822 


212-1 


4073 


4782 


70 


Septend)er Sth. .Terusaleni taken by the Romans, 
under Titus. The temple and city completely de- 
stroyed, as foretold by Christ. 


823 


212-2 


4074 


4783 


71 


August 24th. St. Bartholomew flayed alive, by the 
command of a barbarian king. 


824 


212-3 


4075 


4784 


75 


The emperor Vespasian begins to build the Colosseum 
at Rome. ( See 80 A. D. ) 


828 


213-3 


4079 


4788 


75 


The Temple of Peace at Rome is dedicated by 
Vespasian. 










78 


Awful plague at Rome, destroying 10,000 persons 
daily. 


831 


214-2 


4082 


4791 


78 


Agricola is made governor in Britain, and extends the 
Roman dominions there. 










79 


August 23. The cities of Pompeii and Ilerculaneum 
destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. ( See 
1713 and 1748 A. D.) 


832 


214-3 


4083 


4792 


79 


August 24th. Pliny the Elder approaching too near 
Mount Vesuvius, during the eniption, is suffocated 
by the ashes and sulphurous exhalations; jet. 56. 










SO 


The Colosseum, an amphitheatre at Rome, is com- 
pleted and dedicated liy Titus. (See 75 A. D.) 


833 


214-4 


4084 


4793 


84 


The Caledonians under Galgacus are totally defeated 
by Agricola. He builds a ^^■all fnun the Frith of 
Clyde to the l-^itli of Forth. 


837 


215-4 


4088 


4797 


90 


St. John the Evangelist writes his Epistles between 
this date and 96. 


843 


217-2 


4094 


4803 


92 


November 29, 7 P. M. Conjunction of the moon with 
the Pleiades obseiwed by Agrippa the mathemati- 
cian. (Ac. Blair.) 


845 


217-4 


4096 


4805 


95 


Second persecution of the Christians undei' the em- 
peror Doniitiau, caused by the Jews and Christians 
refusing to pay a tax levied for the expense of 
rebuilding the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 


848 


218-3 


4099 


4808 


96 


St. John the Evangelist, by order of a pro-consul under 
Domitian, is immersed in a caldron of boiling oil; 


849 


218-4 


4100 


4809 



143 



A. D. 


90 TO 121 A. D. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1 


l)Ut heiii;;- niiraculouslv prL'scrvt'd from iujury, is 
banished to the Isle of Patmos, where lie receives 
and writes the Revelation. 


849 


218-4 


4100 


4809. 


!JG 


September 18th. Nerva succeeding Domitiau as em- 
peror, recalls all exiles. 










1)7 


St. John the Evangelist, recalled from exile returns 
to Ejihesus, and writes his Gospel, in compliance 
with the earnest enti*eaties of the Asiatic bishops. 


850 


219-1 


4101 


4810 


98 


January 11th, 7 A. M. Menelaus, Alexandrian mathe- 
matician, obseiwes at Rome a transit of the moon 
over Spica Yirginis. (Ac. Blair.) 


851 


219-2 


4102 


4811 


99 


December 27th. St. John the Evangelist dies at 
lOphesus; age 94. (Ac. to some authorities, 100 
A. D.) 

Elements of the Blessed Sacrament reserved, and 


852 


219 3 


4103 


4812 


1(10 


853 


219-4 


4104 


4813 




carried to the absent, at this time. (Ac. Justin 












Martyr. 1 










105 


Ai»ollodorus, the architect, by order of the emperor 
Trajan, constructs the celebrated bridge over the 
Danube. 


858 


221-1 


4109 


4818 


107 


Beginning of tlie third persecution of the Christians, 
under Trajan. 


860 


221-3 


4111 


4820 


107 


December 20th. Martyi'doni of St. Ignatius, sur- 
named Theophorus, bishop of Antioch. He is 
torn to pieces by lions in the amphitheatre at 
Rome. 










108 


Simeon (son of ('leopas, and therefore a nephew of 
B. V. M.l, bishop of Jerusalem, successor of St. 
James the .ipostle, is crucified as a martyr by the 
Romaus; age 120. (Date ac. Blair.) 


861 


2214 4112 


4821 


110 


Earliest mention of the (lospels of St. Matthew and St. 
Mark a])pears in the "Explanations of the Oracles 


863 


222-2 


4114 


4823 




of Our Lord," by Papias, bishop of Hierapolis. 










(Ac. Blair.) 








110 


The signing of the cross first practiced by the Chris- 
tians to distinguish themselves from the Pagans. 








110 


Pope Alexander first introduces into the Church the 
use of lloly Water between 110 and 118. 








111 


Saturninus teaches the Gnostic heresy. 


864 


222-3 


4115 


4824 


114 


Trajan's Column erected at Rome. 


867 


223-2 


4118 


4827 


118 


Fourth persecution of Christians, under Hadrian. 


871 


224-2 


4122 


4831 


118 


Death of Quiutilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), 












celebrated Roman critic and rhetorician. 








121 


The Wall in Britain between New Castle and Carlisle 
is built, under Hadrian's direction. 


874 


225-1 4125 


4834 



144 




145 



A. D. 



125 TO 167 A. D. 



A. U.C.iOLYM. A.M. 



J. P. 



125 (iuadratus, bishop of Athens, and Aristides, Greek 
Christian rhetorician, present an "Apology for 
Christianity" to Hadrian, who stops the pereecu- 
tion. 

128 Death of Jnvenal (l)erinins Jnnius Juvenalis), cele- 
brated Latin satirical poet. 

129 Birth of Aristides, the heathen (Jreek rhetorician. 

130 Birth, at l*erganius, of Galen, Greek philosopher, and 
medical writer. 

130 T-enten Fast, from first Sunday in Lent to Easter, is 
said to have been instituted by Telesphorus, bishop 
of Rome. ( Ac. Haydn. ) 

132 Hadrian, emperor of Rome, promulgates the "Per- 
petual Edict," a body of laws for the Prietors, pre- 
pared by Salvius Julianus, a Roman jurist. 

137 Telesphorus, bishop of Rome, orders Christmas to be 
held as a solemn feast, and Divine Service to be 
perfonued on the 25th of December. 

138 Hyginus adopts the title of Pope for the bishop of 

Rome. The title was at first used for all bishops. 
(Thi,s is a disputed date, between 138 and 139.) 

139 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolema'us ) , celebrated Alexan- 

drian astronomer and geographer, author of the 

"Almagest," flourishes. (See 1231.) 
141 ( About. I The ^lishna, the Jewish oral or traditional 

law, compiled by Rabbi .Tudah or Jeluubili. (See 

Note B, also 32o'and 501 A. D. ) 
151 Justin Martyr writes his "Apology," upon which the 

emperor Antoninus Pius issues an edict forbidding 

all persecution of the Christians. (Ac. Blair. ) 
153 Consecration of Churches instituted. (Ac. T. 

Smith.) 
150 The See of Llandaff fouu(le<l by Lucius, first Chris- 
tian king of Britain and first in the world. (Ac. 
I Haydn. ) 
157 ' Penaiu-e first enjoined as a punishment by the 

CMiurch. 
157 St. Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, visits Rome, and there 

converts many from the heresy of Valentine and of 

Marcion to the orthodo.\ faith. 
164 Martyrdom of St. Felicitas and her seven daughtei-s. 
1(15 ^lartyrdom of Justin ]\lartyr. 
16G .Martyrdom, at the stake, of St. Polycarp, bishop of 

Smyrna. 
1 67 Pestilence rages at Rome. 



878 



881 



885 



892 



909 



910 



226-1 



226-4 



882 227-1 

883 227-2 



227-* 



890 229-1 



4129 ' 4838 



4132 4841 

4133 4842 

4134 4843 



4136 I 4845 



4141 4850 



891 2292 4142 



229-3 4143 



894 230-1 4145 



904 232-3 ! 4155 



906 233 1 4157 



917 
918 
919 

920 



233-4 4160 



234-1 4161 



235-4 4168 



236-1 
2362 

236-3 



4169 
4170 

4171 



4851 

4852 

4854 

4864 

4866 
4869 

4870 



4877 
4878 
4879 

4880 



147 



A. D. 


167 TO 205 A. D. 


A. L'. 0. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


.1. 1'. 


IGT 


Baptismal fonts lirst introduced into clmiThes. 


920 


236-3 


4171 


4880 


173 


Sect of Moutanists founded liy .Montanus. 


926 


2381 


4177 


4886 


173 


Sect of Tatianists fouu(l<'d hv Tatian. (Date ac. 
Blair.) 










177 


Perseoutiou of the ("hristiaus in (iaul. 


930 


239-1 


4181 


4890 


178 


Christianity preached in Britain. (Ac. Blair. ) 


931 


239-2 


4182 


4891 


179 


Bishopric of London founded liy Lucius, kini; of 
England. (Ac. Ilaydn; 185, ac T. Suiilli. i 


932 


239 3 


4183 


4892 


180 


AA'ater first blessed and sponsors had at the S;u rauicnl 
of Baptism. (Ac. H. B. .Smith. ) 


933 


2394 


4184 


4893 


188 


Death of Julius Pollu-x, age 58. Author of ihe 


941 


2414 


4192 


4901 




"Onomasticon," the first (iiveU dictionan'. 








190 


The Sacrament of (Nintirnmtiiui administered gener 
ally throughout the ("liurcli bv this date. (See 
34.') 

Koman Empire offered at ]>u]ilic auction by the Pra-- 


943 


242 2 


4194 


4903 


193 


940 


243-1 


4197 


4900 




torians. Didius makes the highest liid, and is i)ro- 




i. 
1 






claimed emperor; but is murdered by the soldieri-i 












after a reign of two months. 








194 


Battles of Xiciva and Issus, in which Niger is defeated 


947 


243 2 , 4198 


4907 




and made prisoner by Septimius Severus, his rival 












for the im])erial throne of Kimie. 










197 


February 19th. Battle of Lyons, in wliicli Albinus, 
having been proclaimed emperor in Britain, is de- 
feated and slain 1»y S. Severus. 


950 


244-1 


4201 


4910 


197 


Tertullian, celebrated Christian writei', jiroduces his 












"Ad ^Martyres" (Letter to the Martyrs. ) 








198 


Severus gains victories over the I'arthians. 


951 


2442 


4202 


4911 


198 


Tertullian writes his "De Si>ectaculis'" (On I'ublic 
Games or Shows. ) 










199 


Tertullian produces his "Apologeticus " Adversus 
(Jentes ]»ro Christianis" (Apology to the Nations 
for the Christians), dated 198. 


952 


244-3 


4203 


4912 


200 


Death of Galen, celebrated (ireek ]>hysician, in his 
70th year. 


953 


2444 


4204 


4913 


201 


Ammouius Saccas founds at Alexandria the school of 
Neo-Platouism or Eclectic philosophy, c(unbining 
Platonism with Christianity. 


954 


245-1 


4205 


4914 


202 


Fifth 2>ersecutiou of the Christians, under Severus. 
St. Irenseus, bishop of Lyons, is one of the martyrs. 


955 


2452 


4206 


4915 


203 


Tertullian joins the Montanists, a sect founded by 


950 


2453 


4207 


4916 


to 


Montanus; after whicli he writes "De Corona ^lili- 










205 


tis," "De Mouogamia," and "De Jejnuio." 










205 


Birth of Plotinus, Alexandrian jdiilosopher, chief of 
the Neo-Platonic school. 


958 


246-1 


4209 


4918 



148 




CATACOMBS. ST. LORENZO, ROME. 




SUBTERRANEAN CHURCH, UNDER THE CATHEDRAL AT MESSINA. 



1-19 



A. D. 


208 TO 258 A. D. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


208 


Severus accompanied by his two sous, Caracalla aud 
Geta, subdues a revolt of the Caledouians in Britain. 


961 


246-4 


4212 


4921 


215 


Geueral massacre of the Alexandrians b.y order of 


968 


248-3 


4219 


4928 


216 


Caracalla, emperor of Rome. 
Death of Donald I., first Christian king of Scotland. 


969 


248-4 


4220 


4929 


221 


Julius Africanus, celebrated Greek Christian histo- 


974 


250-1 


4225 


4934 


ooo 


rian, completes his chronologv. 
St. Hippolvtus, author of many commentaries on the 
Scriptures, ends liis chronicle Avith this date. 
(Ac. Blair.) 


975 


250-2 


4226 


4935 


226 


Artabanus, the twenty-eighth and last of the Arsacidae, 
finally defeated and killed, and the Parthian Empire 
overtlirown by Arta.xerxes I. (Ardshir), 175 years 
after its foundation by Arsaces. 

Artaxerxes founds Mie new or Second Persian Empire, 
the dynasty of the Sassanida\ (229, ac. Lempriere 


979 


251-2 


4230 


4939 


23,-) 


aud Haydn.) 

Sixth ])ersecution of the Christians, under ^laximus. 


988 


2533 


4239 


4948 


238 


Ceusorinus, Latin grammarian, writes his work en- 
titled "De Die Natali." 


991 


254-2 


4242 


4951 


240 


Several trilies in the northwestern parts of Germany 
confederate under the name of Franks. 


993 


254-4 


4244 


4953 


241 


The Franks first mentioned in history. 


994 


255-1 


4245 


4954 


215 


Great inundation of the sea in Lincolnshire. 


998 


256-1 


4249 


4958 


247 


Asinius Quadratus, Greek Christian historian, flour- 
ishes. 


1000 


256-3 


4251 


4960 


250 


Seventh persecution of the Christians, under Decius. 
Fabian, bishop of Rome; Babylas, bishop of An- 
tioch; and Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem, are 
among the martyrs. 


1003 


257-2 


4254 


4963 


251 


Novatiau begins his schism and founds the Novatian 
Sect. 


1004 


257-3 


4255 


4964 


251 


Birth of St. Antony, founder of Monachism. (See 
305 and 356.) 










252 
253 


Great pestilence throughout the Roman Empire. 
Death of Origen, Greek Christian father aud eminent 
A\'riter ; age 68. 


1005 
1006 


25T-4 

258-1 


4256 
4257 


4965 
4966 


257 


Eighth persecution of the Christians, under Va- 
lerian. 


1010 


259-1 


4261 


4970 


258 


August 6tli. Martyrdom of Slxtus II., Idshop of 
Rome. 


1011 


259-2 


4262 


4971 


258 


Augiist 10th. St. Lawrence the deacon burned to 
death on a gridiron. 










258 


September litli. St. Cyprian, Latin father, bishop of 
Carthage, is beheaded. 











151 



A. D. 


260 TO 305 A. D. 


A. U. U. 


OLYil. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


260 


ivouum army totally routed by the I'ersiauw. Valeriau 
is taken prisoner by Sapor I., king of Persia, who 


1013 2594 


4264 


4973 




liohls him a (■ai)tive for eiglit or ten years, and then 












orders him to be tiayed alive. 










262 


Temple of Diana, at Ephesns, jihiiidered and burned 
by the (loths. 


1015 


260-2 


4266 


4975 


269 


The Ivomaus, under Claudius 11., gain a signal vietory 
at Naissus, in Miesia, over the (ioths, of whom 
3(Mt,(MI0 are slain. 


1022 


262-1 


4273 


4982 


209 


Paul de Samosata, bishoi> of Antioeh. condemned as a 
heretic by a council at Antioeh. He is u]>held liy 
Zenobia, (]ueen of Palmyra, and refuses to give u]i 
his bishopric. 










27U 


Death of Plotinus, celebrated (Jreek philosopher; age 
65. His AX'orks consist of tifty-four treatises on 
philosophy and metaphysics. 


1023 


262-2 


-4274 


4983 


271 


^Valls of Pome rebuilt by Aurelian. 


1024 


262 3 


4275 


4984 


272 


Ninth jiersecution of the Christians, under Ani'clian. 


1025 


2624 


4276 


4985 


273 


Zenobia, (pieen of Palmyra, totally defeated l)y Aure- 
lian, at Edessa, and taken prisoner. 


1026 


2631 


4277 


4986 


273 


Dionysius Cassius Longinns, celebrated Greek phil- 
osopher, first to receive the sobri(]uet "Living 
Library," is executed by order of Aurelian, up(Ui the 
surrender of Palmyra. 










284 


Diocletian Era, or the Era of ]\Iartyrs, commences 
August 29th, the day Diocletian is proclaimed em- 
peror. ( See Note C. ) 


1037 


265-4 


4288 


4997 


288 


St. Sebastian martyred by being tied to a tree and 
pierced by arrows. ( Date ac. J. Thomas. ) 


1041 


266-4 


4292 


5001 


292 


The two emperors, Diocletian and Maximian, appoint 
two Ca'sars, Constantius Chlorus an<l Galerius (sur- 
named Armentarius), to assist in governing the em- 
pire. The four rule together. 


1045 


267-4 


4296 


5005 


296 


Allectus, Poman general, having murdered Carausius, 
and usuri»ed imperial power in Britain in 293, is 
defeated and slain by Asclepiodotus, general or lieu- 
tenant of Constantius. 


1049 


268-4 


4300 


5009 


303 


Tenth, last, and fiercest persecution of the Christians 
(under Diocletian) commences Eebruary 23d, and 
continues ten years. 


1056 


270 3 


4307 


5016 


303 


Death of St. Alban, theproto-British martyr. 










304 


October 24. Martyrdom of St. Marcellinus, bishop of 
Pome. 


1057 


270-4 


4308 


5017 


305 


R(nuan emperors Diocletian and Maximian abdicate 
^lay 1st, and are succeeded by Constantius and 
Galerius. 


1058 


271-1 


4309 


501 S 



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153 



305 TO 312 A. D. 



A. U. C. 



OLYM. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



305 First nioiiasterv founded and the monastic system 
introduced in Egypt by St. Antony. (See 251 and 
35G.) 

300 ' London wall built. 

308 j Ivoman Empire now ruled by tive emperors and Cae- 
sars — Galerius, Constantine, Maxentius, Licinius, 
and Maximin. 

312 Martyrdom, at Chalcis, in Syria, of St. Methodius, 
bishop of Patara, Olympus, and Tyre. 

312 Constantine having seen in the heavens the vision of 
a cross bearing the inscription "In hoc signo 
viuces" (In this sign th(m shalt conquer), adopts 
the Cross as his standard, and a few days after, 
having defeated Maxentius October 27th, he is 
sole i-uler of the western half of the Roman Em- 
pire. 



1058 



1059 
1061 



lOGt 



271-1 



2712 
2714 



272* 



4309 



4310 
4312 



4316 



SOIS 



5019 
5021 



5025 




CONSTANTINE. 
SEE 312 A. D. 



155 

















N. 


B. — For explanation of the column of dates ac. "Roman Indictions," headed R. I., 


see Note D. 






1 


A. D. 


313 TO 325 A. D. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. A. M. 

i ■ 


J. p. 


313 


1 
The Era of Indietious or cycle of fifteen years, 


1- 


1066 


273-1 4317 


5026 i 




accordiu<>' to the (ireeks of Byzantine Em- 


Ist 
Cycle. 












pire, originally was reckoned an commencing 














Sei)teml)er 1st, 312. When adopted by the 














I'ajial See, it was ordered to he reckoned 














from January 1st, 313. This is now alone 












used, and known as the Papal or Roman 












Indietious. 










313 


Constantine and Licinius issue an edict to stoj) 
all i)ersecutious of the Christians. 










313 


Licinius defeats Maximin, and is sole ruler of 
the eastern half of the Roman Empire. 










314 


Three of tlie fathers or bisliops of the English 
Church are sent from Britain to assist at the 
Council of Aries, in France, against the 
Donatists. 


o-l 


10(i7 


273-2 4318 


5027 


316 


Surplices first worn in churches. 


4-1 


1069 


273-4 4320 502!) 


316 


Arius the hei"etic ju'caclies his doctrines, 
which are supported by many of the Asiatic 
bishops, especially Eusebius of Nicomedia. 
(The latter must not be confused with Eu- 
sebius, bishop of Ciesarea ; see 325.) (See 
337 and 310. ) 












320 


Com])letion of the Palestinian Talmud ("Tal- 
mud Jerushalmi"), begun by Rabbi Yohauan. 
( See Note B ; also 141 and 504. ) 


8-1 


1073 


274-4 


4324 


5033 


321 


Constantine issues the first edict, March 7th, 
prescribing the due observance of the Sun- 


9-1 


1074 


275-1 


4325 


5034 




day ("Dies Solis"), by cessation from all 












labor except religious worship and agricul- 












ture. 










323 


July 3d. Constantine defeats Licinius near 
Adrianople. 


11-1 


1076 


275-3 


4327 


5036 


323 


Sei)tenUier 18th. Battle of Chrysopolis, in 
wliich Licinius is totally defeated, and Con- 
stantine becomes sole master of the Roman 
Empire. 












325 


Council of Nice. First (Ecumenical Council. 
Nicene Creed composed. ( See Note E. ) 


13-1 


1078 


276-1 


4329 


5038 ' 



156 



D. 



325 TO 35U A. D. 



H.I. 



Eusebiu.s, bishop of Ctesarea, styled ''Father of 
EceU'siastioal History," ends his chronicle, 
"Chrouicon," and completes his history, 
"Historia Ecclesiastica.'' 
X. B. — He nuist not be coufused with Eusebius 
the Ariau heretic, bishop of Nicomedia. 
( See 31(j, 337, 340. ) 
Death of Lactautius, Latiu father. He was 
styled, ou account of his eloquence, "The 
Christian Cicero.'' 
Constaiitiae transfers iiis court from Konie to 
Byzantium, the name of which is changed to 
Constantinople, /. e. City of Constantinc. 
(t^ee330. 1 

328 May ."'xl. The Holy Cross found at Jerusalem, 
dee]> in tlie ground, by the em]»ress St. Hel- 
ena. Three crosses were found; but it is 
said tliat our Lord's was distinguished from 
those of the thieves by a sick woman being 
immediately cured upon touching it. ( Sec 
()14, (i22, 629, 642. ) The day is termed "The 
Invention of the Cross," and has since been 
kept as a festival in the Church. 

330 May 11th. Constantinople formally dedicated 
by the emperor. ( See 328. ) 

336 Death of Arius the heretic, founder of Arian- 

ism. 

337 May 22d. The emperor Constantine is bap- 

tized by Eusebius, the heretic Arian bishop 
I of Nicomedia. ( See 316, 325, and 340. ) 

337 ; May 22d. Death of Constantinc. 

338 Sapor II. besieges Xisibis, in Meso])otaniia ; 
but its bishop. Jacobus, bravely defends tiie 
city. 

340 Death of Eusebius, bishop of Ctesarea. (See 
316, 325, 337. ) 

340 The Athanasian Creed composed. (See Note 
P.) 

347 Council at Sardis. Attended by three hundred 
and seventy bishops. The majority approve 
the Nicene Faith ; the minority uphold the 
Arian heresy. The two bodies mutually ex- 
communicate each other. 

350 Sapor II. besieges Nisibis a third time; but 
Jacobus, the bishop, encourages the people to 
resist. 



13-1 



2nd 
Cycle. 



A. U. C. OLYM. 



3-2 

9-2 

10-2 
11-2 

13-2 



3rd 
Cycle. 



8-3 



1078 



1081 



276-1 



A. M. J. P. 



4329 



276 -* 4332 5041 



5038 



1083 I 277-2 4334 5043 



1089 



278-4 



4340 



5049 



1090 2791 4:ui 5050 



1091 2792 



4342 



1093 279 4 4344 



1100 



281-3 



1103 282-2 



4351 



4354 



5051 



5053 



5060 



5063 



157 



A. D. 


350 TQ 36S A. D. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


350 


Feast of .Vuuimciatioii of B. \'. M. tir.st ob- 
sened. 


8-3 


1103 


282-2 


4354 


5063 


350 


Chaiitinj; of the Psalms introduced into the 
Church service by St. Aiidimse, known as 
Ambrosial! Cliant. ( See 590. ) 












353 


Inundation in Cheshii'e, by which 5,000 persons 
are destroyed. 


11-3 


1106 


2831 


4357 


5066 


354 


November 13th. Birth of St. Augustine (son 
of St. Monica), one of tlie most illustrious 
Latin fathers of the Church. 


12-3 


1107 


283-2 


4358 


5067 


355 


.^lius Douatus, celebrated Koman gramma- 
rian, flourishes. 


13-3 


1108 


283-3 


4359 


5068 


356 


January 17th. Death of St. Anthony or An- 
tony, founder of Monachism in the East; age 
105. ( See 305 and 251. ) 


14-3 


1109 


283 4 


4360 


5069 


357 


A terrible earthquake in Greece and .^sia de- 
stroys one hundred and fifty cities. 


153 


1110 


284-1 


4361 


5070 


358 


Nicomedia destroyed by an earth(|uake, for the 
second time. All the inhabitants are buried 
in the ruins. 


1- 

4 Hi 

Cycle. 


1111 


284-2 


4362 


5071 


359 


Festival of St. Andrew, November 30th, first 
instituted. 


2-4 


1112 


284-3 


4363 


5072 


360 


Oribasius of Pergamus, celebrated physician, 
flourishes. 


3-4 


1113 


2844 


4364 


5073 


301 


Julian, soon after being proclaimed emperor, 
apostatizes from Christianity, and openly 
professes paganism. 


4-4 


1114 


285-1 


4365 


5074 


362 


Julian ]troclaims univer.sal toleration of all 
religions, and commands the heathen tem- 
ples to be reopened. 


54 


1115 


285-2 


4366 


5075 


363 


Julian, to restore Judaism, attempts to rebuild 
tlie temple at Jerusalem; but his ])]aiis are 
frustrated by remarkable eruptions of fire 
(ignition of foul air), which deter the work- 
men. (This failure to rebuild tlie temple 
was predicted by St. Cyril I., bishop of Jeru- 
salem, ac. J. Thomas.) 


6" 


1116 


285 3 


1367 


5076 


364 


^'alentinian, chosen emperor, divides the em- 
pire, making his brother, Valens, emperor 
of the East, and taking for himself the 
West. 


7-4 


1117 


285-4 


4368 


5077 


364 


Eutropius, Roman historian, concludes his 
history, ''Breviarium Rerum Romanomm." 












368 


January 13th. Death of St. llihuy, Ijishop of 
Poitiers, in Gaul, his birthplace. He zeal- 


114 


1121 


286-4 


1372 


5081 



158 



A. a 


368 TU 387 A. D. 


K. I. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


368 


onsly (Icfendcd, ajiainst the Arians, the or- 
thodox faith of tlie diviuitj of our Lord, and 
also the doctrine of the Holy Trinit.v. Hence 
his surname, ".Malleus Arianoruui." 


11-4 


1121 


286-4 


4372 


5081 


370 


St. Basil, eminent father of the Church, elected 
bishop of Cc'esarea. 


13-4 


1123 


287-2 


4374 


5083 


372 


Death of tSt. llilarion, founder of Monachism 
in Palestine, in his 80th year. 


15* 


1125 


287-4 


4376 


5085 


373 


Birth of St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, 
at Bannevan, a small village in Scotland. 


1- 

Cycle. 


1126 


288-1 


4377 


5086 


373 


May 2d. Death of St. Athanasius, bishop of 
Alexandria, leader and defender of the or- 
thodox Catholic faith. 












373 


Ulphilas or Ultilas, bishop of the (roths in 
Miesia, translates the Bible, except the two 
Books of Kiujis, into the Gothic lanj;naj'e. 












378 


Anrmianus Marcellinns, distinguished histo- 
rian of Greek parentage, native of Antioch, 
ends his Koman history at this date. The 
history was in thirty-one books, from 96 to 
378 A. D. 


6-5 


1131 


289-2 


4382 


5091 


379 


January 1st. Death of St. Basil of Ca?sarea, 
known as Basil the Great ; age 49. 


7-5 


1132 


289-3 


4383 


5092 


380 


Theodosius, emperor of the East, is baptized at 
Thessalonica. (Ac. Blair.) 


85 


1133 


289* 


4384 


5093 


380 


First ecclesiastical canon ])r()mulgated. 












380 


Pa])pus, Alexandrian geometrician, tlour- 
ishes. 












381 


Second (Ecumenical Council is held at Con- 
stantinople. The Nicene Creed completed. 
( See Note G. ) 


9-5 


1134 


290-1 


4385 


5094 


381 


The teachings of A])ollinaris, bishop of Lao- 
dicea, condenuied as heresy by Council of 
Constantinople. As opposed to Arianism, 
he taught the true divinity of Christ, but 
denied His perfect humanity. 












381 


St. Chrysostom made deacon at Antioch by St. 
Meletius, patriarch of Antioch, who died 
same year. 












386 


St. Chrysostom is ordained jiriest by Flavian, 
bishop of Antioch. 


14-5 


1139 


291-2 


4390 


5099 


386 


Death of St. Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. 












387 


Conversion and baptism, by St. Ambrose, of St. 
Augustine, son of St. :Monica. The "Te 
Deum" supposed to have been composed by 


15-5 


1140 


291-3 


4391 


5100 



159 



A. D. 


387 TO 405 A. D. 


K.I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


■> w 
OOI 


Ht. .Viijiustiiic and 8t. Ambrose at tlie bap- 
tism. 


15-5 


1140 


291-3 


4391 


5100 


:)Sl 


Anathemas tirst nsed in tlie Chuivh. 










3U0 


The emperor Theodosins orders tlie massacre at 


3- 


1143 292 2 


4394 


5103 




Tliessah)nica, for which he is made by St. 


titii 

('.vcle 












Ambrose to jierform pnlilic ])enauce. 












391 


Canonical lionrs for prayer institnted. 


4-6 


1144 


292-3 


4395 


5104 


393 


Polyjiamy forbidden amonii' the Konnins. 


6-6 


1140 


293-1 


4397 


5106 


394 


The Mass or Holy Eucharist Service first cele- 
brated in Latin. 


7-6 


1147 


293-2 


4398 


5107 


394 


Dealh of Ausoniiis, celebrated Latin ]toet. 












395 


final division of the Roman Empire into the 
Eastern and A\'estern empires. 


8-6 


1148 


293 3 


4399 


5108 


397 


April 4lh. Death of St. Ambrose, bishop of 
.Alilan, author of the style of chanting 
known as the Andirosian ("haul; a.ne 57. 
{ See 3.")(l. 1 


10-6 


1150 


294-1 


4401 


5110 


;!!»T 


Novendier 11th. Death of St. .Martin, bishop 
of Tours; aj^e 81. 












397 


St. Chrysostom consecrated archbishop of 












400 


Constantinople. 
Chui'ch bells inv(^nted by St. Paulinus, bishop 
of Xola, in < 'ampa<ina. ( See (ISO and 945. ) 


13-6 


1153 


294-* 


4404 


5113 


400 


Sul|)icius Severus, ecclesiastical historian, 
coini)letes his celebrated history, '-Historia 
Sacra," with this date. 












400 


Pelagins, a Briton, teaches, at Rome, his 
heresy, especially denyino the doctrine of 
original sin. 












403 


Battleof Pollentia, in which Stilicho, a Roman, 
defeats Alaric, king of tlie Visigoths. (April 
(i, Haydn; .March 1^9, Blair.) 


1- 

7tli 
Cycle. 


1156 


295-3 


4407 


5116 


404 


The Caledonian monarchy (Scotland) is re- 
vived by I-'ergus 11. 


2-7 


1157 


295 4 


4408 


5117 


404 


Eunapius, heathen sophist and historian, ends 
his history at this date. 












405 


St. Jerome ( Latin, Hieronymus) completes his 
translation into the Latin of the Old Testa- 
ment (excepting the First and Second Book 
of Kings) from Hebrew, and the New Testa- 
ment from Creek; commonly known as the 
Vulgate. ( See 420. ) 


3-7 


1158 


296-1 


4409 


5118 


405 


Stilicho defeats, at Fesuhe, a large army of 
Cotlis, Vandals, and other barbarians, led 
by Radagaisus. 













160 



A. D. 


406 TO 427 A. D. 


R.I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


406 


Tlie Vandals, Burgimdians, Siievi, aud Alani, 
ri'dss the Rhine, and settle in Ganl. 


4' 


1159 


296 2 


4410 


5119 


407 


Septeiidter 14th. Death of Ht. Chrysostoni, 
orthodox arehliishop of Constantinople. 


5-7 


1160 


296-3 


4411 


5120 


407 


The "Chronicle" of ()lymi)iodorns, the Greek 
historian, hegins at this date, heing a con- 
tinuation of that of Eunapius, which ends in 














404. ( l-^ee 425. ) 










408 


Death of Claudius Claudian (or, in full, 


G-7 


1161 296-* 


4412 


5121 




Claudianusl, distinguished Latin epic 














poet. 










409 


The Vandals, 8uevi, and Alani, enter Sjiain. 


7 ' 


1162 297-1 


4413 


5122 


410 


August 24th. Rome taken and plundered by 
the Visigoths, led l)y their king, Alaric. 


s-"? 


1163 


2972 


4414 


5123 


410 


Zosinius, (ireek pagan writer, ends his history 
at this date. 












412 


The Vandals found their kingdom in Spain. 


10 7 


1165 


297-4 


4416 


5125 


413 


(Jundicar (or Condicaire) founds the kingdom 


11-7 


1166 298-1 


4417 


5126 




(if Burgundy in Alsace. 












414 


Adolphus founds the kingdom of the Goths in 
Spain. 


12-7 


1167 


298 2 


4418 


5127 


415 


.Mui'der of Hypatia, heathen, Alexandrian lady, 
celebrated as a mathematician and teacher 
of Neo-Platonic philosophy. 


137 


1168 


2983 


4419 


5128 


420 


Septendier 30tli. Death of St. Jerome (Hier- 
onymus), learned Latin father of the 


3- 

8th 
Cycle. 


1173 


299-4 


4424 


5133 




Church, author of the "Vulgate"; age 90. 












( See 405. ) 












420 


Talladius, i)isliop of Heleuopolis, writes his 
"IIist(n'ia Lausiaca." 












420 


Kingdom of h'rance begins on the lower Iiliiue, 
under Pharamond. 












422 


Incursions of Huns in Thrace, under Roas or 
Rugilas. (Ac. Blair. ) 


58 


1175 


300-2 


4426 


5135 


425 


I'hilostorgius, an Arian writer, ends his ec- 
clesiastical history at this date. ( Not ex- 
tant. ) 

Olympiodorus, Greek historian, ends his his- 


88 


1178 


301-1 


4429 


5138 


425 














tory at this date. ( See 407. 1 












425 


A synod at Carthage forbids appeals to the 
bishop of Rome. (Ac. Blair. ) 












426 


The Romans leave Bi-itain never to return, 
advising the Britons to arm and protect 
themselves against invaders. 


9-8 


1179 


301-2 


4430 


5139 


427 


The Rcmians recover Pannonia from the Huns. 


10 8 


1180 


301-3 


4431 


5140 



IGl 



A. D. 


428 TO 43!t A. D. 


H.l. 


A.r. C. OIA'M. A. M 


J. p. 


428 


Ncstoi'ius elected Patriarch of Coustantinople, 


11-8 


1181 301-4 4432 


5141 




iutrodiicos the Xestoriau heresy, teaching 












tiiat our Lord had two distinct natures, 














and that the B. V. M. was tlie niotlier of 














His human nature, and not of Ilis divine 














nature; and hence was not tlie "Motlier of 














(iod." 












4l'l) 


Theodoret, bishop of Cyrus, in Syria, ends his 
"History of the Church" at this date. 


12-8 


1182 


302-1 


4433 


5142 


429 


Death of Theodorus, bishop of Mopsuesta, ec- 
clesiastical writer. 












430 


August 2Stli (during the siege of Hippo 1- 
Death of St. Augustine, illustrious Latin 
father of the Church, ecclesiastical writer, 
liishc]! of Hippo; age 75 years, 9 months, 
15 (lays. 


138 


1183 


302 2 


4434 


5143 


431 


Third <]'jcunienical Council of the Church, at 


14-8 


1184 


302-3 4435 


5144 




Ephesus, denounces the Nestorian heresy. 














( See 428. ) The council is presided over by 














Cyril, archliishop of Alexandria. 












431 


Painted crosses in churches and cluunliers 
first introduced about this time. (Ac. 
Haydn. ) 












433 


Advent Sunday first observed. (Ac. T. 


1- 


1186 


303-1 


4437 


5146 


433 


Smith.) 
Attila, called "The Scourge of God," and Rleda 
suc<'e('d their uncle, Kugilas, king of the 
Huns, and dictate terms of peace to the East- 
ern I'^midre. 


9th 
Cycle. 










435 


The emperor Theodosian \l. appoints sixteen 
commissi(Miers to collect all the Rcunan 
edicts and constitutions from the time of 
Constantiue, and to compile the Theodo- 
sian Code as the Law of the Empire. (See 
438.) 


3-9 


1188 


3033 


4439 


5148 


438 


The Theodosian Code completed, and i)romul- 
gated. (See 435.) 


6-9 


1191 


304-2 


4442 


5151 


439 


Battle of Thoulouse, in which Theod(UMc L, 
king of the N'isigoths, defeats the Ivomans. 


7-9 


1192 


304 3 


4443 


5152 


439 


Genseric, the Vandal, takes Carthage, and 
fouiuTs the kingdom of the Vandals in 
Africa. (October 19, ac. Blair; October 9, 
ac. Haydn. ) 












439 


Socrates, the Byzantine historian, ends his 
ecclesiastical history at this date. 













162 



A. D. 


439 TO 455 A. D. 


R.I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


4:!!i 


SozoiiuMi, (lix't'k historian, concludes liis ec- 
clesiastical history at this date. 


7-9 


1192 


3043 


4443 


5152 


140 


Doxologv of "Gloria Patri," etc., first used. 


8-9 


1193 


304-4 


4444 


5153 




(Ac. T. Smith.) 










444 


Death of St. Cyril II., bishop of Alexandria. 


12-9 


1197 305-4 


4448 


5157 


44(1 


Constantinople devastated by fire, famine, and 


14-9 


1199 306 2 


4450 


5159 




l)eslilence. 












44(; 


The Britons appeal in vain to Aetius, Roman 
jicncral, for assistance against the Picts and 
Scots. 












446 


Leo I. (The Great) endeavors to assert the 
su]ir<'ina(y of the Roman pontiff over all 
other bishops. 












447 


Attila, suruamed "Scourge of God," king of the 
Huns, ravages tiie Roman Empire. 


15-9 


1200 306-3 


4451 


5160 


448 


Synod of Constantinople denounces the doc- 


1- 


1201 306-4 


4452 


5161 




trine of Eutyches as heretical. 


10th 
Cycle. 












N. B. — Eutyches, in oppositiini to the Nesto- 














riau heresy, taught that Christ had only one 














nature, the hunuin being absorbed in the 














divine. (See 151 and 515. ) 












44!t 


TJie Saxons, led by Hengist and Horsa, land 
in Britain, having been invited thither by 
\'ortigeru, a British prince, to assist in 
driving thence the Picts and Scots. 


o-lO 


1202 


307-1 


4453 


5162 


14!t 


Tile "Robbers' Synod," held at Epliesus, ap- 
prove the Eutychian heresy. 












149 


May 5th. Death of St. Hilary, bishop of 
Aries. 












151 


Battle of Chalons-sur-Mariie. in whicli Attila 


4-10 


1204 307 3 


4455 


5164 




the Ilun is defeated l)y Aetius, tlie Roman 














general. 












151 


Eourth Q']cumenical (J'ouncil, at Chalcedon, 
annuls the acts of "Robbers' Synod," and 














coudenins as heretics Eutyches and his fol- 












lowers, known as Eutychians or iMonophy- 














sites. 1 See 545 and 448. ) 












151' 


City of \'enice founded. 


5-10 


1205 


307-4 


4456 


5165 


152 


Attihi invades Italy, destroys the city of 
Acpiileia, and is jiaid a large sum of money 
by the emperor, through the medium of Leo 














I., bishop of Rome, to retire from Italy. 




j 






153 


Death of Attila the Hun. (See 447.) 


6-10 


1206 308-1 


4457 


5166 


155 


Rome taken and plundered by the Vandals, 
under Genseric. 


8-10 


1208 308-3 

1 


4459 


5168 



163 



A. D. 


455 TO 481 A. D. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


455 


Horsa, Baxon chief, brother of Hengist, slain 
in battle. 


8-10 


1208 


308-3 


4459 


5168 


456 


The Order of Angelic Knights of Ht. George 
instituted in Greece. 


9-10 


1209 


308-4 


4460 


5109 


457 


Battle of Crayford, in which the Saxons, led by 
Ilengist, defeat the Britons. 


10-10 


1210 


309-1 


4461 


5170 


457 


Hengist the Saxon founds the kingdom of Kent 
in Britain, the first of the Heptarchy, or 
seven kingdoms of the Saxons. 












457 


The coronation first performed by a bishop, 
when Majorianus is crowned at Constanti- 
nople. 












460 


Prosper, of Aquitaine, zealous orthodox theo- 
logian and writer, flourishes. 


13-10 


1213 


309-'^ 


4464 


5173 


460 


Moses, of ( "horeue, Armenian bishop, author of 
Armenian history, flourishes. 












460 


September 1st. Death of St. Simeon Stylites, 
Syrian hennit and ascetic, who lived for 
years on the top of a iiillar, whence he 
preached to the people, who came from afar 
to see him. 












461 


Painted crucifixes first introduced. (Ac. T. 


14-10 


1214 


3101 


4465 


5174 




Smith.) 










463 


Victorius invents the Paschal Cycle or time of 


1- 1216 


310-3 


4467 


5176 




keeping Easter, computing the time for 532 


11th 

C.vcle. 












years. 












466 


Battle of Ipswich, between the Britcms and 
Saxons. 


4-11 


1219 


311-2 


4470 


5179 


469 


Rogation Days first appointed to be kept by the 
Church. (Ac. Haydn.) 


7-11 1222 


312-1 


4473 


5182 


472 


November 6th. Eniption of Mt. Vesuvius 
plainly seen at Constantinople. 


10-11 


1225 


3124 


4476 


5185 


475 


The introduction of Hebrew points as at 
present used. 


13-11 


1228 


313 3 


4479 


5188 


476 


The Heruli, a fierce nation from Northern 
Euroi)e, led by Odoacer, overthrow the A\'est- 
ern Empire, and found in its stead (he king- 
dom of Italy, of which Odoacer is the first 


14-11 


1229 


313-4 


4480 


5189 


477 


king. 
-Ella, Saxon chief, brings his army from Ger- 
many, and lands in Southern Britain. 


15-11 


1230 


314-1 


4481 


5190 


4S0 


An earthquake at Constantinople continues at 
intervals for forty days, and does much dam- 


3- 

12th 
Cycle. 


1233 


314-4 


4484 


5193 




age to the city. 




1 






481 


Horseshoes first made of iron. 


4-12 


1234 


315-1 


4485 


5194 



164 



A. D. 


484 TO 506 A. D. 


K.I. 


A. u. c. 


OLYM. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


484 


Felix III., bishop of Komi', aud Acaoius, patri- 
arch of Coustautiuople, nmtually excom- 
municate each otlier, whicli begins the 
schism between the Eastern aud ^^'estern 


7-12 


1237 


315" 


4488 


5197 




Cliurch. 










485 


Battle of Mearcnedsburn, between tlie Saxons, 
under .l]lla, and tlie Britons. 


8-12 


1238 316-1 


4489 


5198 


485 


April 17th. Death of Proclus, eminent Greek 
Neo-Platonic philosopher; age 73. 












486 


Battle of Soissons, in Avhich Clovis I., king 


9-12 


1239 316-2 


4490 


5199 




of the Franks, defeats the Komau general, 














Syagrius. 












487 


Alichaelmas, or Church Feast of t^t. :Michael 
aud All Angels, instituted. 


10-12 


1240 316-3 


4491 


5200 


4!I0 


Kingdom of Sussex (South Saxonv), seccmd of 
I he Heptarchy, founded by J'^lla. 


13-12 


1243 317-2 


4494 


5203 


493 


The Ostrogoths, uuder Theodoric, defeat the 
Heruli, under Odoacer; and take from 
them the kingdom of Italy. Odoacer sur- 
renders, aud is killed by order of The- 
odoric. 


1- 

1 .-llh 
Cycle. 


1246 


318-1 


4497 


5206 


495 


Saxons laud in Britain, at Cerdicsore, in Dor- 
setshire, led by Cerdic and his sou Kenric, 
who, t\\enty-four years later, found there the 
kingdom of Wessex (West Saxony. ) 


3-13 


1248 


3183 


4499 


5208 


496 


Pope Gelasius com'enes a council, which separ- 
ates the Canonical from the Apocry]ihal 
Books of the Scriptures. (Ac. Haydn.) 
(494, ac. Blair.) 


4-13 


1249 


318-4 


4500 


5209 


496 


Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis I., king of the 
Franks, vows that if the God of his wife, 
Clotilda, will give him the victory over the 
.:VIlemanni, he will l)elieve in Him, and be 
baptized. He gains the battle. 












496 


December 25th. Clovis keeps his vow, aud is, 
with his army, baptized at Rheims liy the 
archbishop Kemi or Bemigius. 












501 


Burgiindian Code (the Loi Gombette) promul- 
gated by Ciondebaud, king of Burgundy. 
(Date ac. Blair aud Lempriere; March 29, 
502, ac. Haydn.) 


9-13 


1254 


320-1 


4505 


5214 


504 


Com])letion of the Babylonian Talmud 


12-13 


1257 


320-4 


4508 


5217 


to 


("Talmud Babli"), begun by Rabbis Asshi 












506 


and Rabina. (See Note B; also 141 and 

320.) 













165 



A.D. 


505 TO 534 A. D. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


ULYM. A.M. 


J. p. 


505 


Church of St. Genevieve founded at Paris. 
(Ac. T. Smitli.) 


13-13 


1258 


321-1 


4509 


5218 


507 


Battle of Vougle, near Poitiers, in wliicli 
Alaric II., the Visisoth, is defeated and slain 
li.y Clovis I., king of the Franlcs, who adds 
Aquitaiue to his kingdom. 


15-13 


1260 


321-3 


4511 


5220 


508 


Clovis I., the king of the Franks, is defeated l)V 
Theodoric the Great of Italy, at the battle of 
Aries. 


1- 

l-Jth 
Cycle. 


1261 


321-4 


4512 


5221 


510 


Clovis I. makes Paris the capital of his king- 
dom. 


3-14 


12G3 


322-2 


4514 


5223 


511 


November 271 h. Death of Clovis I. Kingdom 
of I'rance divided between his four sons. 


4-14 


1264 




3223 


4515 


5224 


512 


Death of Genevieve, patron saint of Paris. 


5-14 


1265 


322-4 


4516 


5225 


516 


The Christian Era first computed and inti*o- 
duced into Italy by the monk Dionysius 
Exiguus. He erroneously places the date 
of our Lord's birth A. IT. C. 753, upon 
which he bases the Vulgar Era. (See Note 


914 


1269 


323* 


4520 


5229 


517 


3-<P. C.)__ / 
The I'cnowned Arthur, of "The Knights of the 
Ikound Table" fame, is elected king of A^'ales, 
and reigns until 535. 


10-1^ 


1270 


324-1 


4521 


5230 


51!) 


The king(h)m of Wessex, third of the Saxon 
ITe])tarohy, founded by Cerdic, a Saxon 
chief. (See 405.) 


12-14 


1272 


324 3 


4523 


5232 


527 


The kingdom of Essex, or East Saxony. fourHi 
of the Heptarchy, founded in I'.ritain by 
Erchenwin. 


5- 

1.5th 
Cycle. 


1280 


3263 


4531 


5240 


528 


Violent earth(|uake at Athens. 


6-15 


1281 


326* 


4532 


5241 


52S 


Oaths first taken on the Gospels. (Ac. T. 
Smith.) 












520 


St. Benedict, originator of the Order of Bene- 
dictine Monks, founds his monastery at 
Monte Casino, in Campania. 


7-15 


1282 


327-1 


4533 


5242 


520 


April 7th. Justinian I., em]ier()r of the East, 
promulgates Ins celebrated Code ("Justin- 
ian Code" ) . 












530 


Ilesychius, of Miletus, celebrated Greek his- 
torian, flourishes. 


8-15 


1283 


327 2 


4534 


5243 


533 


The digest of the Justinian Code publislK'd. 


11-15 


1286 


328-1 


4537 


5246 


534 


Gelimer, last king (»f the Vandals, defeated 
and taken prisoner by Belisarius, Roman 
general. Africa again becomes a Ponian 
province. 


12-15 


1287 


328 2 


4538 


5247 



1(56 



A. D. 


545 TO 575 A. D. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


OLYM. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


545 


•J:u'i)lin8 I!ara<l;i'us, liisliop of Edi^ssa, founds 


8- 


121!8 


3311 


4549 


5258 




tlic liei't'tical sect of .lacoldtes, teachium- the 


16th 1 
Cycle. 1 










doctrine of tlie Moiiopliy.sites. (Ac. Blair.) 












(See 451 and 448.) 












547 


Iviii.i;do]ii of Xortliuml)rla, fiftli of tlie Ilep- 
tarcliy, founded by Ida, a brave Sa.vou. 


10-16 1300 


3313 


4551 


5260 


550 


Polaud liecouies a ducliy, its first dnlce beinj^' 


13-16 


1303 


332 2 


4554 


5263 




Leclius I. 










551 


Silkworms and tlie manufacture of silk tii-st 
intro(luc<'d in(o Euroi)e from India. 


14-16, 1304 


332 3 


4555 


5264 


553 


End of the kingdom of the Ostroooths. Teias, 
their last king, defeated and slain in battle 
l)y Narsi^s, the (Sreek general. 


1- 1306 

17th 
Cycle. 


3331 


4557 


5266 


553 


Fifth Gicnmenical Council, the second liclil at 












555 


Constantinople. 
Water-mills, used for _i;rindinn corn, inven(ed 


317 


1308 


3333 


4559 


5268 


558 


liy Belisarius, .Instinian's "general. 
Devastatin^ii- ]»la;iue betiins in Eurojte, and 


,;-17 


1311 


3342 


4562 


5271 




spreads throni^h Asia and Africa, continnini; 










560 


many years. 
(About.) Translation of the celebrate<l I*il- 


8-17 


1313 


334-4 4564 


5273 




]>ay fables of India, made under the ans- 










]»ices of ('iKisroes (or Khosroo), Persian 






' 






monarch. 








560 


Ethelbert becomes kinin of Ivent, in Britain. 








565 


( See 575. ) 
Colnndia, Irish saint (called "The Ajiostle of 


K^-i"? 1318 


336-1 4569 


5278 




the IIii;hlanders'" ), visits Scotland, where 












he preaches Christianity, and founds a mon- 








568 


astery in lona. 
The Lombards from I'annonia, under Albuin, 

found the kingdom of Londiardy, in North 

Italy. They establish tlieir ca]dtal at 

Pavia. 
Birth, at ^Nlecca, of ^lohammed, the im]ioster. 


1- 

KSth 
Cycle. 


1321 


336-'! 4572 


5281 


571 


4-18 


1324 


33-3 4575 


5284 




(Authorities are divided between the dates 












56!) and 571 ; but the majority iiive the 










575 


preference to 571.) 
Ethelbert, kinc,- of Kent, marries Bertha, a 
Christian Parisian princess, who (ac. Ilnme) 
brings with her to the court of Canterbury a 
French bishop, and does all in her power 
to convert Ethelliert and his snbjects to 
('hristianity. 


8-18 


1328 


338-3 4579 

1 


5288 



167 



A. D. 



575 TO 60S A. D. 



H. I. 



A. tr. C. 



OLYM. 



A.M. 



.1. p. 



575 Uffa founds the kingflom of East Anglia, as- 
sniuing the title of king. (Sixth kingdom 
of the Heptarchy.) 

578 SI. ('(.luiiiliaiius founds his monastery at ]>uxo- 
viuni. (Ac. Blair.) 

578 Anchitrs tirst forged in England. 

580 The gaiiic of chess introduced into I'ersia from 
India by Huzurg IMiliir. (Ac. I'.laii'. ) 

581 Latin ceases to lie the language in Italy. 
586 Cridda, a chieftain, founds the kingdom of 

^Mercia ( comi>rising the midland counties 
(if l>ritain), the seventh and last kingdom of 
the lleptarchy. 

593 Evagrius concludes and imlilishes his eccle- 
siastical history in Greek. 

507 .June !)th. Death of St. Colundia, "Apostle of 
tlie Highlanders." 

597 St. Augustine (Austin) and other monks, sent 
hy (iregory I. (The Great), arrive in Britain. 
They comjilete the conversion of Ethelhert, 
king of Kent (third Bretwalde of the Hep- 
tarchy), and his subjects, already hegnu by 
his Christian wife. Bertha, the Parisian jirin- 
cess. ( See 575. ) 

599 Death of Anastasius, sixty-first and last bishop 
or patriarch of Antioch. He was a zealous 
defender of the orthodox faith. 

599 1 (Jregory I., the Great, adds notes to the Am- 

to brosian Chant, and introduces into the 

G(J2 Church services what is since known as the 

(Jregxirian chant. (See 350. ) 

002 Cathedral of Canterbury founded by St. Au- 
gustine, the monk. (Austin.) 

G04 The Church of St. Paul, London, built by 
Ethelhert, Octarch or Bretwalde of the 
Saxon Heptarchy. 

GOG (<ir (>07; disputed date.) Supremacy of the 
bisho]) of Rome and the monojxdy of the title 
Pope is ccmceded to Boniface II L, by Phocas, 
emperor of the East. ( See 138. ) 

G08 The Pantheon at Eome (built by Agrip])a ; see 
27 B. C.) is dedicated by Pope Boniface IV. 
to the "Blessed Virgin and all the Saints," 
naming it "Santa Maria ad Martyres'' 
(o della Rotonda). 



168 



818 


1328 


11-18 


1331 


13-18 


1338 


14-18 


1334 


-4- 


1339 


19tli 
Cycle. 

1 




11-19 


1346 


15-i« 


1350 


2- 


1352 


20th 
Cycle. 




5-20 


1355 


7-20 


1357 


9-20 


1359 


11-20 


1361 



338 3 
339-2 

3894 

340-1 
341-2 

843-1 
344-1 



4579 5288 



4582 



4584 

4585 
4590 



4591 



5291 



5298 

5294 
5299 



5306 



4601 5310 



844 3 



4603 5312 



345-2 4606 
845-4 4608 



846-2 



4610 



346 4 4612 



5315 
5317 

5319 
5321 




< 

Ml 

I 
t- 

_l 
-I 
< 

o 

z 
< 

> 

DC 

< 



o 2 

Q z 

t^ < 

< Q 

O 

5 < 

lU g 

O U3 
- Ill 

Z tu 
O CO 
UJ 

I 

H 

z 
< 

HI 

I 
I- 



o 

DC 
HI 

H 

z 



169 



610 TO 01. 1 A. D. 



K.I. A.LT.C. OLYM 



A.M. 



J. P. 



010 ^loliamnied, the iiiiposter, aniiomices him- 
self as a prophet, aud begins to teach Is- 
lam ism. 

010 .Alohammed produces the Koran (written in 
Koreish-Arabie), in the coniposint>' of 
which he was assisted by a Jew, a Jacobite, 
and a Nestorian. lie pretends to have re- 
ceived it from time to time during twenty- 
three 3'ears, from the angel Gabriel. 

Oil Conquests of Chosroes II., king of Persia, in 
Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor. 

013 The territories of the Franks are all again 
united under Clotaire II. (the Great), a 
great-grandson of Glovis I. 

614 Jerusalem taken by the Persians, and plun 
dered. The Holy Cross is taken away by 
Chosroes II., king of Persia. (See 328, 
022, 629, 042.) 

015 Death of St. Columbanus, Irish monk. 



13-20 



1- 

21st 
Cycle. 

9-21 



3-21 



1303 



347-2 I 4614 



14-20 i3,..i 



1366 



1307 



1368 



347-3 
348-1 

348-2 



4615 
4617 

4618 



5323 



348-3 4019 



5324 
5320 

5327 

5328 




JOAN OF ARC. 
SEE 1429, 1430, AND 1431 A. D. 



171 





PERIOD IV 


1 


■ 




622-1550 A. D. 






N 


. B. — For explanation of the Ileyira Era, as oakolated f 


>v this work, be sure to 


read Note H. 






The Olympiads beinsj- seldom used after this date, 


are now dropped from this 


work 


the llegira Era makin<;- a sixth caleulatioii in their stead. 


A. D. 


622 TO 636 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


CJi.' 


Miiiht of Mohammed, on the night of Thurs- 
day, Julj 15th, from Mecca to Medina, . 
where he is received as a prophet and 
prince. 


1 


10-2' 


1375 


4626 


5335 


{i-22 


The p]ra of the llegira, or Flight of Moham- 
med, commences from Friday, July 16th. 
{See Note H.) 












G22 


September 1-lth. Holy Cross having been car- 
ried a\yay by Chosroes, king of Persia, when 
he plundered Jerusalem, 611 A. I)., is recov- 
ered by Heraclius, emperor of the East, after 
defeating Chosroes in battle. ( See 328, 614, 
629, 642J 












625 


Sugar brought into Eui'ope from Asia. 


4 


13-21 


1378 


4629 


5338 






.hine 14 








626 


University of Cambridge, England, founded b^' 


5 


M-21 i 1379 


4630 


5339 




Sigebert, king of East Anglia. 


June 3 










620 


Heraclius visits Jenisalem, and solemnly re- 
places the Holy Cross on Mt. Calvary, Sep- 
tember 14th, the day since kept in the 
Church as the festival of the Exaltation of 
the Holy Cross (Exaltatio Crucis), com- 
monly called Holy Cross Day. (See 328, 
614, 622, and 642. ) 


8 

May 1 


2. 

22d 
Cycle. 


1382 


4633 


5342 


62!) 


Mohammed concjuer.s Mecca. 












629 


The Christians defeated by Mohammed, at the 
battle of :\[uta. 












632 


Monday, June Sth. Death of Mohammed, at 
Medina. 


11 

.Mai-. :U 


5-22 


1385 


4636 


5345 


632 


Mohammed is succeeded by Abu-Bekr, the 
Caliph. 












636 


Parish boundaries first fixed in England by 
Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury. 


15 

i>b. in 


9-22 


1389 


4640 


5349 



172 



A. D. 


637 TO «76 A. D. 


HEG. 


E. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


G37 


Jerusalem takeu by the Saraceuw, uuder 
Caliph Omar. They retaiu possession of the 
Holy City 4G2 years, until retaken hy the 
crusaders. (See lODl). ) 


16 

Feb. 5 


10-22 


1390 


4641 


5350 


G40 


The second cycle of the Hegira Era begins this 
year. The two Mohammedan New Year's 
Days are January 4th, and December 24th. 
( See Note H. ) 


19 
and 
20 


13-22 


1393 


1644 


5353 


G42 


The festival of Holy Cross Day, September 
14th, established by the Church. (Ac. 
Haydn.) (See 328, 614, 622, 62<».) 


22 

Dec. 2 


15-22 


1395 


4646 


5355 


G4(> 


October 16th. Death of St. (Jail, native of 
Ireland, known as "The Apostle of the 
Swiss," and founder of St. (Jail's monastery 
in the Canton. .Et. 95. 


26 

Oct. 19 


4- 

23rd 
Cycle. 


1399 


4650 


5359 


651 


Kingdom of Persia finally subdued by the 
Saracens. 


31 

Aug. 25 


9-23 


1404 


4(]a5 


5364 


G53 


Rhodes taken by the Saracens. The Colossus 
finally destroyed, and sold by the Saracens 
as old metal. ( See Note 9, section (J ; also 
224 B. C. ) 


33 

Aug. 3 


11-23 


1406 


4657 


5366 


G58 


Organs first brought into Italy from the East- 
ern Empire, and their use in the services of 
the Western Church first introduced by Pope 
Vitalianus. (See 757.) 


38 

June 10 


1- 

24th 
Cycle. 


1411 


4(i62 


5371 


663 


Vitalianus, the pope, enjoins the services of the 
Church to be read in Latin throughout all 
Christendom. (Ac. Blair.) 


43 

April 17 


6-24 


1416 


4667 


5376 


G70 


Stone buildings are introduced into England, 
and first erected by Benedict Biscop, an 
abbot of Wearmouth. 


50 

Feb. 1 


1324 


1123 


4674 


5383 


G70 


Upon the death of Childeric II., Ebroin, 
mayor of the palace, ])ro<-laims Theodoric 
or Thierry III. as king of Neustria and 
Burgundy. 












672 


The third cycle of the Hegira Era begins this 
year. The two ^lohammedan New Year's 
Days are January 10th and Decendier 30th. 
( See Note H. ) 


52 
and 
53 


15-24 


1425 


4676 


5385 


G73 


The Saracens attacking Constantinople, their 
fieet is destroyed liy the (Jreek fire, invented 
by Callinicus. 


54 

Dec. 20 


1- 

2oth 
< ycle. 


U-2Cy 


4677 


53S6 


G76 


(JIass first brought into England by a monk, 
Benedict Biscop. 


57 

Nov. 17 


4-25 


1429 


4680 


5389 



173 



A. D. 



680 TO 713 A. D. 



HEG 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



080 
680 

080 

nso 

087 
692 

695 

(i!)n 



697 

700 

703 
705 
713 



Bells imported from Italy to England by 
Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wearmouth. 
(See 400, 945.) 

Sixth (Ecumenical Council of the Church, or 
third Council of Constantinople, when the 
condemnation of the Monothelite heresy is 
confirmed. 

Death of C;edmon, a monk at Whitby, early 
Anglo-Saxon poet, styled "The l'\ither of 
English Song." 

Death of St. Hilda, grand-niece of Edwin, 
king of Northumbria, and abbess of the 
convent of Whitby. 

Agnus Dei (() Lamb of God, etc.,) appointed 
in the Litany. 

Bede, the celebrated historian, is made dea- 
con by John, bishop of York. (Ac. Blair.) 
( See 703, 731, and 738. ) 

Si.xteeuth Council of Toledo, when a form of 
prayer for the sovereign and his family is 
first ordained. (Ac. Blair.) 

Abdal-melik coins the first Arabian money. 
Somyor, a Jew, is his mint master. (Ac. 
Blair. ) 

I'Vstival of the Nativity of the B. V. M. insti- 
tuted by Pope Sergius. (Date ac. T. 
Smith.) (About 690; but not observed in 
France or Germany until about 1000 A. D., 
and not kept by the Greek Church until 
some time in the twelfth century, ac. 
Haydn. ) 

The Venetians elect their first Doge, Anafes- 
tus. 

Cracus, elected duke of Poland, builds the 
city of Cracow with the spoils taken from 
the Franks. 

Bede, the celebrated English monk, and ec- 
clesiastical writer, surnamed "The Vener- 
able," is ordained priest; age 30. (See 
092, 731, and 738. ) 

The fourth cycle of the Hegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 0th and Decem- 
ber 26th. (See Note H.) 

Spain conquered by the Saracens. 



174 



61 

Oct. 5 



8-25 



1433 



4684 



5393 



68 15-25 1440 

July 111 

73 5- 1445 

.\I.iy i;S 26th i 
Cycle. I 

74 0-26 1446 

May 17 



4691 
4696 

4697 



76 

.April L'5 



8-26 , 1448 



78 

April 3 

81 

Mar. 2 



84 

Jan. 28 



86 

and 

87 

95 

Sept. 30 



10-26 I 1450 
13-26 1453 



7th 



3-27 



11-27 



1456 



1458 



1466 



5400 
5405 

5406 



4699 5408 



4701 


5410 


4704 


5413 


4707 


5416 


4709 


5418 


4717 


5426 



721 TO 749 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1'21 Egbert, abbot of lona, translates the four 
Gospels into Anglo-Saxon. Egbert was 
made archbishop of York in 732. 

722 Iva Vidfanie, a petty Scandinavian prince, 
conquers Upsal, and founds a kingdom, 
which afterwards becomes Sweden. (Ac. 
Blair.) 

726 Leo III., the Isaurian, emperor of the East, 
I issues his first edict against the worship 
\ of images in churches. His edict is op- 
posed by the Greek patriarch, and the 
pope. 

727 "Peter's Pence" presented by Ina, king of the 

\^'est Saxons, to the pope, for the endow- 
ment of an English college at Rome. So 
1 called because it was to be paid annually 
on the feast of St. Peter. The tax of one 
penny was levied on all families having 
thirty jience yearly rent in land. 

7ol rJede the Venerable concludes his "Historia 
Ecclesiastical." (See ()92, 703, 735.) 

732 October 10th. Charles, "Mayor of the Pal- 
ace" (and king of France in all but title), 
gains a great signal victory over the Sara- 
cens, at the "Battle of T(mrs," and so 
saves Europe from the Mohanimedans, and 
receives the name Martel, i. e. Hammer. 

732 Pope Gregory III. issues an edict establish- 
ing the worship of images, and excommuni- 
cating the emperor Leo III., and all Icono- 
clasts. 

735 May 2<ith. Death of Bede, the learned eccle- 
siastical historian, and translator; age 62. 
(See692, 703, 731.) 

738 The fifth cycle of the Hegira Era begins this 
I . year. The two Mohammedan New Year's 
Days are January 1st, and December 21st. 
( See Note n. ) 

742 April 2d. Birth of Charlemagne, son of 
Pepin, of I'rance, and grandson of Charles 
Martel. 

749 Merwan, last of tlie Ommiyade dynasty of 
Caliphs, is defeated byAl)Oo-l-Al)biis-Abdal- 
lah (written also Abu-1-Abbas), descend- 
ant of Mohammed's paternal uncle. Abbas. 



103 

July 6 

104 

June L'5 



108 

May 12 



109 

.May 1 



113 

Mar. 19 

114 

Mar. 8 



117 

Feb. 3 

120 
and 
121 

125 

Nov. 9 

132 

.\ug. 24 



4- 

28th 
Cycle. 



9-2S 



10-28 



14-28 
15-28 



20th 
Cycle, 



10-29 



.SOth 
Cycle. 



1474 



4725 



5434 



528 1475 472r, 5435 



1479 



1480 



1484 
1485 



4730 



2- 1502 4753 



5439 



4731 5440 



4735 5444 

4736 5445 



1488 ' 4739 5448 
6-29 1491 4742 5451 



1495 4746 5455 



5462 



175 



A. D. 


750 TO 7S7 A. 1). 


HGO. 


H I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


750 
752 


Death of .Merwun. Alphas hej^ius the Abbas- 
side dynasty of Caliplis. 

Pepin (son of Cliarles Martel), mayor of tiie 
palace, deposes Childerio III., last of tbe 
Jlei'ovinjuian line, and makes himself king 
of l-Yance. First of tbe Carlovingian line. ' 


133 

Aug. 13 

135 

July 21' 


3-30 

5-30 


1503 
1505 


4754 
4756 


5463 
5465 


757 


I'irst organ known in France is sent by Con- 
stant ine, emperor of the l^ast, to Pepin, 
king of I'rance, and tliere applied to relig- 


140 

May 29 


1030 


1510 


4761 


5470 


7G2 


ions nse in tbe ( 'burcb services. ( See ()58. ) 

The ceb'lirated city of Bagdail is built by Al- 

Mansonr, rlic Invincilib', tlie second Caliiib 

of the Abbasside dynasty. lie makes Bag- 


145 

April 5 


15-30 


1515 


4766 


5475 


770 


dad the seat of the Caliphate. 
Tiie sixth cycle of the Uegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 


153 
and 


8- 

31st 
Cycle. 


1523 


4774 


5483 




Year's Days are January 7th and Decem- 
ber 2S(h. (See Note H.r 


154 








774 


Charlemagne obtains the surrender of Pavia, 
after a long siege, and takes prisoner his 
divorced wife's father, Desiderius, king of 
the Lombards, and annexes Lombardy to 
his own domains, himself taking the title 


158 

Nov. 14 


12-31 


1527 


4778 


5487 


775 


of King of Lombardy. 
Offa, king of IMercia, constructs his great 
dyke on the borders of ^^'aIes. 


159 

Nov. 3 


13-31 


1528 


4779 


5488 


78 i 


The Commandments, Creed, and Lord's 
Prayer translated into the Saxon lan- 
guage. (Ac. T. Smith.) 


165 

Aug. 30 


4 

32d 

Cycle. 


1534 


4785 


5494 


783 


Danes first appear on the coast of England. 

( See 787. ) 


167 

Aug. 8 


6-32 


1536 


4787 


5496 


785 


Witikind, Saxon chief, submits to Charle- 
magne. 


1G9 

July 17 


8-32 


1538 


4789 


5498 


780 


Accession, as Caliph of Bagdad, of the re- 
nowned Ilaroun-al-Raschid, the most pow- 
erful and famous sovereign of the cele 
brated dynasty of the Abbassides. (The 
Caliph of the "Arabian Nights.") 


170 

July 7 


9-32 


1539 


4790 


5499 


787 


Second Nicene Council, or seventh and last 
general or CEcumenical Council of the 
Church, decrees that reverence (not divine 
worship) shall be paid to all sacred images, 
crosses, etc. ; and condemns tbe Icono- 
clasts, }'. c. image-breakers. 


171 

June 26 


10-32 


1540 


4791 


5500 



176 



787 TO 813 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



r87 Danes laud near Purbeck, Dorset, having 
made their first hostile appearance upon 
the English coast in 783. Bands of Danes 
from three ships attack England for the 
first time. 

790 Trumpets first sounded before the king, in 
I the reign of Offa, king of Mercia. 

793 ' St. Alban's Abbey, or monastery, is founded 

1)3' Uffa, the king of Mercia, iu memorial 
of Britain's proto-martyr, St. Alban. 

794 University of Paris founded by Charlemagne. 
794 Eaguar Lodbrok, famous legendary hero of 

the Northmen, defeated at Wearmouth, 
and slain. (Ac. Blair. ) 

799 The pojje, Leo III., driven frt)m Kome by an 

insurrection, is re-established in the Papal 
See, by Charlenmgne. 

800 December 25th. Charlemagne crowned Em- 

perorof the West, by Pope LeoIII.,at Kome. 

801 Keys of Jerusalem, and many valuable pres- 
I ents, sent to Charlenmgne by Haroun-al- 
j Raschid, celebrated Caliph of Bagdad. 

803 The seventh cycle of the Hegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 
[ Year's Days are January 3d and December 
23d. (See Note H.) 

808 The first l)ank is established by some Lom- 

I)ard Jews, in Italy. This was at first a 
bench (banco) erected in the market-place, 
for the exchange of money. (See 1157. ) 

809 The Order of Knights of St. Andrew, or 
"Order of the Thistle," first instituted in 
Scotland by Achaius I. (See Note I.) 

812 Martinmas, or Festival of St. Martin, bishop 
of Tours, (observed November 11th,) first 
instituted. 

813 Charlemagne calls the five Councils (of 
Aries, Chalons, Rheims, Mentz, and 
T(mrs), to regulate the discipline of the 
Church. (Ac. Blair.) 

813 The Feast of the Epiphany (the Manifesta- 
tion of Christ to the Gentiles, or the Visit 
of the Three Wise Men) instituted. It was 
formerly observed only as the last or 
twelfth day of the Christmas feast. 



171 

June 'JO 



174 

May 24 

j 177 

lAprll 22 

178 
April n 



183 

Feb. 16 



10-32 



13-32 



33rd 
Cycle. 

2-33 



7-33 



1540 



4791 5500 



1543 
1546 

1547 



4794 5503 

4797 ! 5506 

4798 5507 



184 


S-33 


1553 


Feb. 5 






185 


g-33 


1554 


Jan. 25 






187 


11-33 


1556 


and 






188 






193 


1- 


1561 


Oct. 30 


34tli 
Cycle. 




194 


234 


1562 


Oct. 19 






197 


5-34 


1565 


.Sept. 17 






198 


6-34 


1566 


.Sept. C 







1552 4803 5512 

4804 5513 

4805 5514 

4807 : 5516 



4812 5521 



4813 5522 



4816 5525 



4817 5526 



177 



814 TO 851 A, D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A.U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



814 January 2Sth. Death of Charlemagne; age 
71 years, 9 months, 26 days. ( See 742. ) 

816 Computation by the Christian Era begins to 
be used in England, having been used in 
Italy 291 years. 

827 Egbert the Great, king of Wessex, having 

subdued the other kingdoms of the Saxon 
Heptarchy, is the first sole king of Eng- 
land. 

828 June 2d. Death of Nicephorus, patriarch of 

Constantinople; author of "Byzantine His- 
tory." 
828 The festival of the Holy Trinity instituted 
by Pope Gregory IV. 

834 Kenneth II., son of Alpin, totally defeats the 

Picts, and becomes king of all Scotland. 

835 The eiglith cycle of the Hegira Era begins 

this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 9th and Decem- 
ber 29th. ( See Note H. ) 

835 The Church festival of All Saints' Day, in 
honor of the "Church Triumphant,'' is es- 
tablished by Gregory IV., and has since 
been observed November 1st. 

843 Treaty of Verdun. The Western Empire di- 
vided into kingdoms of Italy, France, and 
Germany, under the three sons of Louis 
le Debonnaire. Lothaire rules Italy ; Louis, 
the German, takes Germany ; and Charles 
the Bald has France. 

846 The Saracens advance as far as the walls of 
Rome. 

849 The monk Gottschalk condemned for teach- 
ing the heretical doctrine of absolute pre- 
destination. By the influence of Hincmar, 
archbishop of Rheims (to whom the monk 
had been sent when condemned by the 
Council of Mentz, the preceding year), 
Gottschalk is sentenced to be flogged, and 
to imprisonment for life. 

851 The Danes sail up the Thames in 350 ves- 
sels; land in Kent, and take Canterbury, 
and London. 

851 Ethelwolf, of England, totally defeats the 
Danes with great slaughter, in the battle 
of Ocklev. 



199 ! 7 34 1 1567 

Aug. 1^6 : I 

9-34 



201 

Aug. 4 



229 

Oct. 4 



1569 



212 5- 1580 

.Vpril e 35th 

Cycle. 



4818 
4820 

4831 



213 6-35 

Mar. 26 



1581 I 4832 



219 12-35 1587 4838 

Jan. 20 



5527 
5529 

5540 
5541 



220 13-35 : 1588 

and 

221 



6- 

30th 
Cycle. 



9-36 



232 

Sept. 1 

235 12-36 

July 30 



237 14-36 

Julys 



1596 



4839 



4847 



5547 

-,548 



5556 



1599 j 4850 



1602 



1604 



4853 



4855 



5559 
5562 



5564 



178 




o 

a 

t- 
< 

z 
o 

UJ 

I 
I- 
z 
< 

Q. 

ai 

I 
I- 



179 



A. I) 



860 TO 886 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. A. D. C. A. M. 



J. P. 



8G0 Iceland discovered by some Scandinavian or 

Norwejjiau chiefs. (Ac. Blair and others; 

about 801, ac. Haydn.) (See 874.) 

862 July 2d. Death of St Swithin, bishop of Win- 

cliesster. His festival is kept Julyl5th. (Ac. 

tradition, it rained for forty days Itecause 

of the proposed removal of his remains 

from the churchyard to the cathedral.) 

862 Rurik, a Scandinavian, invades Russia, de- 
feats the natives, and lays the foundation 
of the Russian Empire, making Novgorod 
his capital. 

863 Methodius and his brother, Cyril, undertake 
the conversion of the Moravians and Bul- 
garians. The l)rot])ers, some years later, 
translate the Gospels, Mass, and Psalter 

into Slavonic. 
868 ; The ninth cvcle of the Hegira Era begins this 

year. The two jMohammedan New Year s 

Days are January 5tli and December 25th. 
I (See Note H.) 
801) Fourth Council held at Constantinople, 

styled by the Church of Rome, the "Eighth 

fiencral Council." 

870 Tlie Bulgarians reject tlie supremacy of the 
])ope, and accept an archbishop fntm Igna- 
tius, patriai'ch of Constantinople. (Ac. 
Blair. ) 

871 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, encourages 
Charles the Bald to resist the authority as- 
sumed by the pojte over the bishops of 
France. (Ac. Blair. ) 

872 The royal crown first W(U'n in l^ugland Ity Al- 

fred the (treat. 

874 Iceland is colonized by the Norwegians. (See 

SCO. ) 

875 , Deatli of Erigena, English pliiloso])lier, and 

scholastic theologian; patronized in the 
court of France by Charles the Bald. 

878 Danes defeated at Eddington by Alfred the 
■ Creat. Guthrum, the Danish king, em- 
braces Christianity, and is baptized. 

880 Alfred the (Jreat is said to have founded the 
Schools of Oxford about this time, which 
are thought to be the origin of the Univer- 
sity of Oxford. (See 1240.) 



246 

April 2 

248 

Mar. 11 



249 

Mar. 1 



250 

Dec. 14 



Dec. 4 



258 

Nov. '2'6 



259 

Nov. 12 

261 

(Jet. 22 

1 262 

Oct. n 

265 

Sept. 8 



June 13 



37th 
Cycle. 



10-37 



11-37 



254 1- 

•111(1 38th 

and ^.y^.,g 
255 



0-38 



3-38 



4-38 



,-38 



8-38 



11-38 



4- 

.■?9th 
Cycle. 



1613 



1615 



4864 



4866 



1616 



4867 



1621 

1622 
1623 

1624 

1625 
1G27 

1628 

1631 
1639 



4872 

4873 

4874 

4875 

4876 

4878 
4879 

4882 
4890 



5573 



5575 



5576 



5581 

5582 
5583 

5584 

5585 
5587 

5588 

5591 
5599 



181 



A. D. 



887 TO 966 A. D. 



90 1 



91: 



955 

962 

965 



887 Alfred writes his Code of Laws, tlie founda- 
tiou of the Common Law of England. 

888 j Alfred the (Ireat begins his translations from 
I Latin into Anglo-lSaxon. 

888 Kiugdoni of Transjnrane Burgundy founded. 
891 The Creed, Lord's Prayer, and tlie Ten Com- 
mandments read in Enghind in the vulgar 
tongue. (Ac. T. t^mith. ) 
895 The I'rivy Council of England instituted by 

i Alfred the Croat. 
897 I Alfred Ihc (ireat, having ((mstiiictcd a imwcr- 
ful na\y, and signally defeated the Danes, 
near the Isle of ^\■igllt, succeeds in driving 
tlicni (;H from the c(»ast of p]nglaud, and 
puts an end to their incursions during his 
reign. 
The tenth cycle of the Hegira Era begins this 
year. The two Mohammedan New Year's 
Days are January 1st and December 20th. 
(See Note H.) 
Treaty between Charles the Simple, of 
r'rance, and Rollo, the Norwegian viking. 
Rollo enil)races Christianity, and receives 
from Charles the province of Normandy, 
of which Rollo becomes the first duke. 
983 The eleventh cvcle of the Ilegira p]ra begins 
this year. The two IMohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 7th and Decem- 
ber 27th. ( See Note H. ) 
First peal of bells in England introduced at 
Crowland Abbey, l)y Thurcytcl. (Ac. 
Blair; 960, ac. Haydn. ) See 400 and 680. 
St. Olga, regent of Russia, is baptized, and 

propagates Christianity in Russia. 
Luiti)rand, Lombard noble, one of the most 
learned men of his age, and bishop of Cre- 
mona, completes his valuable history of 
Europe, from 858 to 962. (Ac. Haydn.) 
October 11th. Death of Bruno the" Great, 
archbishop of Cologne. (Bruno the Great 
must not be confused with St. Bruno, of 
Cologne, the founder of the Carthusian 
, order of monks. ) ( See 1084. ) 
966 I The twelfth cycle of the Hegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's days are January 2d and December 
22(1. (See Note H.I 



HEG. 



li. r. lA.U.C. 



A. M. 



274 

June 2 

275 

May 2-2 



278 
April 20 



282 

Mar. 7 

284 

Feb. 14 



288 
and 
289 

300 

Aug. 23 



{ 821 

and 

: 322 

334 

\ug, IS 

344 

May 2 

351 

Feb. 15 



354 

Jan. 13 



855 
and 
856 



5-39 j ni.n) 4891 5600 



6-39 

9-39 

13-39 
15-39 



40th 
Cycle. 



15-40 



1G41 , 4892 



1644 

1648 
1650 



1654 



1665 



4895 

4899 
4901 



5601 
5604 

5608 
5610 



4905 



4916 



6- 1686 

42d J 
Cycle. ' 



8- 

43 rd 

Cycle, 



1698 



4937 



4949 



5614 



5625 



5646 



5658 



13-^3 1708 4959 5668 



5- 1715 

44th 
Cycle. 



8-44 



1718 



4966 



4969 



9-44 1719 



4970 



5675 



5678 



5679 



182 



,\. II. 


969 TO 998 A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


Witikiiid, abbot of Corvey, writes bis history 


359 


12'i* 


1722 


4973 


5682 




of the Saxons. (Ac. Blair.) 


Nov. 19 










IHIi) 


Cairo, or (irand Cairo, capital of Egypt, built 
by the Saracens. 












1)79 


Coronation oaths first administered to the 
kings of England by Dunstan, archbishop 
of Canterbury, to Ethelred. 


369 

Aug. 2 


7- 

45th 
Cycle. 


1732 


4983 


5692 


5)82 


Greenland discovered by Icelanders, led by 
Eric the Red, a Scandinavian navigator. 


372 

July 1 


10-45 


1735 


4986 


5695 


1)84 


Death of Roswitha, celebrated German poet- 
ess. (Date ac. Blair.) 


374 

June 9 


\2'i^ 


1737 


4988 


5697 


986 


]\Iiecislas, duke of Poland, is converted to 


376 


14-45 


1739 


4990 


5699 


to 


Christianity, and baptized. He is zealous 


May 18 










992 


in the promulgation of the Gospel through 
Poland. 












987 


Carlovingian line of French kings ends with 
the death of Louis V., May 21st. Capetian 
line begins with Hugh Capet. 


377 

May 7 


15-« 


1740 


4991 


5700 


988 


Vladimir, sovereign of Russia, having mar- 


378 


1- 


1741 


4992 


5701 




ried the Greek Christian princess Anna, is 


.\prll 27 


46tll 
Cycle. 


. 








converted, and promulgates Christianity 














throughout his empire, building churches 






, 








and sdiools. 












988 


May 19tli. Death of Dunstan, archbishop of 
Canterbury, afterwards canonized. 












991 


(ierbert, archbishop of Rheims (elected pope, 
Sylvester II., in 999), introduces into Eu- 
rope the use of the Arabic numerals : Ro- 
man numerals having previously been used 
in Europe. 


381 

Mar. 25 


4-46 


1744 


4995 


5704 


993 


Canonization, by papal authority, first intro- 
duced l»y Pope John XVI. 


383 

Mar. 3 


0-46 


1746 


4997 


5706 


99 a 


Cliristianity established in Norway by 
Olaf I. 


385 

Feb. 10 


8-46 


1748 


4999 


5708 


dim; 


Snidas, a Greek gi'ammariau, and author, 
writes his "Lexicon," which is an encyclo- 
l);edia of biography, literature, and geogra- 
pliy. This work is highly valued as a speci- 
men of literature of the tenth century, and 
on account of the quotations it contains 
from ancient writers whose works are lost. 
(Date ac. Blair.) 


386 
.ran. 30 


f)-46 


1749 


5000 


5709 


998 


The thirteenth cycle of the Hegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 8th and Decem- 
ber 28th. (See Note H.i 


388 
and 
389 


11-46 


1751 


5002 


5711 



183 



A. D. 


1000 TO 1035 A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. 


A. U. 0. 


A M. 


J. p. 


1000 


Paper first made of cotton. 


391 


13-46 


1753 


5004 


5713 


1000 


Archbishopric of Gnesna, in Poland, founded 
by Otho III., of Germany. 


Jan. 7 










1002 


November 13th, St. Brice's Day. General 


393 


15 •16 1755 


5006 


5715 




massacre of the Danes in England, by or- 


Nov. 16 












der of Ethelred. 












1008 


Death of the monk Almoin, a miscellaneous 
writer, and French historian of consider- 
able merit. 


399 

Sept. 12 


6- 

47th 
Cycle. 


1761 


5012 


5721 


1013 


Sweyn, king of Denmark, takes London, and 
the greater part of England. 


404 

July 19 


11-47 1766 


5017 


5726 


1014 


l'>bruary 3d. Death of Sweyn. While his 
son, Canute, is in Denmark, the exiled 


405 

Julys 


12-47 1767 


5018 


5727 




king, Ethelred II., the "Unready," returns 














to England, and is restored to his throne. 












1016 


April 23d. Death of Ethelred II.; his son. 


407 


14-47 1769 


5020 


5729 




Edmund Ironside, by treaty, divides his 


June 17 












kingdom with Canute, the Dane. 












1016 


November 30th. Edmund Irouside assassi- 
nated. Canute becomes sole king of Eng- 














land. 










1017 


Canute issues a law prohibiting the English 


408 


15-47 1770 


5021 


5730 




from selling their children, as they were in 


June 6 












the habit of doing, to the Irish for slaves. 












1017 


The traitor, Edric, duke of Mercia, is slain, 
suspected of having murdered Edmund. 














(Ac. Blair.) 










1020 


Death of Abi'il-Kasim-iMausur, I)etter kuowu 


411 


3 1773 


5024 


5733 




l)y his nom-de-plume, Firdousi, greatest 


May 4 


48th 
Cycle. 










Persian poet; author of the celebrated 














poem, "Shah-Nameh" ( /. c. Book of 














Kings), composed of more than 56,000 














distichs or ciiuplets; age SO. 










1025 


Guido Aretinus, a Benedictine monk of 
Arezzo, invents musical characters; the 


416 

Mar. 11 


8-48 , 1778 


5029 


5738 




lines, spaces, and first six of the scale of 














seven notes now used. 












1031 


The fourteenth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 


422 


14-48 1784 


5035 


5744 




gins this year. The two Mohammedan 


and 












New Year's Days are January 4th and De- 


423 






. 






cember 24th. ( See Note H. )" 












1035 


Aragon, in Spain, becomes an independent 
kingdom, under Eamirez I. Castile is also 
made a kingdom, the couut Ferdinand be- 
ing its first king. ( See 1479. ) 


427 

Nov. 11 


3 

49th 
Cycle. 


1788 


5039 


5748 



1S4 



A. D. 


1037 TO 1066 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1037 ' 


June. Death of Aviceuna (Ibn-Sina), the 
most illustrious of Arabian physicians. 


429 

Oct. 20 


5-49 


1790 


5041 


5750 


1048 


Death of Glaber, French historian and chron- 
icler. ( Date ac. Blair. ) He wrote a chron- 
icle of events from 900 A. D. to 1046. 


440 

June 22 


1- 

50th 
Cycle. 


1801 


5052 


5761 


1053 


April 15th. Death of Godwin, the celebrated 
earl of Kent. 


445 

April 28 


6-50 


1806 


5057 


5766 


1054 


September 24th. Death of Hermann Con- 


446 


7-50 


1807 5058 


5767 




tractus, German historian and chronicler. 


April 18 










1054 


The "Great Schism" between the Eastern and 
Western branches of the Church. The 
Church of Rome under Pope Leo IX., and 
the Church of Constantinople under the 
patriarch Michael Cerularius, mutually ex- 














communicate each other. 










1059 


Couucil of the, Komau Church, under Pope 


451 


]^2-o0 


1812 5063 


5772 




Nicholas II., decrees that future popes 


Feb. 22 












shall be elected by the cardinals. 




- 








1003 


The fifteenth cycle of the Hejiira Era begins 


455 


1- 


1816 5067 


5776 




this year. The two Mohammedan New 


and 


51st 
Cycle. 










Year's Days are January 10th and Decem- 


456 












ber 30th. (See Note H.") 












1065 


Adam of Bremen, German historian, chroni- 


458 


3-51 


1818 5069 


5778 




cler, and missionary, flourishes. 


Dec. 9 










1065 


Completion of the rebuilding of Westminster 
Abbey, by order of Edward the Confessor. 












1065 


Edward the Confessor promulgates his laws 














for England. 






1 




1066 


January 5th. Death of Edward the Confes- 


459 


4-51 


1819 5070 


5779 




sor, the last of the Saxon line of kings in 


Nov. 2S 












England. He names William, duke of Nor- 














mandy, as his successor. 












1066 


September 28-29th. The Norman army, 
under William of Normandy, lands at Pe- 
vensey, in Sussex. 












1066 


October 14tb. William, duke of Normandy, 
gains the great battle of Hastings, where 
Harold II., son of Earl Godwin, having 
claimed the throne of England for nine 
months, is slain in the fight. 

William is proclaimed king of England by 
his soldiers. 












1066 


December 25th, Christmas Day. William 
the Conqueror crowned in Westminster 
Abbey. 













185 



A. U. 


1068 TO 1084 A. I). 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


lOGS 


William the CoiKiueror introdiues into Eu<;- 
laud the Curfew Bell (from the French 
couvre-feu, cover fire). At the riuijing of 
the Curfew, at 8 P. M., all tires and lights 
were ordered to be extinguished, under a 
severe penalty. 


4G1 

Xov. 6 


Cy-ol 


1821 


5072 


5781 


1073 


Pope Gregory VII. enjoins on the clergy of 


4GC 


11-51 


•826 


5077 


5786 


to 


the Roman Church a vow of perpetual cel- 


Sept. l-I 










1074 


ibacy. (See 1547.) 












1076 


Henry IV., emperor of Germany, and Pope 
Gregory VII. (Hildebrand ), disagreeing 
regarding lay investiture, Henry holds a 
council at Worms, which deposes the pope. 


46S 

Aug. 12 


14-51 


1829 


5080 


5789 


107(i 


Gregory excommunicates the emperor Henry 

IV. 
Justices of the Peace in every county in Eng- 












1070 














land first appointed by William the Con- 














queror. 












1077 


January. Henry IV. meets Gregory VII. at 
Canossa, and after performing penance, 
is absolved by the pope. 


470 

Aug. 1 


15-51 


1830 


5081 


5790 


1077 


Nestor, Russian historian and chronicler, 
writes his "Chronicle of Russia." (Ac. 
Blair.) 












1078 


Tower of London is founded liy William the 
Con(iuer(ir, and is afterwards completed by 
his son, AMlliam Rufus. 


471 

July 21 


1- 

52d 
Cycle. 


1831 


5082 


5791 


107!) 


The planting of the New Forest is begun, l)y 
order of William the Conqueror. 


472 

July 10 


2-52 


1832 


5083 


5792 


1080 


Death of Lambert, of Aschaffenburg, Ger- 
nmn historian and chronicler. 


473 

June 29 


3-52 


1833 


5084 


5793 


1080 


The compilation of the "Domesday Book" is 
commenced. 

N. B. — It was an accurate account of a gen- 
eral survey of all the estates of England. 
(SeelOSG.) 












1081 


Osmond, bishop of Salisbury, compiles the 
"Mass Book," known as the "Sarum Use;" 
Sarum (Wiltshire) being an ancient Brit- 
isli town, the origin of Salisbury. 


474 

June 18 


4-52 


1834 


5085 


5794 


1084 


The Carthusian order of Monks, celebrated 
for its austere rules, founded, at La Char- 
treuse, by St. Bruno, of Cologne. (St. 
Bruno must not be confounded with Bruno 
the Great, archbishop of Cologne, who died 
flOS, October 11th.) 


477 

.May 16 


7-52 


1837 


5088 


5797 



isi; 





< 

Q. 

uT 

o 

_l 

3 
Q. 
~UJ 
0) 

H 
to 



187 



A. D. 


10S4 TO 1099 A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. 


A.r. c. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1084 


Rome surrenders to Henry IV., of Germany, 
March 21st. 


477 

May IB 


7-52 


1837 


r.088 


5797 


1084 


March 31st. Guibert, taking the name Cle- 
ment III. (anti-pope), is consecrated, by 
order of Henry lY., who is recrowned by 
him. 












1084 


Henry IV. besieges Gregory VII. in the cas- 
tle of St. Angelo. 












1084 


Tlie pope is delivereil from the castle by Rob- 
ert Gniscard, a Norman. 












1086 


The "Domesday Boole" is completed. (See 


479 9-52 ! 1839 


5090 


5799 




1(!80 A. I). ) ' 


.\prll 25 








i08r> 


Death of Marianus Scotns, Scottish chroni- 












cler. His chronicle extends from the Crea- 














tion to 1083 A. D. 








10!)5 


Peter the Hermit, commissioned by Pope 
Turban II., preaches through Europe a gen- 


488 3- 1848 

Jan. 17 53rd 
Cycle. 


5099 


5808 




eral crusade, for the recovery of the Holy 














Land from the infidels. 






, 






10tt5 


First crusade. (See Note J.) 












109*; 


The .sixteenth cycle of the Hegira Era begins 


489 4-53 1849 


5100 


5809 




this year. The two Jlohammedan New 


and 










Year's Days are January Oth and Decem- 


490 










ber 2(;th. (See Note H.) 










1097 


The crusaders, under Godfrey de Bouillon, 
besiege Nicea, 3Iay 8th, and take the city. 


491 5-53 

Dec. 15 


1850 


5101 


5810 




June (24th, ac. Haydn; 20th, ac. Blair.) 












1097 


October 21st. The crusaders, under Godfrey, 
besiege Antioch. 












1097 


Westminster Hall built l)y William Rufus, 














king of England, for a baTiqueting hall. 










1098 


June 3d. Antioch surrenders to the crusa- 
ders. 


492 6-53 1851 

Dec. 4 


5102 


5811 


1098 


June 28th. The crusaders defeat the Turks, 
who had besieged them in Antioch. 










1099 


June 7th. Jerusalem besieged by the crusa- 


493 7-53 1 1852 


5103 


5812 




ders. 


Nov. 23 








1099 


July loth. Jerusalem taken by the crusa- 
ders, under (iodfrey de Bouillon. (See 
(')37. ) End of first crusade. ( See Note J. ) 








- 




1099 


July 23d. Godfrey is elected king of Jerusa- 












1099 


lem. 
August 12th. The Saracen army from Egypt 
defeated by Godfrey, at Ascalon. 













189 



1099 TO 1130 A. D. 



HEG. 



H. I. A. U.C. 



A. M. 



lODlt (lodf'iey frames the code of laws known as 
the "Assize of Jerusalem," for the govern- 
meut of his kingdom. 

1099 December 3d. Death of Osmond, bishop of 
Salisbury, compiler of the liturgy known 
as the "Sarum I'se." ( Se'^ 1081.) 

1099 Death of lioderic the ('id, celel)rated Castil- 
ian hero. 

1099 The military order of the "Knights Hospital- 
lers," or "Knights of St. John," of Jeru- 
salem, founded under (iodfrey de Bouillon, 
king of Jerusalem, (ierard is their tirst 
grand-master. 

1100 July IStli. Death of Godfrey de TJimilUm. 

1100 (About.) vSurnames, introduced into Eng- 
land by the Normans, are adopted by the 
nobility. (Ac. Haydn.) 

HOT First "King's Speech" delivered from the 
throne by Henry I., of England. 

1115 Death of Peter the Hermit, i)reaclier of the 
first crusade. 

1115 House of Commons of England built. (Ac. 
T.Smith.) 

1118 The order of "Knights Templars," to protect 
]»ilgrims, is I'dunded by I>alum II., king of 
Jerusalem. 

lll'O Order of friars known as the "Premon- 
strauts," or "AMiite Canons," founded at 
Premontre, in France, by St. Norbert, aft- 
erwards archbishop of Jfagdeburg. 

1123 First Lateran Council of the Roman branch 
of the Catholic Church, reckoned by it as 
the Ninth General Council. 

1127 Church wardens first appointed i)y the first 
canon of the Synod of London. 
Overseers for every parish are also estab- 
lished at the same time. 

1129 The seventeenth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 

gins this year. The two JMohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 1st and De- 
j cember 21st. ( See Note H. ) 

1 130 The festival of St. Bartholomew (August 24) 
instituted. 

1130 Simeon, of Durham, Benedictine monk, and 
English chronicler, ends his chronicle, en- 
titled "De Gestis Regum Anglorum, ab 



493 

Nov. 23 



494 



501 

Aug. 27 

509 

June 1 



512 

April 30 

514 

April 8 



517 

Mar. 6 



521 

Jan. 23 



523 
and 
524 

525 

Dec. 10 



■53 



8-53 



15-53 



54 th 
Cycle. 



13-5^ 



5,-1 th 
Cycle. 

5-55 



-55 



8-55 



1852 5103 5812 



1853 

1860 
1868 



1873 



1876 



1880 



1882 



•883 



5104 

5111 
5119 



11-^^ 1871 5122 



5124 



5127 



5131 



5133 



5134 



190 



A. I). 


1130 TO 1153 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A.U.C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1130 


anno 616 usque ad annum 1130," i. e. "His- 
tory of the Kings of England, from 616 to 
1130." 


525 

Dec. 10 


8-55 


L883 


5134 


5843 


1132 


The art of weaving first introduced into Eng- 
land at Norwich. (See 1331.) 


527 

Nov. 18 


10-55 


1885 


5136 


5845 


1138 


August 22d. "Battle of the Standard," near 
Northallerton, in Yorkshire, in wliich the 
English defeat the Scotch army, under 
David I. 


533 

Sept. 14 


1- 

56th 
Cycle. 


1891 


5142 


5851 


1139 


Portuguese monarchy founded by Alfonso, 
count of Portugal, who gains a great vic- 
tory over the Moors at Ourique, and is 
given the title of king (Alfonso I.) 


534 

Sept. 3 


2-56 


1892 


5143 


5852 


1139 


Second Lateran Ccmncil, under Innocent II., 
called by the Koman branch of the Church, 
the Tenth General Council. 


• 










1140 


The study and use of Canon Law first intro- 
duced into England by Theobald, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. (See 1151 and 
1234.) 


535 

Aug. 23 


3-56 


1893 


5144 


5853 


1141 


February 2d. Battle of Lincoln fought on 
Lincoln Plain, without Newport gate. 
The army of Matilda (daughter of Henry 
I., of England, and widow of Henry V., of 
Germany), under command of Earl of 
Gloucester, defeats the army of Stephen, 
who is taken prisoner. 


536 

Aug. 12 


4-56 


1894 


5145 


5854 


1146 


St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, preaches 
the second crusade. ( See Note J. ) 


541 

June 19 


9-56 


1899 


5150 


5859 


1147 


Conrad III., emperor of Germany, and Louis 
VII., of France, lead the second crusade. 


542 

.lune 8 


10-56 


1900 


5151 


5860 


1148 


Damascus is unsuccessfully besieged by the 
crusaders. 


543 

May LIS 


11-56 


1901 


5152 


5861 


1151 


Gratian, a monk of Bologna, completes his 
work, "Decretum," a compilation of all 
the Church canons and edicts, known as 
"The Canon Law." It is successfully in- 
troduced into Europe, and approved by the 
pope; and has since been accepted by Ro- 
man Catholic colleges. (See 1140 and 
1234.) 


546 

April I'O 


14-56 


1904 


5155 


5864 


1153 


Edrisi writes his "Nubian Geography." (Ac. 
Blair. ) 


548 

April 4 


1- 

57th 
Cycle. 


1906 


5157 


5866 


1153 


Death of St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux. 












1153 


Cinnamus, able Byzantine historian, flour- 
ishes. 













191 



A. D. 


1154 TO 1174 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A.U.C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1154 


Nicholas Breakspere, the first and only Eng- 
lishman ever called to the See of Rome, is 
elected pope, and takes the name Adrian 
IV. 

Death of (ieoflrey of Muniiioutli, English his- 


549 

Mar. 24 


2-57 


1907 


5158 


5867 


1154 














torian, and bishop of St. Asaph. 












1156 


Tlie Carinelite Order, or White Friars of Mt. 
Carmel, founded by Berthold. This was 
one of the four orders of mendicant monks. 
(See 12(»!t, 1215, 1256.) 


551 

Mar. 3 


4-57 


1909 


5160 


5869 


1156 


The city of Moscow, in Eussia, founded. 












1157 


The Bank of Venice, the first bank legally 
autliorizcd by government, is established. 
( See 808. ) 


552 

Feb. 20 


5-57 


1910 


5161 


5870 


1158 


Terrible earthquake in Syria : 20,000 people 
perish. 


553 

Feb. 9 


(5-57 


1911 


5162 


5871 


1158 


The order of Knights of Calatrava is founded 
by Sancho III., the king of Castile, who 
dies the same year, August 31st. 












1161 


Tiie eighteenth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two jMohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 7th and De- 
cember 28th. ( See Note II. ) 


556 
and 
557 


9-57 


1914 


5165 


5874 


1163 


The city of Berlin founded by Netherlanders, 
in the reign of Albert the Bear. 


559 

Dec. 6 


11-57 


1916 


5167 


5876 


1163 


The church of Notre Dame, at Paris, founded. 












1164 


January 25th. Henry II., of England, calls 
a council, at which the famous "Constitu- 
tions of Clarendon" are framed, restricting 
ecclesiastical authority in secular affairs, 
and declaring the supremacy of the crown 
over the Church. 


560 
Nov. 25 


12-57 


1D17 


5168 


5877 


1170 


December 29th. St. Thomas ;\ Becket, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, murdered on the 
steps of the altar in his cathedral by four 
barons, instigated to commit the deed by 
an angry exclamation of Henry II. against 
Becket, he having sided with the Pope, and 
persistently opposed the "Constitutions of 
Clarendon.'' 


566 

Sept. 21 


3- 

58th 
Cycle. 


1923 


5174 


5883 


1172 


Conquest of Ireland by Henry II., of Eng- 
land. 


568 

All?. 30 


5-58 


1925 


5176 


5885 


.1174 


July 12th. Henry II., of England, performs 
severe penance at Becket's tomb, and re- 
ceives absolution on the following day, 
July 13th. 


570 

Aug. 8 


7-58 


1927 


5178 


5887 



192 




THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA. 
SEE 1174 A. D. 



\m 



A. U. 


1174 TO 1192 A. D. 


HEG . K. I. 


A. U. C. 1 A. M. 

i 


J. p. 


1174 


July 13tli. Battle of Aliiwick, iu which the 
Eno-lish, under Glanville, defeat the Scot- 


i 
570 7-58 

Aug. 8 


1927 5178 

i 


5887 




tish army, and take prisoner their king, 
William the Lion. 














N. B. — This victory occurring on the day 














Henry received ahsolution, was regarded 














liy the clergy and people as a token that 














the pardon pronounced on earth, was con- 














firmed in Heaven. 












1174 


The erection of the Campanile, or celebrated 
Leaning Tower of Pisa, a bell tower of the 
cathedral. 












1176 


The administering of justice by circuits first 
introduct^l in England. 


572 

July 17 


9-58 


1929 


5180 


5889 


1176 


The building of the first stone bridge across 
the Thames, in London, is begun, and com- 
jdeted in 1209. 












1179 


Third Lateran Council of the Roman branch 
of the Church, reckoned by it as the "Elev- 
enth General Council." 


575 

June 15 


12-58 


1932 


5183 


5892 


1180 


Glass first used for windows in private 
houses, in England. 


576 

June 4 


13-58 


1933 


5184 


5893 


1181 


English laws digested by Glanville, chief jus- 
ticiary. (See 1190.) 


577 

May 24 


14-58 


1934 


5185 


5894 


1187 


October 2d. Jerusalem taken by Saladin, 
celebrated sultan of Egypt. End of second 


583 
Mar. 20 


5" 

59th 
Cycle. 


1940 


5191 


5900 


1189 


crusade. ( Note J. ) 
Beginning of the third crusade, led by Fred- 
erick I. (Barbarossa), of Germany. (See 
Note J. ) 


585 
Feb. 27 


7-59 


1942 


5193 


5902 


1190 


Richard I. (Co-ur de Lion), of England, and 
I'liilip II. (Augustus), of France, join the 
crusade. 


586 

Feb. 16 


8-59 


1943 


5194 


5903 


1190 
1190 


Ralph de Glanville, English jurist, is killed 

while besieging Acre. (See 1181.) 
Order of Teutonic Knights instituted. 












1191 


July 12. The town of Acre, after the long 
siege, is compelled to surrender to the cru- 
saders. 


587 
Feb. 5 


9-59 


1944 


5195 


5904 


1191 


Sei)tendier 3d. Battle of Ascalon, in which 
Saladin's army is defeated by the crusa- 
ders, under Richard I. 












1192 


Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, writes his 
history. (Ac. Blair.) 


588 

Jan. 2S 


10-59 


1945 


5196 


5905 



195 



A. D. 


1194 TO 1206 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


.T.P. 


1194 


The nineteenth cycle of the Hej^ira Era be- 
gins this year. Tlie two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 3d and December 
23d. (See Note H.) 


590 
and 

591 


X2-59 


1947 


5198 


5907 


1195 


Fourth crusade begins, led by Henry VI., 
emperor of Germany. ( See Note J. ) 


592 

Dec. 13 


13-59 


1948 


5199 


5908 


1198 


Battle of Gisors, in which the French, under 
Philip Augustus, are totally defeated by 
the English, commanded by Richard I. 

N. B. — His parole for the day was "Dieu et 
mou droit" (God and my right), which, 
in commemoration of the victory, was 
made the motto of the royal arms of Eng- 
land. 


595 

Nov. n 


1- 

60th 
Cycle. 


1951 


5202 


5911 


1198 


December 12th. Death of Averroes ( Ibn 
Roshd), celebrated Arabic phj-sician, phil- 
osoi)her, and commentator. 












1200 


Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, flour- 
ishes. 


597 

Oct. 20 


3-60 


1953 


5204 


5913 


120(1 


Wolfram von Eschenbach, famous German 
poet or minnesinger, flourishes. 












1201 


Baldwin IX., count of Flanders; Boniface de 
Montferrat ; Simon, earl of Montfort ; Lei- 
cester, and others, prepare for the fifth 
crusade. 


598 

Oct. 9 


4-60 


1954 


5205 


5914 


1202 


The fifth crusade begins, led by Baldwin, 
count of Flanders. 


599 

Sept. 28 


5-60 


1955 


5206 


5915 


1202 


Roger de Hoveden, English historian, ends 
at this date his history of England, from 
732. 

July 18th. Constantinople taken by the cru- 












1203 


600 


6-60 


1956 


5207 


5916 




saders. 


Sept. IS 










1203 


The Inquisition first instituted by Pope In- 
nocent III. 












1204 


Constantinople revolts, and is again taken, 
and finally subdued, by the crusaders. 


601 

Sept. 7 


7-60 


1957 


5208 


5917 


1204 


Geoffrey de Villeliardouin, French historian, 
is present at the capture of Constantino- 
ple, and afterwards writes an account of 
the fourth crusade. 












1206 


The famous Jengis-Kann, Tartarian prince, 
having subdued all the other Tartar and 
Mongol tribes, is proclaimed first emperor, 
or kann, of the Mongolian P^mpire, and 
begins his victorious career. 


603 

.'iug. 10 


9-60 


1959 


5210 


5919 



196 



A. D. 


1207 TO 1225 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1207 


The liouorai'T degree of Doctor first con- 
ferred iu Eniiland. 


604 

Aug. 5 


10-60 


1960 


5211 


5920 


1208 


Innocent III. instigates a crusade against the 
Albigenses and Waldenses, sects iu South- 
ern France opposed to the Roman Church. 
They are persecuted hy a cruel inquisition. 


605 

July L'o 


11-60 


1961 


5212 


5921 


1208 


Loudon is incorporated, and obtains a char- 
ter from king John for electing its mayor 
and other magistrates. 












1209 


The order of Franciscans, or Grey Friars 
(one of the four orders of mendicant 
friars), founded by Francis d" Assisi. (See 
1156, 1215,1256.)" 


606 

July 14 


12-60 


1962 


5213 


5922 


1213 


Death of ( Jeoffrey de Villehardonin, eminent 
I'rench historian, active in the fifth cru- 
sade. (See 1204.) 


610 

May 31 


1- 

61st 
Cycle. 


1966 


5217 


5926 


1215 


-Tune 15th. King John, of England, signs the 
famous Magna ( 'harta, at Kunnymede. 


612 

May 9 


3-61 


1968 


5219 


5928 


1215 


Fourth Lateran Council of the Roman branch 
of the Cliurch, reckoned by it as the 
Twelftli General Council, decrees transub- 
stautiatiou to be a doctrine of the Church, 
and enforces auricular confession. 












1215 


Priests of the Byzantine Empire permitted 
to celebrate Divine Service in the Greek 
language, if they inculcate the papal su- 
premacy. (Ac. Blair.) 












1215 


The order of Dominicans, or "Black Friars" 
(one of the four orders of mendicant 
friars), founded by St. Dominic. (See 
1156,1209, 1256.) 












1215 


The Court of Common Pleas in England 
fixed at Westminster. 












1217 


Sixth crusade begins, led hy Frederick II., 
emperor of Germany. (Note J.) 


614 

April 18 


5-61 


1970 


5221 


5930 


121!) 


November 5th. Damietta, in Egypt, taken 
by the crusaders. 


616 

Mar. I.'" 


7-61 


1972 


5223 


5932 


1220 


\Yestminster Abbey rebuilt. 


617 


8-61 


1973 


5224 


5933 


1220 


The building of the cathedral of Salisbury 
commenced Aju'il 28th, and completed 12.58. 


Mar. 16 










1220 


Death of Girald de Barre, known as Giral- 
dus Candn-ensis, celeltrated Welsh histo- 
rian, and divine; age about 73. 












1225 


Teutonic Knights first appear in Prussia, 
and undertake to subdue and convert the 


622 

Jan. il 


13-61 


1978 


5229 


5938 




Prussians. (Ac. Haydn; 1230, ac. Blair.) 













I'.iT 



A. D. 


1226 TO 1245 A. D. 


HEG. 


H.I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1226 


The tweutieth cycle of the IIe,i;ira Era be<>;iiis 
this year. The two Moliamniedau New 
Year's Days are January 10th and Decem- 
ber 29th. (See Note H.') 


623 
and 
624 


14-61 


1979 


5230 


5939 


1229 


Dreadful inquisition e.stablished at Toulouse 
for the suppression of heresy. An inter- 
dict issued by the Roman Cliurch prohibit- 
inj;- laymen from reading the Holy Scrip- 
tures. 


627 

.\ov. 27 


2" 

62d 
Cycle. 


1982 


5233 


5942 


1230 


Death of AA'alther von der Vogelweide, cele- 
brated German minnesinger. 


628 

Nov. 16 


3-62 


1983 


5234 


5943 


1231 


The Almagest of Ptolemy, a large collection 
of problems in astronomy and geometry, 
is translated into Latin, by order of the 
emperor Frederick II., of Germany. (Date 
a C.Blair.) (See 139.) 


629 

Nov. 5 - 


4-62 


1984 


5235 


5944 


1232 


First commercial society, composed of Flem- 
ish and (lerman merchants, established in 
London, known as the Steel Yard Co., or 
Steel Yard So. 


630 

Oct. 25 


5-62 


1985 


5236 


5945 


1234 


Coal first discovered near New Castle, Eng- 
land. (Ac. Haydn ; 1233, ac. Blair. ) 


632 

Oct. 3 


7-62 


1987 


5238 


5947 


1234 


The "Five Books of Canon Laws," or "Decre- 
tals," compiled and pultlished, by Ray- 
mond de Pennafert, Spanish canonist, and 
Dominican. (Date ac. Blair; 1227, ac. 
Haydn. ) ( See 1140 and 1151. ) 












1235 


The "Golden Horde" of Mongolians estab- 
lislu^d on the plain of Kajizak, by Baton, 
grandson of the celebrated Jengis-Kann. 


633 

Sept. 23 


8-62 


1988 


5239 


5948 


1236 


Parliament of Merton enacts the statutes 
known as the "Provisions of Merton." 


634 

Sept. 12 


9-62 


1989 


5240 


5949 


123G 


Baton invades Russia. 












1237 


The salt works of Wilicska, in Poland, form- 
ed. (Date ac. Blair.) 


635 

Sept. 1 


10-62 


1990 


5241 


5950 


1240 


The oi'der of Carmelites introduced into Eng- 
land. (Ac. T. Smith.) 


638 

July 30 


13-62 


1993 


5244 


5953 


1240 


Univei'sity of Salamanca founded by Ferdi- 
nand lil., of Castile. 












1241 


September 22d. Snorro Sturleson, eminent 
Icelandic poet and historian, is murdered 
by ills son-in-law. 


639 

July 20 


14-62 


1994 


5245 


5954 


1242 


Aldermen (magistrates next in dignity to the 
mayor) first elected in London. 


640 

July 9 


15-62 


1995 


5246 


5955 


1245 


Pope Innocent IV. holds a council at Lyons, 
counted by the Roman branch of the 


643 

June 6 


3 

63id 

Cycle. 


1998 


5249 


5958 



19S 



A. D. 



1245 TO 1258 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



Seventh crusade begins. 
August 15tl). 



1245 riiurch as the Thirteenth Oeneral rouncil. 

Deputies from EngUiud protest against the 
extortions practiced on them by the papal 
emissaries, and declare King Jtihn's act of 
submission to have been made ^\■ithout the 
consent of his subjects, and therefore not 
valid. 

First Concordance to the Bible, made by 
order of Hugo de St. Caro, by whom five 
hundred monks are employed to do the 
work. 

( See Note J. ) 
The building of the cathedral 
of Cologne is begun. (See ISSO. ) 

University College, at Oxford, founded by 
William, archdeacon of Durluuu. (See 
886.) 

Convex nmgnifying glasses invented by 
Ivoger Bacon, English Franciscan monk, 
and philosopher. 

Robert Grosseteste (made bishop of Lincoln 
in 1235) refuses to admit a canon appoint- 
ed by the pope, and i)rotests against the 
power assumed by Innocent IV. 

Death of Bishop Grosseteste; age 78. 

Alphonsine Astronomical Tables composed 

b.y Alphonso X., of Castile. He, also, dur- 

{ ing his reign, promulgates a new code of 

laws, and has the Holy Scriptures trans- 

I lated into Castilian. 

1255 Death of Thomas Celano, Franciscan friar, 
j author of the celebrated hymn "Dies Ir;«," 
! ending with the lines, "Lord all pitying 

Jesu blest, grant them Thine eternal rest. 
Amen," used by the Church at mortuary 
and requiem masses, since the fourteenth 
century. 

1256 The Augustine Friars, one of the four orders 

of mendicant monks, established. (See 

1156, 1209, and 1215.) 
1258 The "Mad Parliament" held at Oxford by the 

barons (headed by Simon de Montfort), 
j who enact the "Provisions of Oxford," in 
! October. 



1241 



1248 
1248 

1249 



1252 



1253 



1253 
1253 



643 



June (j 



645 

May 15 



646 

May 5 



647 

\prii :;4 



650 

Mar. i;2 



651 

Mar. 11 



653 

Feb. 18 



654 



Feb. 



656 

Jau. 16 



63rd 
Cycle. 



10-63 



199S 



5-63 2000 



6-63 2001 



200f: 



5249 



5958 



2005 



11-63 2006 



5251 



5252 



5253 



5256 



5257 



5960 



5961 



5962 



13-63 2008 5259 



59( 



)t) 



5966 



5968 



14-63 


2009 


5260 


1- 


2011 


5262 


64th 






Cycle. 







5969 



5971 



' 199 



A. IJ. 



1259 TO 1270 A. D. 



HEG. 



K. I. |A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1259 

12m 

1260 

i2(;i 

12(53 

12(;4 



1265 



1260 
1200 

1268 
1268 

1270 



The twenty-first cycle of the Hejiira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 5th and De- 
cember 25tii. (See Note H.) 

Tlie first mariner's compass known in Eu- 
rope, invented at this time by ]Marco Polo, 
celebrated Venetian navigatitr. (See 
1302. ) 

The first nmgic lantern, invented by Roger 
I'acon, the great English pliih)so]»lier. 

July 25tli. Constantinople regained by the 
Ureelcs. Flight of Baldwin II., last of the 
Latin emperors of the East. The Greek 
Empire is restored, under Michael VIII. 

Kalliol College founded at Oxford, by John 
Balliol, an English bai-on. 

.^lay 14th. Battle of Lewes, between Henry 
III., of England, and the rebellious barons, 
led by Simon de Montfort, earl of Leices- 
ter. Royal army is defeated; and Henry 
III., his brother Richard, king of the Ro- 
mans, and Prince Edward (afterwards 
Edward I.), are taken prisoners. 

January 20th. Parliament called by Mont- 
fort, in which knights, citizens, and bur- 
gesses, are summoned, to represent shires, 
cities, and boroughs. 

August 4tli. Battle of Evesham, between 
Prince Edward (Edward I.) and Mont- 
fort. The earl, his son, and many of his 
adherents, are slain. Royal authority re- 
stored. 

Death of Gonzalez de Berceo, earliest known 
Spanish poet. 

Naples and Sicily conquered by the French, 
under Charles of Anjou, who is crowned 
by the pope, while the rightful heir is be- 
headed. (See 1282.) 

Destructive earthquake in Cilicia: 60,000 
killed. 

Louis IX. issues a "Pragmatic Sanction," re- 
sisting the i)apal claim to nominate bishops 
in France; and thus the rights of the Gal- 
ilean Church are asserted. 

Eighth and last crusade, led by Louis IX., 
of France. (See Not? J.) 



' 657 
and 
658 

659 

Oec. 15 



660 

Dec. 4 



662 

Nov. 12 

663 

Nov. 1 



664 

Oct. 21 



665 

Oct. 10 



667 

Sept. 19 



669 

Aug. 28 



2-64 ' 2012 5263 



3-64 2013 5264 



4-64 2014 5265 



6-64 2016 
7-64 2017 



5267 
5268 



864 2018 5269 5978 



5972 



5973 



5974 

5976 
5977 



9-64 



11-64 



13-64 



2019 



2021 



2023 



5270 



5272 



5274 



5979 



5981 



5983 



2U0 




THE CATACOMBS. AT PALERMO, SICILY. 
SEE 1282 A. D. 



202 



A.D. 



1273 TO 1283 A. D. 



HEG. 



K.I. 



A. U.C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1273 The burning of sea coal in or near London 

pi'oliibited, as being unhealtliv. 

1274 March 7th. Death of St. Thomas Aquinas, 
the "Angelic Doctor," learned Dominican 
ecclesiastic, and celebrated writer, on his 
way to the Council of Lyons. 

N. B. — When once Innocent IV., pointing to 
large sums of money before him, said to 
Aquinas, "You see that the Church is no 
longer in that age in which she said, 'Sil- 
ver and gold have I none,' " the saint re- 
plied, "True, holy father; and, therefore, 
it is that she can now no longer say to the 
sick of the palsy, 'Take up thy bed and 
walk.'" 

1274 Second Council of Lyons, under Gregory X., 
counted by the Roman branch of the Cath- 
1 olic Church as the "Fourteenth General 
Council." 

1274 July 15th. Cardinal (St.) Bonaventura, the 

"Seraphic Doctor," an eminent writer, and 

j learned theologian, general of the Francis- 

' cans, dies during the sitting of the Council 

I of Lyons. 

1279 The Moguls, under Kublai-Kann, grandson 
of Jengis-Kann, complete the conquest of 
China. 

1279 Famous "Mortmain Act" passed in England 
by Parliament. 

1282 March 30tli. "Sicilian Vespers." Eight thou- 
sand French, men, women, and children, 
massacred in Sicily by the conquered na- 
tives, beginning at Palermo, on Easter 
Monday. The first Vespers bell being their 
signal for the awful deeds, gives the name 
to the massacre. ( See 12G6. ) 

1282 December 10th. Great battle between Llew- 
ellyn II., last Welsh prince, and the Eng- 
'' lish. The AVelsli are defeated, and Llewel- 
lyn slain after the battle. 

1282 Robert of Gloucester writes his English 

chronicle in rhyme. (Ac. Blair.) 

1283 Edward I., of England, completes the con- 

quest of Wales. 
1283 The Teutonic Knights succeed in finally sub- 
duing the last of the resisting Prussians. 



672 


1- 


July 26 

673 


65th 

Cycle. 

9-65 


July 15 





678 

May 22 



681 

April 20 



682 

April 9 



2026 



5277 



2027 5278 



5986 



5987 



r-65 2032 5283 5992 



10-65 2035 



5286 



5995 



11-65 2036 5287 5996 



203 



A. D. 



1284 TO 1295 A. D. 



HBG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. I A. M, 



J. P. 



1284 April 25tli. Birth, at Carnarvon Castle, 
Wales, of Edward, son of Edward I., of 
Eu<jland. He is given the title of Prince 
of Wales. 
121)0 Death of ^largaret, of Norwav, the young 
queen of Scotland. Dispute between J. 
Halliol, R. Bruce, and J. Hastings, de- 
scendants of David, earl of Huntingdon. 
John Balliol, grandson of Margaret, and 
Kobert Bruce, son of Isabella, each claims 
the sole right to the crown, while John 
Hastings, son of David's third daughter, 
Adama, demands that the kingdom be di- 
vided, and he receive one-third. 

University of Lisbon founded. 

The competitors for the Scottish crown refer 
their claims to Edward I. of England. 

Barristers tirst appointed by Edward I. of 
England. 

May 18th. The Saracens capture Acre, and 
other places in Palestine; and thus finally 
end the Christian kingdom in the Holy 
Land. { See Note J. ) 

The twenty-second cycle of the Hegira Era 
liegins this year. The two Mohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 1st and De- 
cember 20th. (See Note H. ) 

Edward I. decides in favor of John Balliol ; 
Edward having asked the general question 
of the commissioners and all the celebrated 
lawyers of Europe, whether a person de- 
scended from the eldest sister, but further 
removed by one degree, were preferal)le in 
the succession of kingdoms, etc., to one de- 
scended from the younger sister, but one 
degree nearer to the common stock, and 
having received a unanimous- answer in the 
affirmative. 
12!)2 DeatJi of Kogcr Bacon, celebrated English 
philosopher, and Franciscan monk. So- 
briquet, the "Admirable Doctor." 
1293 Regular succession of English parliaments 

dates from this year. 
1295 Marco Polo returns to Venice, after his trav- 
els in the East, having been the first Euro- 
pean to enter China. 



1290 
1291 

12!H 

1291 

1292 

1292 



683 

Mar. 20 



()S9 
Jan. 23 



12-65 



2037 



5288 5997 



3- 2043 5294 6003 



66th 
Cycle. 



690 4<56 2044 



.Tan. 12 



691 
and 
692 



5-66 



5295 



6004 



2045 



5296 6005 



693 


6-66 


2046 


5297 


Dec. 9 








695 


8-66 


2048 


5299 


Nov. 17 









6006 



6008 



204 



A. D. 



1296 TO 1307 A. U. 



HEG. 



129G April 2Tth. Battle of Dunbar, in which the 
Heottisli army is defeated by the p]n<i;lish. 
Juhn Balliol, of Scotland, made prisoner, 
resigns his crown to Edward I., of Eng- 
land. 

1296 The ''Society of Merchant Adventurers," in- 

stituted by John of Brabant, for tlie dis- 
covery of territories, extension of com- 
merce, and promotion of trade. 

1297 September 10th. The Scotch, under Sir Wil- 

liam AVallace, defeat the English at Stirl- 
ing Bridge, and drive them out of Scotland. 

1298 July 22d. " The Scotch, under Sir William 

Wallace, are signally defeated at Falkirk, 
by the English, under Edward I., who re- 
gains his power in Scotland. 

1299 Spectacles for the eyes invented by Alexan- 

der de Spina, a monk of Florence. 

1299 Wind-mills first known in France, Germany, 

and Spain. 

1300 Wax candles are at this time so great a lux- 

ury, that splinters of wood dipped in fat 

are generally used for lights in England, 

among the lower classes. 
1300 Wine, at this time, is sold in England by 

apothecaries, as a cordial. 
1302 The mariner's compass is greatly improved 

by Flavio Gioja, Italian navigator. (See 

12fi0.) 

1304 July 20th. Birth, at Arezzo, in Tuscany, of 

Petrarch, celebrated Italian poet. (See 
1374.) 

1305 Sir William Wallace, brave Scottish patriot, 
1 betrayed to the English, and executed, 

August 23d. 

130G Robert Brace, grandson of the first claimant, 
is crowned king of Scotland. 

130(! December 25th. Death of Jacopone, Italian 
poet, and monk, author of "Oanti Spirit- 
j uali," and the hymn "Stabat Mater." 

1307 Matthew of Westminster, Benedictine his- 
torian, ends his history at this date. 

1307 ! November 7th. Establishment of the Swiss 
Republics. 

1307 November 18th. Gessler, the Austrian gov- 
ernor, is killed by William Tell, the Swiss 



696 

Nov. 6 



R. I. 



707 

July 10 



9-66 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



.1. P. 



2049 5300 6009 



697 


10-66 


2050 


5301 


6010 


Oct. 26 










698 


11-66 


2051 


5302 


601] 


Oct. IC 










699 


12-66 


2052 


5303 


6012 


Oct. 5 










700 


13-66 


2053 


5304 


6013 


Sept. 24 

*■ 










702 


15-66 


2055 


5306 


6015 


Sept. 2 










704 


2- 


2057 


5308 


6017 


Aug. 11 


UTth 
Cycle. 








705 


3-67 


2058 


5309 


6018 


Aug. 1 










70G 


4-67 


2059 


5310 


6019 


JuI.T 21 











5-" 2060 5311 6020 



205 



A. D. 


1307 TO 1322 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1307 


patriot; Gessler havinn' compelled Tell to 
shoot an apple from off the head of his own 
child. 


707 

July 10 


5 67 


2060 


5311 


6020 


1309 


Clement V., a Frenchman, removes the Papal 


709 


7" : 2062 


5313 1 6022 




i^ee from Rome, to Avignon (where it re- 


June IS 












mains for sixty-eight years), to gratify' his 














patron, Philip le Bel, of France. (See 














1377.) 










1310 


The city of Rhodes is taken by the Knights 
of St. John (Hospitallers). 


710 

June 7 


8" 2063 


5314 


6023 


1311 


Conncil of Vicinia, in Danphine (reckoned 


711 


9-67 2064 


5315 


6024 




by the Roman branch of the Church as the 


May 27 












Fifteenth General Council), suppresses 














the order of the Knights Templars. 












1312 


Hertford College, one of the many colleges of 
Oxford, founded. 


712 
May 17 


10 67 12065 


5316 


6025 


1313 


Death of Arnaldus Villanovanus, celebrated 
alchemist and physician; age 78. 


713 

May 6 


11" 2066 


5317 


6026 


1314 


June 24th. Battle of Bannockburn. The 


714 


12-67 ; 2067 


5318 


6027 




English, under Edward 11., are signally 


\pril 25 












defeated by the Scots, under Robert Bruce, 














who establish their independence. 












1314 


Exeter College, Oxford, founded by Walter 
Stapledon, bishop of Exeter. 












1314 


Molay, last grand-master of the Templars, 














burned alive at Paris. 










1318 


Edward Bruce, having invaded Ireland, in 


718 


1- 2071 


5322 


6031 




1315, is defeated, and slain, at Dundalk, 


Mar. l.S 


G8th 
Cycle. 


t 








October 5th, by the English, under Lord 














Birmingham. 












1318 


November 10th. Death of Trauenlob, cele- 














brated German poet. 










1321 


September 14th. Death of Dante, illustrious 
Italian poet, at Ravenna; age 56. 


721 

Feb. 9 


4-68 2074 


5325 


6034 


1322 


September 28th. Battle of Miihldorf, be- 


722 


5-68 2075 


5326 


6035 




tween Frederick III., archduke of Austria, 


Jan. 29 












and Louis of Bavaria, rival contestants 














for the imperial throne of Germany. Fred- 














erick is defeated, and taken prisoner, by 














Louis, who ascends the throne of Germany 














as Louis IV. or V. 












1322 


AYalter Lollard, from whom the Lollards de- 
rived their name, burned alive at Cologne, 
as a heretic. 













206 




DANTE. 
SEE 1321. 



207 



A. D. 



1324 TO 1336 A. D. 



R.I. 



A.U. C. A.M. 



J. P. 



1324 The twenty-third cycle of the Ileijira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan 
j New Year's Days are January Tth and De- 
cember 2Tth. { See Note H. ) 

132G September 24th. Isabella lands in Sutt'olk 
with an army, against her husband, Ed- 
ward II., of England. Edward takes 
flight into Wales. 

1326 Clare Hall, Cambridge, first founded by Dr. 

Richard Baden. 

1327 January 7th. English Parliament, insti- 

gated by Mortimer and Isabella, depose 
Edward II. Prince Edward, age 14, is 
proclaimed king (Edward III.). Isabella 
and Mortimer rule in his name. 

1327 Goldsmiths' Co. established in London. 

1327 Skinners' Co. established in London. 

1327 September 21st. Edward II. is brutally mur- 
dered, in Berkeley Castle, by assassins, in- 
stigated by Mortimer. 

1327 Cecco d'Ascoli, learned Italian astrologer, 
condemned by the inquisition, for heresy, 
is burned alive. 

1327 Ralph Higden concludes his "Polychroni- 

con." (Ac. Blair.) 

1328 Death of Nicholas Trivet, Dominican monk, 

and English historian. 

1330 Edward III., age 18 on NoA'ember 13, takes 
the government in his own hands. His 
mother, Isabella, and her lover, Mortimer, 
are surprised at Nottingham Castle. Isa- 
bella is imprisoned for life, and Mortimer 
hanged at Tyburn, November 29th. 

1331 : Flemish weavers, under John Kemp, settle 
1 at Norwich, and greatly imjirove the art 
1 of weaving in England. (See 1132.) 

1331 Death of Abulfeda, celebrated Arabian war- 
rior, historian, and geographer. 

1333 July l!»th. Battle of" Ilalidon Hill, near 
j Berwick. The English defeat the Scots. 
Archibald Douglas, regent for young 
David II. (Bruce), of Scotland, is slain. 
Edward III. places Edward Balliol on the 
Scottish throne. 

1330 Death of Ciotto Augiolotto, or Ambrogiotto 
di Bondone, eminent Florentine painter. 
.TA. m. 



724 
and 
725 



Dec. 



728 

Nov. 24 



729 

Not. 13 

731 
Oct. 22 



732 

Oct. 11 



734 

Sept. 20 



Aug. 18 



■68 



9-68 



10-68 



11-68 
13-68 



11-68 



1- 

Cycle. 



1-69 



2077 5328 



2079 5330 



6037 



G039 



2080 5331 G040 



2081 
2083 



2084 



5332 
5334 



6041 
6043 



5335 



6044 



2086 



2089 



5337 



6046 



5340 



6049 



A. D. 


1337 TO 1346 A. D. 


HEG. H. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1337 


Odld florins first coined in England, under 
Edward III. 


738 5-69 

Aug. 7 

1 


2090 


5341 


6050 


1337 


Remarkable comet seen at England. 












1338 


Beginning of the hostilities between France 
and England. 


739 

July 27 


6-69 


2091 


5342 


6051 


1339 


I'arlaani, (ireek monk, and mathematician, 
revives ( Jreek literature, in Italy. 


740 

July 17 


7-69 


2092 


5343 


6052 


1339 


Ct)pper first coined in Ireland. (Ac. Haydn.) 












1340 


Gunpowder supposed to have been invented 


741 8-69 


2093 


5344 


6053 




by Rerthold Schwartz, a German monk. 


JulyG 










1340 


(^iceu's College, Oxfgrd, founded, by Rob- 
ert de Eglesfield, confessor of Queen Phil- 
ippa, consort of Edward III. 












1340 


Death, at Paris, of Nicholas de Lyra, Freuch 
monk, and Biblical commentator; age 70. 












1340 


Leo Pilatus, professor of Greek at Florence, 
flourishes. He is supposed to have been 
the first to translate Homer into Latin or 
Italian. 












1343 


Count Humbert II. cedes Dauphine to Philip 
VI., of France, for his eldest son, on condi- 
tion that the prince be styled Dauphin. 
Annexation takes place 1340, which see. 


744 

June 3 


11-69 


2096 


5347 


6056 


1343 


IViu])roke Hall, Cambridge, founded by the 
countess of Pembroke. 












1344 


Clare Hall, Cambridge, having been burned, 
is rebuilt, and endowed by Elizabeth de 
Burg. (See 1326.) 


745 

May 23 


12-69 


2097 


5348 


6057 


1344 


JIadeira Islands discovered by an English- 
man, named Jlasham, who reports his dis- 
covery first to Pedro, king of Aragon. The 
Portuguese claim the islands. (See 1420.) 












1344 


Gold nobles first coined in England, under 
Edward III. 












1344 


English Parliament, by the "Statute of Pro- 
visors," forbids the interference of the 
]io]ie in bestowing benefices and livings in 










p 




England. (Ac. Blair.) 


1 






1345 


The Grocers' Co. is established in London; 
but not incorporated until 1429. 


746 13-69 20!)8 

May 13 


5349 


6058 


1340 


August 2(;th. Battle of Crecy, in which the 


747 14-69 


2099 


5350 


6059 




English, under Edward the Black Prince, 


May 2 












gain a complete victory over the French. 














John, king of Bohemia, is slain in battle. 












1340 


The crest of three ostrich feathers, with the 
motto "Ich dien" (I serve), is adopted by 










■ 



210 



A. D. 



1340 TO 1349 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. tr. c. 



A.M. 



.7. P. 



134() the Black Prince, in memorial of his vic- 
tory, and lias ever since been worn by tlie 
heir of the English throne. 
1346 Cannon is tirst used by the English, at the 

battle of Crecy. 
1346 October 17th. Battle at Neville's Cross, near 
I Durham. The English, under Queen Phil- 
ippa, take i)ris(Uier David Bruce, king of 
j Scotland, and van(|uisli his army. 

1346 University of Heidelberg founded. 

1347 April 7th. Death of William Occam, Eng- 

lish philosopher and eminent logician, sur- 
named the "Invincible Doctor." 
1347 August 4th. Calais surrenders to the Eng- 
lish, after a long siege. 

1347 Death of AValter de Hemingford, canon of 
I GuisI)orough, and author of English his- 
I tory from l(l(;6 to 1308. 

1348 Death of Barlaam, Greek monk and mathe- 

matician. 
1348 Giovanni Villani, Italian historian, dies of 

the plague, Avhich is ravaging Europe. 
1348 University of Prague founded. 

1348 Gonville College, Cambridge, founded by Ed- 
ward Gonville. 

1349 April 23d. Order of the CJarter instituted by 
Edward III., of England. Their motto is 
"lloni soit qui mal y pense" (Evil to him 
who evil thinks.") 

N.B. — The original twenty-tiveknights, under 
Edward III., as sovereign, were: Black 
Prince I Edward, I'riiice of A\ ales) ; Henry, 
dnko (if Lancaster; Thdnias, carl of "War- 
wick; Jolui, cai)tal dc Bucli ; Kalph, earl of 
Stafford ;William, earl of Salisbury ;Roger, 
earl of ilortiiiicr; Sir .Tolm Lisle; Bartlxd- 
omew (Lord Burglierslie ) ; .Jolin (Lord 
Beaucliamp) ; John (Lord Mohun, of Dun- 
ster) ; Sir Tlugh Courtenay; Thomas, earl 
of Kent; John (Lord Grey, of liOtlicr- 
field I ; Sir Richard Fitz-Simon ; Sir Miles 
Stapleton; Sir Thonms Wale; Sir Hugh 
Wrottesley; Sir Xele Loryng; Sir John 
Chandos; Sir James Audley; Sir Otto 
Holland; Sir Henry Earn; Sir Sanchet 
d'Ahricheconrt ; and Sir Walter Pavcley. 



747 

May i; 



1469 



2099 



5350 



6059 



748 

April 21 



1569 2100 



5351 



6060 



749 

April 10 



70th 
Cycle. 



750 

Mar. 30 



O-70 



2101 



5352 



6061 



2102 



5353 



6062 



211 



A. D. 


1349 TO 1362 A. D. 


HEG. 


K.I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1349 


Daupliine annexed to France on condition 
that the king's eldest son should be called 
the Dauphin, and wear the arms of Dau- 
phine. (See 1343.) 


750 

Mar. 3(1 


o-'^O 


2102 


5353 


6062 


1351 


The law of high treason defined by special 
act of English Parliament. 


752 

Mar. 9 


4-70 


2104 


5355 


6064 


1351 


Corpus Christi, or Benet College, Cambridge, 
founded. 












1351 


Trinity Hall, Cambridge, founded by Wil- 
liam Bateman, bishop of Norwich. 












135i: 


Parliament, by a statute of Prajmunire, 
limits still more the papal power in Eng- 
land. 

The prefix "lord" added to the title .of 


753 

Feb. :;G 


5-70 


2105 


5356 


6065 


1354 


755 


7-70 


2107 


5358 


6067 




mayor, first granted by Edward III. to the 


Feb. 4. 












chief magistrate of London. 












1356 


September 19th. Battle of Poictiers. John, 
king of France, is taken prisoner by Ed- 
ward, Prince of Wales (Black Prince). 


757 

Jan. 13 


9-70 


2109 


5360 


6069 


1356 


The emperor Charles IV. issues the "Golden 
Bull," as the fundamental law of the Ger- 
manic constitution. 












1357 


The twenty-fourth cycle of the Hegira Era 
begins this year. The two Mohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 2d and De- 
cember 22d. (See Note H.) 


758 
and 
759 


10-70 


2110 


5361 


6070 


1357 


Court of Admiralty erected by Edward III., 
of England. 












1358 


Insurrection of the peasantry, in France. 
(War of La Jaquerie. ) 


760 

Dec. 10 


11-70 


2111 


5362 


6071 


1359 


Death of Gregoras Nicephorus, Byzantine 


761' 


12-70 


2112 


5363 


6072 


or 


historian and mathematician; age 64 or 


Nov. 29 










1360 


65. 












1360 


Treaty of Bretigny, between England and 
France. John, of France, receives his lib- 
erty for a large ransom. 


762 

Nov. 1 8 


13-70 


2113 


5364 


6073 


1361 


University of Pavia formally constituted by 
Charles IV. of Germany. It was originally 
founded, as a school, by Charlemagne, in 
the 8th century. 


763 

Nov. 7 


14-70 


2114 


5365 


6074 


1362 


Edward III. celebrated his 50th year by a 
general amnesty ; and grants as a favor to 
the people, that law pleadings in the courts 
shall be henceforth conducted in the Eng- 
lish language, and not in French, as hith- 
erto. 


761 

Oct. 27 


15-70 


2115 


5366 


6075 



212 



A. D. 


1364 TO 137S A. D. 


HEG. 


It. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1364 


Carlsbad, famous watering place, in Bohe- 706 


o. 


2117 


5368 


6077 




mia, Austria, founded. (Ac. Blair; 1370, 


Oct. 5 


71st 
Cycle. 










ac. Haydn.) 












1365 


University of Vienna founded. 


767 


3-71 


2118 


5369 


6078 


1365 


University of Geneva founded. 


Sept. 24 










1368 


A striking clock set up at Westminster, Eng- 770 
land. ^"g- -3 


o-'^i 


2121 5372 


6081 


1369 


Building of the Bastile of Paris begun by 


771 


7-71 


2122 5373 


6082 




Aubriot, provost of Paris, by order of 


Aug. 12 












Charles V., the Wise, of France. (See 














1383.) 












1370 


The most perfect clock, up to this date, is 
made in Paris, by Vick. 


772 

Aug. 1 


8-71 


2123 


5374 


6083 


1371 


Sir Walter Manny builds the Carthusian 
monastery in London ( La Chartreuse) . It 
is afterward the Charter-house. 


773 

July 21 


9-71 


2124 


5375 


6084 


1372 


Deatli of Sir John de Mandeville, famous 
English traveler and writer. 


774 

July 10 


10-71 


2125 


5376 


6085 


1374 


July 18th. Death, at Ai'(|na, near Padua, of 
Petrarch, celebrated Italian poet; age 72 
years, less two days. 


776 

June 19 


12"'^i 


2127 


5378 


6087 


1375 


"New College," Oxford, founded by William 
de Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, and 
lord high chancellor of England. 


777 

June S 


13-71 


2128 


5379 


6088 


1375 


December 21st. Death of Giovanni Boccac- 
cio, celebrated Italian novelist and poet; 
age 62. 












1376 


June 8th. Death of Black Prince (Edward, 
Prince of Wales), within seven days of 
his 46th birthday; renowned for his cour- 
age and virtues. 


778 

May 28 


14-71 


2129 


5380 


6089 


1377 


The members of the House of Commons 
choose, for the first time, a speaker for 
their house. 


779 

May 17 


15-71 


2130 


5381 


6090 


1377 


Gregory XI. removes the Papal See back to 
Rome, from Avignon. ( See 1309. ) 












1378 


Death of Gregory XI. The "Great Schism of 
the West" begins, and continues for thirty- 
eight years. The cardinals first choose 
Urban VI. as Gregory's successor, and 
then annul their act, and elect Clement 
VII. Both claim the Papal See, and ex- 
communicate each other, and their own 
opponents. Urban stays at Rome, and is 


780 
May 6 


1- 

72d 
Cycle. 


2131 


5382 


6091 



213 



A.D. 


1378 TO 1386 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. : J. p. 

1 


1378 


adhered to by England. Clement resides 
at Avignon, and is recognized by France. 
( See 1429, 1439, 1449. ) 


780 

May H 


1- 

72d 
Cycle. 


2131 


5382 


6091 


1379 


April 25th. . Capitation, or poll-tax, first im- 
posed on the people of England by Parlia- 
ment. 


781 

iprll 26 


2-72 


2132 


5383 


6092 


1381 


The English people rebel against the poll- 
tax. 

June 12th. Wat Tyler leads an insurrection 
of the common people. The rebels take 
possession of London, and kill Simon de 
Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, pri- 
mate and chancellor, June 14th. 


783 

April 4 


4-72 


2134 


5385 


6094 


1381 


June 15th. While threatening the king, and 
others of high rank, Wat Tyler is stabbed 
with a dagger by Walworth, lord mayor of 
London. 












1381 


Richard XL, with great presence of mind, 
faces the mob, infuriated at the death of 
Tyler, their leader, and leading them out 
of the city, persuades them to quietly dis- 
perse. 












1381 


Wycliffe preaches against the doctrine of 
transubstantiation, and is prohibited from 
so doing by the chancellor of Oxford. 












1382 


Courteney, archbishop of Canterbury, con- 
demns as heretical the doctrines of Wy- 
cliffe. He is compelled to retire from Ox- 
ford to Lutterworth. 


784 
Mar. 24 


5-72 


2135 


5386 


6095 


1383 


Bastile of Paris completed. (See 1369.) It 
is afterwards used as a state prison. 


785 
Mar. 1.3 


6-72 


2136 


5387 


6090 


1384 


December 30th. Death, at Lutterworth, of 
AVycliffe, English reformer, aud author of 
an English translation of the Bible. 


786 
Mar. 2 


7-72 


2137 


5388 


6097 


1384 


Fishmongers' Co., in London, founded. 












1385 


(July 29th, ac. Blair; August 14th, ac. 
Haydn.) Battle of Aljubarota, in which 
the Castiliaus are defeated, by the Portu- 
guese, who establish the independence of 
Portugal. John I., of Portugal, soon after 
builds the convent of Batalha, to commem- 
orate the victory. 


787 

Feb. 20 


8-72 


2138 


5389 


6098 


1386 


July 9th. Battle of Sempach. Leopold, of 
Austria, is totally defeated by the Swiss 
Cantons, who by this victory, establish 


788 

Feb. 9 


9-72 


2139 


5390 


6099 



214 




< 00 
Q. h; 

o Z 

Hi < 

1_ CO 

Si ;2 

< > 

UJ J2 

•^ UJ 
U3 



215 



A. D. 


138G TO 1S99 A. D. 


HEG. 


H. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1386 
13S(i 


more firmly the independence of tlieir 
country. (See 1307.) 
(About.) Deatli of Jolin de Fordun, earliest 


788 

Feb. 9 


9-72 


2139 


5390 


6099 


1388 


Scottish historian. (Ac. Haydn.) 
August 10th. Celebrated battle of Otter- 
burn (foundation of the ohl English 
baUad of "Clievy Chase"), between the 
Scotch Douglas family, under James II., 
earl of Douglas, and the English Percy 
family, under Henry Percy, first earl of 
Northumberland, and his son Henry, 
known as Hotspur. The victory unde- 
cided. Douglas is slain by Hotspur, who 


790 

Jan. 18 


11-72 


2141 


5392 


6101 


1388 


in turn is taken prisoner by the Scots. 
Death of Muhanimed Shamsuddiu, better 
known l)y bis nom de plume, llatiz, cele- 














brated Persian poet. 










1389 


The twenty-fifth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan 


701 12 72 '2142 
and 


5393 


6102 


1302 


New Year's Days are January 8th and De- 
cember 20tli. (See Note H.) 
Charles \I., of France, the well-beloved, is 


792 

795 15-72 


2145 


5.390 


6105 




attacked with fits of madness; age 24. 


Nov. 26 












Playing cards are invented, or introduced 














into France, for his amusement. 












1302 


Parliament, by a statute of Pnemunire, re- 
strains the papal authority in England, 
esi)ecial]y in the giving of benefices. (See 
1352.) 












1393 


The Piercers' Co., one of the 12 chief compa- 
nies of London, is founded. 


796 1- 

Nov. 15 73i-(l 

CvclP 


2146 


5397 


0106 


1396 


A truce of twenty-five years is made between 
England and France. 


799 4-73 

Oct. 13 


2149 


5400 


6109 


1307 


(June 17th, ac. Blair; July 21st, ac. Ilaydn.) 
Union of Calmar: the kingdoms of Den- 


800 i 5-73 

Oct. 2 


2150 


5401 


6110 




mark, Norway, and Sweden are combined 














by treaty into one kingdom, under Mar- 














garet; appointing her grand-nephew, Eric, 
as their future head. 












1399 


Richard II., of England, deserted by his 
army, surrenders himself to Henry of Bol- 


802 7-73 

Sept. 10 


2152 


5403 


6112 




ingbroke, August 19-20th. 












1399 


September 29tb. Kichard is deposed by 
Parliament, aud sent a prisoner to Ponte- 
fract Castle. Henry Bolingbroke succeeds 














him as Henry IV., September 30th. 









217 



A. D. 


1399 TO 1405 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. D. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1399 


The Order of the Bath instituted at the coro- 


802 


-73 


2152 


5403 


6112 


1400 


nation of Henry IV., of England. 
Owen (ilendower, renowned WclhJh cliieftain 


Sept. lu 

803 


8-73 


2153 


5404 


6113 




(great-grandson of Llewellyn, last ^A'elsh 


Auf. 31 




1 




1400 


Prince of Wales), haA'ing adhered to Rich- 
ard II., now successfully revolts against 
Henry IV., of England. 
Froissart, French historian and poet, ends 
at this date his "Chronique." 












1400 


Monstrelet, French historian, begins his 
"Chronique'' at this date. 












1400 


October 25th. Death of Geoffrey Chaucer, 
great Engli.sh poet; age 72; the author of 
"Canterlniry Tales," etc., etc. 












1401 


xVct of Parliament passed, for the punish- 
ment of Lollards. The first victim, Wil- 
liam Sawtree, parish priest of St. Osith, 
Lcnulon, is burned alive at Smithfield, Feb- 
ruary 19th, for holding to the doctrines of 
Wycliffe, and denying the doctrine of tran- 
substantiation. 


804 

Aug. 211 


9-73 


2154 


5405 


6114 


1402 


Battle of Ilomildon Hill, between the Scots, 
under Earl Douglas, and the Percys, who 
defeat the Scots. Several of the Scotch 
earls, and others of the nobility, are taken 


805 

Aug. 


10-73 


2155 


5406 


6115 


1402 


prisoners by the English. 
July 28th. Battle of Angora. Bajazet, Otto- 
man sultan, celebrated Eastern conqueror, 
is totally defeated, and taken prisoner by 
Tiniur, or Tamerlane, the great conqueror 
of Asia. 












1402 


Death of John Gower, English poet. 












1402 


The Canary Islands discovered and con- 
quered, l)y Bethencourt, French chamber- 
lain. 












1403 


July 21st. Battle of Shrewsbury, between 
Henry IV., of England, and the nobles, led 
by Percy (Hotspur). Hotspur is killed, 
after a valiant fight, which gives the vic- 
tory to the king. 


806 

July 29 


11-73 


2156 


5407 


6116 


1405 


February 17-18th. Death of Timur, or Tam- 
erlane, the great Tartar chief, and Asiatic 
conqueror, on his march towards China. 


808 

July 7 


13-73 


2158 


5409 


6118 



I 



21S 



A. D. 


1409 TO 1416 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1409 


Council of Pisa. The two popes, (Tregory 
XII., and Benedict XIII., refuse to attend, 
and are deposed. Alexander V. is elected 
as the true pope. All three claim the 
papal chair, and mutually excommunicate 
each other. 


812 

May 25 


2- 

74tli 

Cycle. 


2162 


5413 


6122 


1409 


University of Leipsic founded. 












1410 


Cordwainers' Co. founded, in London. The 
cordwainers were workers in Spanish 
leather, from Cordova. 


813 

May 14 


3-74 


2163 


5414 


6123 


1411 


The building of the Guildhall, London. 


814 


4-'^* 21G4 


5415 


6124 


1411 


St. Andrew's University, Scotland, founded. 


May 4 








1414 


The Council of Constance, reckoned by the 
Roman branch of the Catholic Church as 
the Sixteentli General Council, is convoked 
by Pope John XXIII. The other two 
popes, Benedict XIII., and Gregory XII., 
refuse to attend the council. 


817 
April 1 


7-74 


2167 


5418 


6127 


1415 


April 15th. Death of Manuel Chrysoloras, a 
restorer of Greek literature in Italy. 


818 
Mar. 21 


8-74 


2168 


5419 


6128 


1415 


The Council of Constance condemns as here- 
tics, John Huss, and Jerome of I'rague, 
Bohemian reformers; and deposes John 
XXIII., who is imprisoned for life. Greg- 
ory XII. abdicates voluntarily, and is al- 
lowed to retain the dignity of cardinal, and 
is made legate to the March of Ancoaa. 
Benedict XIII. refuses to resign his papal 
claim. 












1415 


July (i(li. John Huss burned alive, by order 
of Council of Constance. 












1415 


September 20th. Death of Owen Glendower, 
the A\'elsh warrior. 












1415 


Oil painting invented by the brothers John 
and llul)ert Van Eyck, Flemish painters. 
(Ac. Haydn; between 1410 and 1420, ac. 
Encyclo. Brit. ) 












1415 


October 25th. Battle of Agincourt, in which 
Henry V., of England, gains a great vic- 
tory over the French. Henry V. is pro- 
claimed heir to the throne of France. 












141G 


ilay 3(lth. Jerome of Prague is burned 


819 


9-74 2169 


5420 


6129 




alive, by order of the Council of Constance. 


Mar. 10 











219 



A. D. 


1417 TO 1429 A. D. 


HEG. 


U. 1. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1417 


Novt'iiihcr lltli. Council of Coustance elects 
Cardinal Otlio Colouna as Pope Martin V. 


820 

Feb. 28 


10-74 


2170 


5421 


6130 


1417 


Benedict XIII. still persists in his claim, 
(ivpsies ( /. c. wandering tribes of Egyp- 
tians) first appear in Austria the latter 












1418 
1420 


part of this year. 

March 22d. Death of Nicolas Flamel, cele- 
brated French alchemist and philanthro- 
pist. 

May 24th. Treaty of Troys, by which Henry 
v., of England, is made regent of France 
during the life of the insane king, Charles 
VI., and heir to the French throne upon 
the death of Charles. Henry marries the 
daughter of Charles VI. His son, the 
daupliin, Charles, is disinherited by the 


821 

Feb. 17 

823 

.Tan. 26 


11-74 

13-74 


2171 
2173 


5422 
5424 


6131 
6133 


1420 


treaty. 
The rortuguese first visit and colonize the 












1422 


Madeira Islands. (See 1344. ) 
The twenty-sixth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohanunedan 


825 
and 


15-74 


2175 


5426 


6135 


1422 


New Year's Days are January 4th and De- 
cember 24th. ( See Note H. ) 
August 31st. Death of Henry V., of Eng- 


826 










1422 


land. His son, Henry VI., is proclaimed 
king of England and France. 
October 21-22d. Death of Charles VL, of 
France. His son, the dauphin, is crowned 
by the French, as Charles VII. 












1424 


Octol)er 3d. Death of Benedict XIII., anti- 
l)Oi)e. The schism is continued by the elec- 
tion (if another anti-pope, entitled Clement 
VIII. 


828 

Dec. 2 


2- 

75th 
Cycle. 


2177 


5428 


6137 


1425 


Court of Sessions established in Scotland, by 
James I. 


820 
Xov. 21 


3-75 


2178 


5429 


6138 


1427 


Lincoln College, Oxford, founded by Richard 
Fleming. 


831 

Oct. 30 


5-75 


2180 


5431 


6140 


1428 
1420 


Death of Giovanni de Medici, founder of the 
celebrated ]Medici family, at Florence. 

May 8tli. The English are forced to raise the 
siege of Orleans, by Joan d'Arc, Maid of 
Orleans. 


832 

Oct. 19 

833 

Oct. 8 


6-75 

7-75 


2181 

2182 


5432 
5433 


6141 
6142 


1420 


June IStb. Battle of Patay, in which the 
English are defeated by the French, led 
by Joan d'Arc. 








^ 





220 



A. D. 



1429 TO 1439 A. D. 



HEG. 



R.I. 



A. U. C. , A. M. 



J. P. 



1429 ; Clement VIII. resigns, leaving Martin V. 
j sole pope, wliich ends the Western Schism. 
I ( See 1378, 1439, and 1449. ) 

1430 : May 24th. Joan d'Arc taken prisoner by the 

Burgimdians. 

1431 May SOth. Joan d'Arc is burnt at the stake, 

at Rouen, on the false charge of witch- 
craft. 

1431 Council of Basel, reckoned by the Roman 
branch of the Church as the Seventeenth 
General Council, opens, July 23d, and has 
its first session in December. Cardinal 
Julius Cesarino presides over this council, 
which commences its proceedings by de- 
claring itself in all spiritual matters su- 

perior to the pope. 

1432 The pope, Eugenius IV., commands the coun- 

cil to assemble at Bologna. They disobey 
his orders, and continue to hold their sit- 
tings at Basel. 

1434 Papal authority defined and limited by the 
! Council of Basel. 

1435 Treaty of Arras, between France and Bur- 

gundy, concluded September 22d. 

1436 Paris recovered from the English by the 

French. 

1437 All Souls' College, Oxford, founded by Henry 
" I Chichely, archbishop of Canterbury. 

1437 Vintners' Co. founded at London. 

1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bonrges declares the 
pope subordinate to a General Council, 
and annuls his fiscal rights in France, es- 
tablishing the liberty of the Galilean 
Church. 

1438 Laurent Koster, of Haerlem, first invents 
printing, by cutting letters on blocks of 
wood, with which he prints his book, en- 
titled "Speculum HumansB Salvationis." 
(See 1442, 1452.) 

1438 Council of Ferrara, called by Pope Eugenius, 

in opposition to the Council of Basel. 

1439 Drapers' Co. founded at London. 

1439 I Pope Eugenius removes his council from 
Ferrara to Florence, where a reunion of 
the Greek and Latin Churclies is at- 
tempted. 



833 

Oct. S 



834 

Sept. 27 

835 

Sept. IK 



7-75 

8-75 
9-75 



836 

Sept. 5 



838 

Aug. 15 



840 

July 24 

841 

July 13 



842 

July 2 



843 

June 21 



10-75 



12-75 



2182 

2183 
2184 



2185 



2187 



839 13-75 2188 

Aug. 4 



14-75 



2189 



5433 

5434 
5435 



5436 

5438 
5439 



6142 

6143 
6144 



6145 

6147 
6148 



15-'^5 2190 



5440 ; 6149 



76tli 
Cycle. 



2191 



5441 



5442 



6150 



6151 



9-76 2192 



5443 6152 



221 



A. D. 


1439 TO 1449 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. !A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1431) 


The Council of Basel deposes Eugeniiis, and 
elects Aiiiadens, of Havoy, as Pope Felix 
v., and thus renews the schism of the 
Western Church. (See 1378, 1429, and 
1449. ) 


843 

June 21 


2-76 


2192 


5443 


6152 


]43y 


April 30th. Death, at Rouen, of Kicliard de 
Beauchanip, earl of Warwick, regent of 
France. 












1441 


King's College, Cambridge, and Eton Col- 


845 


4-76 


2194 


5445 


6154 




lege, Buckinghamshire, founded by Henry 


May 31 




i 






VI., of England. 










1442 


Johann Faust improves Laurent Roster's in- 


846 


5-76 


2195 i 5446 


6155 




vention, and establishes a printing office 


May 20 












at Mentz, where he prints the "Tractatus 














Petri Hispani." (See 1438, and 1452.) 












1442 


Christ College, Cambridge, founded. 












1444 


March 9th. Death of Leonardo Bruni, sur- 


848 ' 7-76 


'2197 


5448 


6157 




named Aretino, eminent Italian scholar, 


April 28 












and author of Florentine history, and 














other works. 












1444 


Joliann (luteiilierg invents cat metal types, 
and commences witli tliem to print the first 
edition of tlie Bible. 

N. B. — Gutenberg's surname was Giinsfleisch 
('/. c. Geese-tlesh ) , but lie assumed his 
mother's family name, Gutenberg. 












1444 


Death of Brunelleschi, celebrated Italian ar- 
chitect and sculptor. 












144G 


Great inundation of the sea at Dort, in Hol- 
land; 10(»,000 lives lost, and 72 villages 
destroyed. 


850 

April 6 


9-76 


2199 


5450 


6159 


1447 


First grammar schools founded in London. 
(Ac. Blair.) 


851 

Mar. 27 


10-76 


2200 


5451 


6160 


1447 


Haberdashers' Co. founded in London. 












1448 


The Vatican library founded at Rome, by 
Pope Nicliolas V. 


852 
Mar. 16 


11-76 


2201 


5452 


6161 


1448 


Queen's College, Cambridge, founded by Mar- 
garet, of Anjou, consort of Henry VI., of 
England. 












1449 


Ulag-Beg, Tartar prince, and celebrated as- 


853 


12-76 


2202 


5453 


6162 




tronomer and historian, grandson of Tam- 


Mar. 5 i 










erlane, is killed by his son. 












1449 


Felix V. abdicates, leaving Nicholas V. sole 
pope, and ending the second Western 
Schism. (See 1378, 1429, 1439.) 














CONSTANTINOPLE. 
SEE 1453. 




CONSTANTINOPLE. 
SEE 1453. 



224 



A. n. 


1450 TO 14ti0 A. ]>. 


HEU. 


K. t 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


.T. P 


1450 


Jack Cade, an Irishman, raises an insurrec- 
tion in Kent, and leads the insuri>c'uts to 
London. 


854 

Feb. 22 


13-76 


2203 


5454 


6163 


1452 


Peter Se-liolfer, son-in-law and partner of 
Joliann Faust, introduces the metal type, 
cast in matrices; known as the first cast 


85fi 

Jan. 31 


15-76 


2205 


5456 


6165 


1453 


metal type. ( See 1438, and 1442. ) 
May 29th. Constantinople taken by Moham- 
med II., sultan of Turkey. Final fall of 
the lilastern lionian Empire, and death of 


857 

.Tau. 21 


1- 

TTtll 
Cycle. 


220G 


5457 


6166 


1454 


the emperor Constantiue XIV. 
The twenty-seventh cycle of the Hegira Era 
begins this year. The two ilohammedan 
New Year's Days are January 10th and De- 


858 
and 
859 


2-77 


2207 


5458 


6167 


1454 
1455 


cember 30th. ( See Note H. ) 

T'niversity of Glasgow founded. 

The A^'ars of the Roses, between the houses 
of York, under the duke of Y'ork, and Lan- 
caster, under King Henry VI., contending 
ftir the English throne, begin with the 
battle at St. Albans, May 22d, in which 
the former are temporarily victorious. 
The Yorkists take the white rose for the 
emblem of their party, and the Lancas- 
trians, the red I'ose. 


8G0 

Dec. 20 


3-77 


2208 


5459 


6168 


145G 


Magdalen ('ollege, Oxford, founded by ^^'il- 
liam de ^Vaynflete, bishop of AVinchester. 


861 

Dec. 9 


4-77 


2209 


5460 


6169 


145G 


Forty thousand people destroyed by a great 
earth(|uake in Naples. 












1457 


The Book of Psalms printed at Mentz, by 
Johann I'^iust and Peter SclKitfer. 


8G2 

Nov. 28 


5-77 


2210 


5461 


6170 


1458 


The University of Basel, in Switzerland, is 
founded. 


8G3 

Nov. 17 


6-77 


2211 


5462 


6171 


1459 


September 23d. The Lancastrians again de- 
feated l)y the Y'orkists, at the battle of 
Bloreheath. 


8G4 

Nov. G 


7-77 


2212 


5463 


6172 


1459 


October 15th. Death of Sir John Falstalf, 
celebrated English warrior. 












1459 


October 2Gth. Death of Giannozzo Manetti, 
eminent f<ir his proficiency in Greek, Latin, 
and Hebrew. 












1459 


October 30th. Death of Poggio Bracciolini, 
eminent Italian scholar, antiquarian, and 
satirist. 












14G0 


The art of taking, on paper, engravings from 
copper plates, invented by Tommaso, sur- 
named Finiguerra. a Tuscan goldsmith. 


865 

Oct. 2G 


8-77 


2213 


5464 


6173 



A D 


1460 TO 1471 A. D. 


HEG. K. I. 


A. U: C. 


A. M. J. P. 


14G0 


December 31st. Battle of Wakefield; the 
Yorkists defeated, and duke of York slain 


865 

Oct. 26 


§77 


2213 


5464 (;173 


14(50 


by Queen Margaret's army. 
Gutenberg completes the first printed Bible, 










1461 


begun by him in 1444. 
February 2d. Battle of Mortimer's Cross. 
Tlie Lancastrians are defeated by the 
Yorkists, under their new duke, Edward. 


866 

Oct. 15 


9-77 


2214 


5465 i 6174 

1 


1461 


February 17th. Second battle at St. Albans. 
The Yorkists are defeated by the Lancas- 








1 


1461 


trians. 
The Eoyalists retreat before Edward, duke of 
York. 












1461 


March 4th. Henrj' VI. dethroned, and Ed- 
ward of York proclaimed king, as Ed- 
ward IV. 












1461 


jMarch 2!ttli. Battle of Towton, in Yorkshire. 












1461 


The Lancastrians totally defeated. 
June 29th. Coronation of Edward IV. 












1464 


May 15111. The Yorkists again defeat the 


869 1 12-" 


2217 


5468 \ 6177 




Lancastrian army, raised by Queen Mar- 
garet, who flies to Flanders. 


Sept. 13 






1 


1464 
1466 


Ironmongers' Co. founded at London. 
Merchant Tailors' Co. incorporated in Lon- 
don. 


871 

Aug. 2:; 


14-77 


2219 


5470 


6179 


1470 


October 5th. French army, under duke of 


875 ; 3- 


2223 


5474 6183 




Clarence, and earl of AVarwick, land in 
England. Edward IV. takes flight; War- 


July 10 


78th 
Cycle. 








1471 


wick releases Henry VI. from the tower, 
and restores him to the throne of England. 
Edward IV. lauds in England, with an army, 
and again confines Henry VI. in the 
tower. 


876 

June 29 


4-78 


2224 


5475 


6184 


1471 


April 14th, Easter Day. Battle of Barnet; 
duke of Clarence deserts AA'arwick, who is 














defeated and slain. 










1471 


May 4th. Battle of Tewkesbury ; the Lancas- 
trians finally defeated. Queen Margaret, 














and her son, taken prisoners. The young 












prince is murdered on the same day, by 
duke of (iloucester, and others; and Mar- 












garet is coufiiK'd in the tower. 










1471 


May 21st. Henry VI. murdered in the tower. 










1471 


The first lu'iuting press in England is set up 
in AVestiiiinster Abbey, by William Cax- 
ton, a mercer of London. 











22G 



A. [). 


1471 TO Wil A. I). 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. A.M. 


.1. 1'. 


1471 


(July 2fitli, ao. Ilaydii; Ani;iist 8tli, ac. En- 


870 


478 


2224 5475 


6184 




CTolo. Brit.) Death uf Thomas ii Kcinpis, 


June 29 












celebrated German ascetic writer; author 














or editor of "De Iniitatione ( 'hristi." 












1472 


First printed Almanac is published at Buda, 


877 


5-7S 


2225 5476 


0185 




in Hungary, or ac. Encyclo. Brit., at Nur- 


June IS 












emberi;-, Ger. 












1473 


The printinii' of musical notes is introduced 


878 


6-78 


2226 


5477 


0186 




by Hans Froschauer, of Augsburg. 


June 7 








1474 


The first book printed in England, "The 


879 


7-7S 


2227 5478 


0187 




Game and Playe of the Ghesse," translated 


M;l.v -7 












from the French, and printed by A\'illiam 














Caxton, at AVestminster Abbey, is finished 














March 31st. 












1475 


St. Gatherine's Hall, or Gollege, at Gam 
biidge, is founded. 


880 

May IT 


8-7S 


2228 


5479 


0183 


147(1 


Aldus ^lanutius casts the Greek alphabet, 
with which a (ireek book is ]»riiited, and he 
also introduces italics. 


881 
May 


9-78 


2229 


5480 


0189 


147n 


July 6th. Death of Johann Miiller, sur- 
named Eejiomontauus, celebrated Gernmn 
astronomer. 












147(i 


I'uiversity of T'psal, Sweden, founded. 






1 
- 




1477 


\Vatches invented at Nurendjcrg. ( See 1597. ) 


882 


10-78 


2230 5481 


6190 


1477 


Phranzes, last Byzantine historian, ends his 
chronicde at this date. 


April LT. 








147S 


Death of Theodore Gaza, Byzantine scholar, 
translator, and a reviver of (Jreek litera- 
ture in Italy. 


883 
April 1-1 


11-78 


2231 5482 


6191 


147D 


The kingdoms of Aragon and Gastile united, 


884 


12-7S 


2232 , 5483 


6192 




under Ferdinand and Isabella. 


April 3 










1479 


University of Gopenhagen founded by Chris- 
tian I., of Denmark. 












1479 


Lincoln College, founded 1427 by Richard 
Flemming, is completed by Kotherham, 
bishop of Lincoln. 












1480 


The Inquisition, or "Holy Office," again in- 


885 


13-'8 


2233 5484 


6193 




trddiiceil into Spain by Ferdinand and 


Mar. 23 












Isabella. 












14S1 


Death of Francesco Philelphus, celebrated 
Italian philologist, poet, and satirist. 


880 
Mar. 12 


14-78 


2234 


5485 


0194 


1481 


Death of Bartolommeo Platina, Italian his- 
torian, and librarian of the Vatican. 












14S1 


Caxton c(mipletes the printing, in English, of 
"The Boke of Tulle of Olde Age," August 
12th. 













A. D. 


14S2 TO 14SS A. I). 


HFO. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. v. 


1482 


Caxtou prints the "Polychronycoii." in eight 


887 15-^8 


2235 


5486 


6195 




hodlcs, (•(inipk^iini- his work July 2il. 


Mar. 2 










1482 


The "Pentateuch" printed in Hehi-ew. 












1482 


The Clolhworkers' Co. founded at London. 












1483 


Richai'd, duke of (xlouoester, dejioses his 
nepiiew, Edward V., and ascends the 
throne of England, as Kiehard III., .Tune 
20th. 


888 

Feb. 19 


1- 

70th 
Cycle. 


2230 


5487 


6196 


1483 


Jnly-Angnst. The princes Edward \'., and 
his younger hrother, duke of York, mur- 
dered in tlie tower, by order of Kichiird III. 












1483 


^^■illiam Caxtou trauslates, and prints in 
Englisli, the Lord's Prayer. (See Kote K. ) 












1485 


August 22(1. Battle of Rosworth, last battle 


890 ' 3'9 ! 2238 


5489 


6198 




between tlie houses of York and Lancaster. 


Jan. 28 










Richard III. is defeated and slain. Earl 










N 




of Kicliniond is crowned as Henry VII. 














Beginning of the Tudor line. End of the 














AA'ars of the Roses, after continuing for 














thirty years, from 1455. 












1485 


Very fatal [dague, sweating-sickness, at Lon- 
don. 












1485 


Death of Rudolph Agricola, Dutch scholar. 










1480 


Union of the houses of York and Lancaster; 
Henry VII. marries Elizabeth, daughter of 


891 4-79 

Jan. 17 


2239 


5490 


6199 




Edward IV., of York. 












1480 


Bartholomeu Dias discovers the southern ex- 
tremity of Africa, which he names Cape 
Toriuentoso (Cape Stormy), afterwards 
called Cape of Good ITojje. 












1480 


Death of (feorge of Treliizond, translator of 














the "Greek Fathers" into Latin. 


1 








1487 


The twenty-eighth cycle of the ITegira Era 
begins this year. The two Mohammedan 


892 ' 5-''9 
and 


2240 


5491 


6200 




New Year's Days are January 6th and De- 


893 












cember 20th. ( See Note H. ) 












1487 


Landiert Sininel, an impostoi', aspires to the 
English throne, and gains adherents in 
Ireland. He is defeated at the battle of 
Stoke, -luiie 0th, taken prisoner, and em- 
ployed for life as turnspit in the royal 














kitchen. 










1488 


First edition of Homer, beautifully printed, 


894 0-79 


2241 


5492 


6201 




at FlorcTice, edited by Demetrius Chalcon- 


Dec. 15 












dyles, <!reek professor. 













.\. IJ. 


1489 TO 1498 A. D. 


KEG. 


U.I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1489 


Octubcr 4th. Death of John ^^■t'ssel, Dutch 
theologian, surnamed "Master of Coutra- 
dictioii," from his skill in dialeetios. 


895 

Dec. 4 


7-79 


2242 


5493 


6202 


1491 


Brittany is annexed to the I'reneh crown, by 
the marriage of Charles VIII., of France, 
to Anne, of Brittany. 


897 

.Nov. 12 


9-79 


2244 


5495 


6204 


1492 


January 2d. I>rdinand conquers (iranada, 
and tinally expels the Moors from Spain. 


898 

Nov. 1 


lo-^y 


2245 


5496 


6205 


1492 


The Jews are expelled from Spain. 












1492 


OctoI)er 12th, Friday. Christopher Colum- 
bus discovers America, landing at Cuaua- 
haui, one of the Bahama Isles, which he 
names San Salvador. 












1492 


October 28tli. Columbus discovers Cuba, 
and Ilispaniola ( Mayti or St. Domingo), 
December Gth. 












1493 


"Court of Keijuests," or "Court of Con- 
science," instituted in London. 


899 

Oct. 21 


n-79 


2246 


5497 


6206 


1493 


Dominica, one of the West Indies, discov- 
ered by Cohnubus. 












1494 


University of Aberdeen founded by \^■i]lia^l 
Elpliinstone, bishoj) of Aberdeen. 


900 

Oct. 10 


12-79 


2247 


5498 


6207 


1494 


March. Death of Ciorgio Merula, Italian au- 
thor, and reviver of literature. 












1494 


Seiitendier 24th. Death of Politiau, cele- 
brated Italian classical scholar and p( et. 












1494 


November 17th. Death of Pico della Miran- 
dola, Italian theologian and jihilosopher. 












1495 


.May 3d. Jamaica discovered by ColunUjus. 


901 


13-'9 


2248 


5499 


6208 


1495 


Bombs invented at Venlo. (Ac. Haydn; ac. 
other authorities, 1588.) 


Sept. 2'J 










1490 


Jesus College, Cambridge, founded by John 
Alcock, bishop of Ely. 


902 

Sept. IS 


14-79 


2249 


5500 


6209 


149() 


The first (Jame Act passed in England. 












1497 


June 22(1. Battle of Blackheath, in which 
the Cornish rebels are defeated by the Eng- 
lish ariuy. 


903 

Sept. 7 


15-^9 


2250 


5501 


6210 


14!I7 


Vasco da (Jama doubles the Cape of (Jood 
Hope, and sails to the East Indies. 












1497 


June 24th. Sebastian Cabot discovers the 
eastern coast of North America, landing 
first at Newfoundland, which he names 
Prima Vista. 












1498 


Trinidad discovered by Columbus, on his 
third voyage. 


904 

Aug. 27 


1- 

SOth 
Cycle. 


2251 


5502 


6211 



i;:^9 



A. 11. 


U9i TO 1509 A. 1). 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. I'. 


U98 


jMay 23(1. Savouarola, Dominican monk, 
burnt at l-'loi-enoe, l).v desire of the pope, 
for preaching- against the corruptions of 
the Roman clergy. 


904 

Auk- -" 


1- 

80tll 
Cycle. 


2251 


5502 


0211 


1499 


The eastern coast of South America discov- 
ered by Amerigo "S^espucci (Americus Ves- 
pucius), from whom the whole Western 
Continent receives its name. 


905 

Aug. 17 


O-80 


2252 


5503 


6212 

1 


1499 


October 1st. Deatli of Jlarsilio Ficino, trans- 
lator (if Plato, and restorer of Greek phil- 
osopliy in Italy. 












1500 


Brazil discovered liy Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 
a Portuguese, who lands on (Jood Friday, 
April 22d. He named it the "Land of the 
Holy Cross;" but it was afterwards called 
Brazil, on account of its red wood. 

N. B. — Brazil was regally tirst discovered by 
Vicente Yanez I'inzou, a companion of 
Cohunbus; but he made no settlement, and 
gave it no name. 


900 

Aug. 


3-80 


2253 


5504 


6213 


1501 


Maximilian I. (establishes the Aulic C(mn- 
cil, a sovereign court, in (Jermany. 


907 

July ue 


4-80 


2254 


5505 


6214 


1502 


Jlay 21st. The island of St. Helena discov- 
ered by .luan de Nova Castella, a Portu- 
guese. 


908 

July l.T 


5-80 


2255 


5500 


6215 


1502 


University of Wittenberg founded. 












1505 


The island of Ceylon discovered by Almeida, 
a Portuguese. 


911 

June 13 


8-80 


2258 


5509 


6218 


1506 


Sugar-cane brought from the Canary Isles to 
Ilayti. (Ac. IJlair.) 


912 

June 2 


980 


2259 


5510 


6219 


irod 


The island of ^ladagascar discovered by the 
Portuguese. 












1500 


May 20th. Death, at Valladolid, of Christo- 
pher Columlius, Genoese navigator. 












1500 


University of I'rankfort-on-the-Oder founded. 












1 507 


April 2d. Death of St. Francis de Paula, 
founder of the order of ]\rinimi monks; age 
90. 


913 

June 22 


1080 


2200 


5511 


6220 


1508 


League of Cambray, formed by Maximilian 
I., of Germany; Pope Julius II.; Louis 
XII., of France; and Ferdinand, of Spain, 
against Venice, December 10th. 


914 

May 1 1 


11-80 


2261 


5512 


6221 


1509 


The Imilding of St. Paul's School, London, 
begun by Dean Colet. (See 1512.) 


915 

April 30 


12-80 


2262 


5513 


6222 


1509 


June 3d-7th. Henry VIII., of England, mar- 
ries his first wife, Catherine, of Aragon. 













230 



A. D. 


1509 TO 1517 A. D. 


HEG. R.I. A.U. c. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1509 


Brazenuose College, Oxford, founded by 
William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, and Sir 


915 12 80 2262 

April 30 


5513 


0222 




Richard Sutton. 










1512 


St. Paul's School, London, completed and 


918 


15-80 2265 


5516 i6225 




endowed by Rev. John Colet, dean of St. 


Mar. 29 










I'aul's Cathedral. ( See 1 509. ) 










1512 


Fifth Lateran Council of the Roman branch 
of the Church, reckoned by it as the Eight- 
eenth General Council. 










1512 


March 27th, Easter Day. Florida discovered 
by Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard. 












1512 


April 11th. The combined Spanish and papal 
armies are defeated, at Ravenna, by the 














French, under their general, Gaston de 












Foix, who falls in battle in the hour of vic- 












tory ; age 23. 










1512 


Michael Angelo, celebrated Italian painter, 












completes the fresco painting of the ceiling 














of the Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican, at 














Rome. It is first exhibited November 1st. 














(See 1564.) 










1513 


August 16th. The English, under Henry 


919 


1- 2266 


5517 


6226 




VIII., gain the victory over the French, at 


Mar. 18 


81st 
Cj-fle. 








Guinegate, known as the "Battle of 












Spurs." 










1513 


September 9th. The Scotch, under James 
IV., invade England, and are defeated by 
the earl of Surrey, on Flodden Field, de- 
scribed by Scott in his "Marmion." 












1513 


Septend)er 25-29th. The Pacific Ocean dis- 
covered by Vasco Nufiez de Balboa, Span- 
ish navigator. 












1515 


The river Rio de la Plata discovered ))y Juan 
Diaz de Solis, a Spanish navigator. He is 


921 

Feb. 24 


3-81 


2268 


5519 6228 




killed and eaten by the Indians soon after 














landing. 












1510 


Erasmus publishes a Greek edition of the 


922 


481 


2269 


5520 


6229 




New Testament, with a Latin translation. 


Feb. 14 








1516 


Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded by 












Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. 








1517 


I'ucatan, Mexico, discovered by Francesco 


923 5-^1 2270 


5521 


0230 




Fernandez de Cordova. 


Feb. 3 










1517 


Close of the Fifth Lateran Council of the 
Roman branch of the Church ; Pope Leo X. 
issues, and authorizes the sale of, indul- 
gences. 













233 



A. D. 



1517 TO 1520 A. D. 



HEQ. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1511 



1517 



1517 

1517 
1518 

1518 



1510 
1511) 

1520 

1520 
1520 

1520 
1520 



Martin Luther, German monk, resists the 
sale of iii(liili;euces in Wittonherji by Tat- 
zel, a Dominican friar, and publislies his 
"Theses," denouncing the practice, Octo- 
ber 31st, which begins the Ileformation in 
( Jcrmany. 
The printing of the first polyglot Bible ( i. e. 
a Bible printed in many languages), com- 
pleted at the University of Complutuni. 
known as the "Complutensian Polyglot 
Bible." The first edition is printed at the 
exi)ense of Cardinal Ximenes, its editor, 
iinder whose auspices tlie translations were 
begun in 1502. The cardinal dies soon 
after, in his 81st year. (See 1G57.) 
"Evil Mid-day" riot of the Londoners, 
against foreigners, especially the French. 
The fatal sweating-sickness rages in London. 
Ivoyal College of Pliysicians established in 

London l)y Dr. Linacre. 
Zwingli, Swiss reformer, preaches against 
the sale of indulgences, and other abuses of 
the Roman clergy. 
Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded by 

Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham. 
May 2d. Death of Leonardo da \'inci, cele- 
brated Florentine painter, sculptor, archi- 
tect, engineer, anatomist, musician, etc.; 
age 76. 
The twenty-ninth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 1st and Decem- 
ber 21st. (See Note H.)" 
April (itli. Death of Raphael d'Urbino, ilhis- 

tri(ms Italian painter; age 37. 
June 3-4th. Interview between Henry VIII., 
of England, and Francis I., of France, 
known as the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," 
lu'gins near Calais. 
Chocolate first introduced into Europe from 

Mexico, by the Spaniards. 
Magellan, Portuguese navigator, discovers 
the strait south of South America, separa- 
ting tlie islands of Terra del Fuego from 
the mainland; since known by his name, 
lie first christens it the Strait of the Eleven 



i270 



5521 



Feb. 3 



G230 



924 

Feb. i;3 



925 

Jan. 12 



6-81 



2271 



5522 



6231 



-81 



2272 5523 6232 



926 
and 
927 



8-81 



2273 5524 6233 



234 



A. I). 


1520 TO 152() A. D. 


HEU. 


K. I. A. V. C. A.M. 


J. p. 


1520 


Thousand Virgins, in lionor of St. Ursula's 
Feast, as the strait is first sighted October 
21st, but not passed until November 27tli. 


1»2G 
and 
1)27 


8 81 


1 

2273 5524 


6233 


1521 


The Spaniards, under Fernandez Cortes, ex- 
plore and conquer Mexico. 


928 

Dec. 10 


9-81 


2274 


5525 


6234 


1521 


JMarch 0th. Magellan discovers the Ladrone 
and the Philijtpiue Islands, in Pacific 
Ocean, and is soon after liilled in a battle 
between two tribes of natives. He names 
the former tlie Ladrones or Thieves, be- 
cause of the great propensity of the natives 
to steal. ( See 1520, and 1898. ) 












1522 


One of the ships, named Victory, of Magel- 
lan's squadron, under command of Cano, 
Spanish iiavigjitor. returns to Spain: the 
first ship having made the complete cir- 
cumnavigation of the world, in three years, 
twenty-nine days (1,124 days). 


929 

Nov. 2D 


IQSi 


2275 


5526 


6235 


1522 


Lutiier publishes his German translation of 
the New Testament. 












1522 


June ?>Oth. Death of Reuclilin, eminent Ger- 
man writer. 










1524 


I'eru discovered by Pizarro, Spanish navi- 
gator. He and Almagro explore and con- 
quer Peru, between this date and 1533. 


931 

Nov. 7 


12-81 


2277 


5528 


6237 


1524 


Martin Lutlier abjures his monastic vows, 














lays aside the Augustine habit, and in the 












following year, marries Catherine von 
Bora, wlio also breaks her three-fold vow 














as a nun. 












1524 


Hops first introduced into England, from the 
Netherlands. (Ac. Haydn.) 












>525 


February 24th. Rattle of Pavia, between 
Francis, of I'rance, and the army of 
Charles V., king of Spain, and the emperor 
of Germany. The French are defeated. 


932 

Oct. 27 


13-81 


2278 


5529 


6238 


1525 


and Francis taken prisoner. 
Order of Cai)uchin Friars first started by 
Matthew Baschi, Italian Franciscan monk. 












1525 
152G 


who adopts the large square hood of St. 
I-'raucis. ( See 1528!") 

Christ Church College, Oxford, endowed, or 
founded, by Cardinal Wolsey. 

William Tiudale completes the publication 
of his English translation of the New Tes- 
tament. (See 1535.) 


933 

Oct. 16 


14 81 


2279 


5530 


6239 



235 



A. D. 


]52(i TO 1530 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


.1 p. 


152G 


ITans Ilolbeiu, celebrated German or Swiss 


933 


14 81 


2279 


5580 


6239 




painter, is patronized by Henry VIII. in 


Oct. It; 








England. 








1 


1527 


ilay 6tb. Rome stormed and pillaged by tbe 
Imperialists, nnder Cbarles V. Tlie pope, 
Clement VII., is talcen prisoner. 


934 

Oct. 


158^ 


2280 


5531 


6240 


1527 


The :Mediei family expelled from Florence. 












1527 


Deatb of Niccolo ^Macliiavelli, age 58, famous 
Italian statesman, diplomatist, and writer, 
from whose name the noun Machiavelism, 












1528 


and the adjective JIachiavelian, synonyms 
of perfidious policy, are derived. 
The order of Capuchins, so-called from the 
large hood worn by the monks or friars, is 


935 

Sept. :;4 


1- 

82d 
Cycle. 


2281 


5532 


6241 


1528 


established as a separate order, l)y papal 
bull of Clement VII. ( See 1525. ) ' 
Death of Acqua Viva, Italian patron of let- 
ters. 












152S 


Ai)ril Gth. Death of Albrecht Dtirer, cele- 
brated (lerman painter and engraver; na- 
tive of Nuremberg; age 56 years, 11 
months, 6 days. 












1529 


April 19th. The (lerman reformers protest 
against a decree of the Diet of Spires, call- 
ed by Charles V., to condemn them. From 
this, and from their protestations against 
the assumptions of the pope, and abuses of 
the Koman clergv, the reformers are first 
called Protestants. 


986 

Sept. 13 


2-82 


2282 


5533 


6242 


1529 


August 5th. Feace of Cambray, between 
I'rancis I., of France, and Charles V., em- 
peror of Germany. 












1529 


Charles V., of Germany, and Pope Clement 
^'II. agree to restore the Medici at Flor- 
ence. 












1529 


(October 28, ac. Blair; October 17, ac En- 
cyclo. Brit.) Disgrace of Cardinal AVol- 
sey. The great seal is taken from him by 
Henry VIII. 










1530 
1530 


St. James" palace built by Henry VIII. 
April 27th. Death of Sannazaro, eminent 


937 

Sept, 2 


3-82 


2283 


5534 


6243 


1530 


Neapolitan poet; age 71. 
The Augsburg Confession of Faith is com- 
piled by Luther and Melancthon, and pre- 
sented by them to Charles V., at the Diet 
of Augslmrg, June 25th. 













236 



HIBIWr.^TTBUIIljl Liiliiilli IJIIiil irOPPMriiESHiBIIIBIliB, 




237 



A. D. 


1530 TO 1534 A. D. 


HEG. K. I. 


A. U.C, A.M. J. P. 


1530 


Destruftive flood in Holland, caused by the 


1 
037 , 3 82 


2283 5534 


6243 




failure of the dikes; 400,000 drowned. 


Sept. L'. 








1531 


Earthquake at Lisbon, by which 1,500 houses 


938 


4-82 


2284 ' 5535 


6244 




are destroyed, and 30,000 people killed. 


.\ug. 22 










1531 


October 11th. Death of Zwiniili, Swiss re- 














former, at the battle of Cappel ; age 46. 






i 




1532 


Novend)er 14th. Henry VIII., having sep- 


939 


5-82 


2285 5536 6245 




arated from Catherine, takes Anne Boleyn 


Aug. 12 




1 






as his consort. 








1533 


I'ebruary 4th. Act of Parliament prohibits 


940 


6-82 


2286 


5537 6246 




appeals to Eome, which abolishes papal 


-■^ug. 1 












authority in England. 












1533 


May 23d. Archbishop Cranmer declares 
Henry's marriage witli Catherine unlaw- 
ful and null. 












1533 


May 2Sth. Cranmer ratifies Henry's union 
with Anne Boleyn as lawful marriage. 












1533 


June Gth. Death of Lodovico Ariosto, emi- 
nent Italian poet ; age 58 years, 8 months, 
28 days. He published "Orlando Furioso'' 














in 1516. 










1534 


Ajiril 21st. Elizabeth Barton, called the 
"Holy Maid of Kent,'' having uttered imag- 
ined revelations against Henry VIII., is 
executed in England. 


941 

.luly 21 


7-82 


2287 


5538 6247 


1534 


St. Ignatius de Loyola, together with Fran- 
cis Xavier, Apostle of India, and Jago 
Lainez, founds the religious order "So- 
ciety of Jesus," from which name the 












monks of the order are called Je-suits. 














They devote their energies to the educa- 














tion of youth, the renovation of the Catho- 














lic Church, and the conversion of intidels. 












1534 


Lutlier publishes his (Tcrman translaticm of 
the Bil)le complete. (See 1522.) 












1534 


Jacques Cartier, French navigator, discovers 
St. Lawrence river, and explores Canada. 












1534 


March 5th. Death of Correggio, celebrated 






1 




Italian painter; age 30. 










1534 


English Reformation. Parliament, Novem- 
l)er 3d, confers on the king the title of the 
"Only Supreme Head on Earth of the Eng- 














lish Church," which finally completes the 












breach with Rome. 












1534 


Psalter first printed in English. (Ac. sev- 
eral authorities. ) 













opq 



A. D. 


1535 To 1538 A. D. 


BEG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1535 


IJi'V. A^'il]ial^ Barlow cousecrated bishop of 
St. Asaph. (Ac. Haydn.) (See 1559, and 
Note L.) 


942 

July 10 


8-82 


2288 


5539 


6248 


1535 


California discovered by Cortez. 












1535 


January IStli. Lima, in Peni, founded by 
Pizarro, who names it Ciudad de los Reges 
(City of the Kings). 












1535 


June 22d. Cardinal Fisher beheaded, in 
England, for denying King Henry's su- 














premacy. 






1 


1535 


July 6th. Sir Thomas More, celebrated 














English writer, philospher, and states- 












man, beheaded ; age 54. 










1535 


( 'Iiili discovered by Almagro. 












1535 


Don Pedro de Mendoza fcmnds the city of 
Puenos Ayres, capital of Argentine Re- 
public. 












1535 


John Calvin pul)lishes his "Institutes," set- 
ting forth the belief of his protestant re- 
ligion, Presbyterianism. 












1535 


Pierre Robert Olivetan, French Protestant, 
publishes his French translation of the 
Bible. 












1535 


Miles Coverdale (afterwards bishop of Exe- 
ter) completes and publishes his English 
translation of the whole Bible. The print- 














ing is completed October 4th. ( See 1526. ) 










153(! 


January 6th. Death of Catherine of Ara- 


943 9-82 ': 2289 


5540 6249 




gon, first wife of Henry VIII. ; divorced 


June 2'J 






1533, May 23; age 49. 












1536 


Dissolution of the lesser monasteries in Eng- 
land, numbering several hundred. 












1536 


AYales united to England. 












1536 


May 19th. Anne Boleyn is executed, by or- 








i 




der of Ih'iny VIII. 












1536 


Henry VIII. marries his third wife, Jane 
Seymour, May 20th. 












1 536 


Lutheranism established in Denmark. 












, 1536 


July 12th. Death of Erasmus, celebrated 














Dutch scholar, philosopher, etc. 


■ 




1537 


October 24th. Death of Jane Seymour, 


944 10-82 2290 


5541 6250 




Henry's third wife. 


June 18 




1538 


Suppression of the greater monasteries in 


945 


11-82 


2291 


5542 6251 




England. 


June 8 











:4ii 



A. II. 



15«9 TO 1543 A. I). 



HEG. 



R.I. 



A. U.C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



1539 



1539 
1539 



1540 
1540 
1540 
1540 

1540 
1540 



1540 



1541 



1541 



1541 



1542 

1542 
1543 



The Parliament passes the law of the Sis 
Articles, for the regulation of the English 
Church. 

Cannon begins to be used in ships. 

Cranmer's revision of the English Bible pub- 
lished and freely circulated. The first au- 
thorizetl edition of the English Bible. 

Henry VIII. marries Anne of Cleves, his 
fourtli wife, Januaiy 6tli. 

July 10th. Henry VIII. is divorced from 
Anne of Cleves. 

August 8th. Heni'y VIII. takes Catherine 
Howard for his fifth queen. 

Brass pins first brought from France to Eng- 
land, and used by Queen Catherine How- 
ard. (See 1543.)' 

Orellana, Spanish explorer, discovers the 
Amazon river, in South America. 

Order of Jesuits, founded by Loyola in 1534, 
is sanctioned by the i^apal bull of Paul 
III., September 27th, Loyola having added 
to tlie three-fold vow, a fourth one, that of 
implicit submission to the Holy See. (See 
1534, 1G04, 1(506, 17G4, 17G7, 1773, 1814.) 

Cherry trees brought from Flanders, and 
planted in Kent, England, with successful 
results. 

The bishoprics of Westminster, Peterbor- 
ough, Chester, Gloucester, and Oxford, 
erected by Henry VIII., out of the spoils of 
the suppressed monasteries. 

Death of Theophrastus Paracelsus, cele- 
brated Swiss alchemist, and charlatanical 
I)hysician. 

Hernando De Soto, Spanish navigator, dis- 
covers tlie Mississippi river, and dies while 
exploring it, 1542. (June 25th, ac. Haydn ; 
May 28th, ac. Spencer.) 

Catherine Howard, Henry's fifth queen, is be- 
headed for criminality, February 12-13th. 

Bishopric of Bristol erected by Henry VIII. 

May 24th. Death of Nicolaus Copernicus, 
celebrated German astronomer; age 70 
years, 3 months, 5 days. He dies on the 
da.y of the completion of the printing of 



946 

May 2S 



12'^2 



2292 



947 

May 17 



13-82 



2293 



948 

May 6 



14-82 



2294 



5543 



6252 



5544 



6253 



5545 



6254 



949 

April i;5 

950 

April 15 i 



15-82 



1- 

83rd 
Cycle. 



2295 



5546 



2296 5547 



6255 



6256 



241 



A. D. 


1543 TO 154* A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. iA. U. C. 


A. M. J. p. 

1 


1 

1543 


his great work, "Revolutiouibus Orbium 
riplestium Libri VI.,'' explaining the revo- 
Intions of the solar system. He was wri- 
ting this work 1507 to 1530, but delayed its 
l)nblieation for fear of ridicule and perse- 
eutiou. (See 1033.) 


950 

April 15 


1- 

83rd 
Cycle. 


2296 


5547 


6256 


1543 


July 12th. Henry VIII. takes Catherine 
Parr as liis sixth and last consort. 












1543 


Death of Hans Holbein, Swiss painter and 
wood engraver. (Date ac. Haydn; 1554, 
ac. Blair; this date is a disputed point.) 












1543 


Pins first made in England. ( See 1540. ) 












1543 


The Litany first read in the Church of Eng- 
land in the vulgar tongue. (Ac. Havdn; 
1544, ac. Blair. )'^ 












1544 


University of Konigsberg, Prussia, founded 
by Duke Albert. " 


951 

April 4 


2-83 


2297 


5548 


6257 


1545 


The Council of Trent, reckoned by the Ro- 
man branch of the Church as the Nine- 
teenth General Council, opens December 
13th, and continues with intervals for 
eighteen years. ( See "I5fi3. ) 


952 

liar. 24 


3-83 


2298 


5549 


6258 


1545 


The silver mines of Potosi, in Bolivia, South 
America, discovered by the Spaniards. 












154(! 


Trinity College, Cand)ridge, founded by 
Henry VIII."^ 


953 

Mar. 13 


4-83 


2299 


5550 


6259 


1546 


Interest on money first fixed by law, in Eng- 
land, at 10 jier cent. 












1547 


January IStli. Death of Cardinal Benibo, 
Italian poet and reviver of literature. 


954 

Mar. 2 


5-83 


2300 


5551 


6200 


1547 


January 2Sth. At the death of Henry VIII., 
Edward VI., his son by Jane Seymour, as- 
cends the throne; age 9. 












1547 


Cranmer pul)lishes his first ''Book of Homi- 
lies." 












1547 


St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, founded. 












1547 


October 18th. Death of Cardinal Sadoleto, 
eminent Italian scholar and writer. 












1547 


Silk stockings are said to have been fir-st 
woi'n by Henry II., of France. 












1547 


lOnglisli clergy first allowed to marry. (Ac. 
Haydn; 1540, ac. Blair.) 












1547 

to 
1548 


(Jrange trees first brought to Europe from 












China, by the Portuguese. 













242 



A. D. 


1548 TO 1549 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A.U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1548 


Thomas Sternhold completes his translation 


955 


6-83 2301 


5552 


6261 




of fifty-one Psalms into English metre. He 


Feb. 20 












dies 1549. (See 1562.) 












1548 


Images removed from the churches in Eng- 
land. 












1548 


The Communion Service, or Mass, arranged 
for the Church of England in the vulgar 
tongue. 












1548 


University of Jena, in Germany, founded. 












1549 


The "Gloria Patri" directed to he sung after 


956 


7-83 , 2302 


5553 


6262 




^ all Psalms. (Ac. several authorities.) 


Feb. 9 










1549 


Lord-lieutenants of counties instituted in 
England. 






















CORREGGIO. 








SEE 1534 A. D. 







243 





PERIOD V. 




1550—1776 A. D. 


AD. 


1550 TO 1553 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. J. P. 


1550 


Horse-guards first instituted in England, by 


957 


8-83 


2303 


5554 6263 




p:d\vard ^'I. 


Jan. i;9 








1552 


Tlie tliirtietli cycle of the Hegira Era begins 
this year. The two Mohammedan New 


959 10-83 
and 


2305 


5556 


6265 




Year's Days are January 8th and Decem- 


960 












ber 2Sth. ( See Note H. ) 












1552 


"Forty-two Articles of Keligion" published 
in England, without the consent of Par- 
liament. (See 1563.) 








• 




1552 


The Book of Common Prayer is established, 
by act of Parliament, as the liturgy of the 
Church of England. All other forms for- 
bidden. (Seel549.) 












1552 


December 11th. Death of Paolo Giovio 
(written also Paulus Yovius), celebrated 
Italian historian. 












1553 


July 6th. Edward VI. dies. By his will, 
Mary and Elizabeth are set aside, and Lady 
Jane Grey, Edward's first cousin once re- 
moved, is proclaimed queen. 


961 

Dec. 17 


11-83 


2306 


5557 


6266 


1553 


July 16th. After a reign of ten days, Lady 
Jane Grey, deserted by the people, retires 
to private life. Mary is proclaimed queen. 
Lady Jane Grey is soon after confined in 
the tower. 












1553 


Death of Rabelais, celebrated humorous 
French satirist. 












1553 


The English explorers pass the North Cape, 
and discover the passage of Archangel, 
which opens navigation between England 
and Russia. 












1553 


Circulation of the blood through the lungs, 
first made public by the heretic, Michael 
Servetus, a Spanish physician, who, the 
same year, is burnt at Geneva, October 
27th, for heresy, l)lasphcmy, and infidelity, 
published in his work, "Christianism Res- 
titutio." (See 1619, and 1628.) 













245 



A. D. 


1554 TO 1559 A. D. 


HEG. 


H.I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


.1. p. 


1554 


Sir Thomas Wyatt raises a rebellion in 
Kent, to replace Lady Jaue Grey on the 
throne ; he fails in his attempt, and is cap- 
tured, February 6th, and executed April 
11th. 


962 

Dec. 6 


12-83 


2307 


5558 


6267 


155-1 


February 12th. Lady Jane Grey, and her 
husbaud, Lord Guilford Dudley, are exe- 
cuted, by order of Man'. 












1554 


Mary commits her half-sister, Elizabeth, to 
the tower. 












1554 


Trinity College, Oxford, founded by Sir 












1555 


Thomas Pope. 
The Englisli Cliurch supplanted in England 
by tlie Roman Church, under Mary. 


963 

Not. 25 


13-83 


2308 


5559 


6268 


1555 


Cardinal de la Pole recommends leniency 
towards the reformers; but Bishop Gardi- 












1555 


ner urges severe persecution. 
October Kith. Bishop Hugh Latimer, and 
Bisliop Nicholas Ridley, celebrated Eng- 
lish reformers, are burnt at the stake at 
Oxford, by the Romanists. 












155G 


March 21st. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer is 
burnt, at Oxford, b.y llie Romanists. 


964 

Nov. 14 


14-83 


2309 


5560 


6269 


1557 


St. Jolin's College, Oxford, founded hy Sir 
Thomas White. 


965 

Nov. 3 


15-83 


2310 


5561 


6270 


1557 


Doctor John Caius enlarges and endows Gon- 
ville College, Cambridge, founded by Gon- 
ville, 1348; wlience it is called the Caius 
and Gonville College. 












1558 
1558 


October 21st. Death of Giulio Cesare Scali- 
ger, celebrated Italian philologist. 

November 17th. Death of Bloody Mary, and 
succession of Elizalieth, puts an end to 
Bisliop Bonner's persecuticm of the Angli- 
can Church. Elizabeth orders the services 
to lie again read in the English tongue, as 
in the reign of Edward VI. 


960 

Oct. 23 


1- 

84th 
Cycle. 


2311 


5562 


6271 


1558 


Miles Coverdale, bishop of Exeter, and trans- 
lator of the English Bible, published in 
1532, returns to England, after the death 
of Mary. 












1558 


Sailers' Co., in London, founded. 








1 


1559 


Edmund Griudal is consecrated bishop of 
London. 


967 

Oct. 12 


2-84 


2312 


5563 


6272 


1559 


Rev. Matthew Parker, dean of Lincoln, con- 
secrated archbislu)p of Canterbury, at 













24ti 



A. D. 


1559 TO 15G3 A. D. 


HBG. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1559 


Lanibetli, December 17th, liy Bishops Wil- 
liam Barlow, bishop of St. Asaph, aud 
bishop-elect of Chichester, and Ilodi^dcins, 
suffragan bishop of Bedford (both having 
been consecrated with the old pontifical), 
aud two others, — Scory, bisliop of Chiches- 
ter, theu elect of Hereford, aud Miles Cov- 
erdale, sometime bishop of Exeter, both 
having been consecrated with English or- 
dinal. All four bishops pronounce the 
words of cousecration over Parker. (See 
Note L, and 1535.) 


907 

Oct. 12. 


2 84 


2312 


5563 


6272 


155!) 


William Barlow (consecrated bishop of St. 
Asaph, 1535) is translated to the See of 
Chichester. ( See 1535, and Note L. ) 












1559 


John Knox, Scotch reformer, returns from 














the continent to Scotland, and preaches 








1 




Presbyteriauism. 










inc.o 


Westminster School founded by Queen Eliza- 
beth. 


968 

Oct. 1 


3-84 


2313 


5564 


6273 


15(i0 


Presbyteriauism established as tlie religion 
of Scotland. 












15()() 


The I'rench Protestants are nicknamed Hu- 
g-ueuots by the Roman Catholics of France. 












- 1501 


^lerchant Tailors' School, in London, found- 
ed. ( See 1400. ) 


909 

Sept. 20 


4-S4 


2314 


5505 


6274 


1502 


The Psalms, rendered into English metre by 


970 


5-84 


2315 


5500 


6275 




Thomas Sternhold, and John Hopkins, are 


Sept. 9 










published, and annexed to the Book of 














Common Prayer, under the title "The 














Whole Booke of Psahues, cnllecred into 














Englisli metre by T. Sternhold, J. Hopkins, 














and others.'* Fifty-one were arranged by 














Sternhold, in 1548, and nearly all others 


. 












by Hopkins. (See 1548.) 












1502 


Massacre of the Huguenots, at Vassy, March 
1st. 












1563 


The "Forty-two Articles of Religion," pub- 
lished 1552, are reduced to the present 
"Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of Eng- 
land." They were drawn up by Archbishop 
Parker, 1502, apjiroved by the Convoca- 


971 

Aug. 29 


6-84 


2310 


5567 


6270 




tion, and published this year by royal au- 












thority. 











247 



A.D. 



1563 TO 15(37 A. D. 



HBG. 



R.I. 



A. U.C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1563 



1563 
1564 



1564 
1564 

1564 
1564 
1565 



1565 



1566 



1566 

1566 
1567 

1567 



Twenty-fiftli and last session of the Council 
of Trent, which finally cjoses Decem- 
ber 4th. (See 1545.) 

Knives first manufactured in England. 

Certain reformers, objecting to the ceremo- 
nies of the Church of England, and to the 
vestments of the clergy, form a body of dis- 
senters, whose members are called Puri- 
tans. 

Royal edict in France decrees that, in all 
time to come, the year shall commence on 
January 1st. 

February 17-18th. Death of Michael Angelo 
Buonarotti, celebrated Italian painter, 
sculptor, and architect, within seventeen 
days of his 90th birthday. (See 1512.) 

May 17th. Death of John Calvin, French re- 
former; age 54 years, 10 months, 17 days. 

The building of the Tuileries, at Paris, is be- 
gun by Catherine de Medici. 

St. Augustine, Florida, settled by the Span- 
iards, under Pedro Melendez, and so named 
because they first came in sight of the land 
on St. Augustine's Day, August 28th. This 
is the oldest town in the United States. 

December 13th. Death of Conrad Gesner, 
celebrated Swiss naturalist; age 49. 

March 9th. David Rizzio, Italian musician, 
favorite of Mai-y, queen of Scotland, 
dragged from her presence, and murdered, 
by Lord Darnley, Mai'y's husband, and 
others. 

The foundation of the original Royal Ex- 
change, Loudon, laid b3' Sir Thomas 
Gresham, June 7th. 

September 27th. Death of Marco <4irolamo 
Vida, celebrated Italian poet and critic. 

February 10th. Lord Darnley blown up with 
gunjiowder, while an invalid in a house 
called "The Kirk of the Field." 

Earl of Bothwell accused, and acquitted, of 
the murder of Lord Darnley, April 12th, 
the jury fearing the displeasure of Mary, 
who is charged by many with conniving at 
her husband's murder. 



971 


6 84 


Aug. 29 




972 


7-84 


Aug. 18 




973 


8-84 


Aug. 7 




974 


9-84 


July 27 




975 


10-84 


Jul.v 16 





2316 5567 



2317 



5568 



6276 



6277 



2318 



2319 



2320 



5569 



6278 



5570 



6279 



5571 



6280 



248 




HOUSE OF MICHAEL ANGELO. 
SEE 1564 A. 0. 



249 



A. v. 


1567 T( » l.=i72 A. D. 


HEG. 


B. I. 


A. r. c. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1567 


April 24tli. Bothwell seizes ^lary, and car- 
ries her off to Duiihar liv ijreteiidod force. 
Mav 15tli. Mary and linthwell are married. 


975 

July ii; 


10 ^^ 


2320 


5571 


6280 


1567 


Bothwell put to tliijht. Mary, made prisoner 
at Carberry Hill, June 15th, is forced to re- 
sign the cro\yn to her son, June 24tli. Earl 
of Murray is regent. 












1567 


Runliy Scliool, England, founded. 












1567 


Death of Bishop Coyerdule; age oyer 80 














Aears. 










1568 


December 23-30th. Death of Roger Aschani, 
eminent English classical scholar and 


976 

July .J 


11-84 


2321 5572 


6281 




writer ; age 53. 












157(1 


Oeorge Buchanan, Scottish historian, ])ul)- 
lishes his Latin yersiou of the Tsalms. ( Ac. 
Haydn. ) 


978 

June 14 


13-84 


2323 


5574 


6283 


1570 


Death of Benyenuto Cellini, celebrated Ital- 
ian sculptor, engrayer, etc. ; age 6!». 












1571 


The "Thirty-nine Article.s," publislied 1563, 
are adopted l)y royal authority, and Parlia- 
ment, as the rule of the Churcli of England. 


979 

June 3 


14 84 


2324 


5575 


6284 


1571 


Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Dr. Hugh 
Price, and endowed l)y Queen Elizalieth. 












1571' 


February. Death of (lilies Tschudi, cele- 
brated Swiss chronicler, known as the 
"Father of Swiss History." .Et. ()7. 
( Born 1505. ) 


980 

May 23 


15S-1 


2325 


5576 


6285 


1572 


"Os Lusiadas," a heroic poem, tlie most cele- 
brated work of Luis de ('anioens, the great 
I'ortuguese poet, is first printed. (See 
1579.) 












1572 


August 24th. Tlie nmssacre of the Hugue- 
nots, by secret order of Charles IX., of 
France, instigated l)y the ([ueen dowager, 
Catherine de Jledici, his mother, begins 














at Paris, on the night of the Feast of St. 












Bartholomew, and extends throughcmt the 












kingdnm. It is known as tlie massacre of 












St. Bartholome\y. 










1572 


Noyember 24th. Death of Jolin Knox, 
fcmnder of Presbyterianism in Scotland; 
on his 67th birthday. 










1572 


Death of Juan Cinez de Se|>ulveda, cele- 












brated Spanish historian. (Ac. Blair; 














1573, ac. Haydn; 1574, ac. J. Thomas, and 














Cassell. ) 













251 



A. D. 


1573 TO 1531 A. D. 


HEG. 


H.I. A. U.C. 


A.M. 


.1. p. 


1573 


March 13. Death of Michel de L'Hopital, 
French chancellor; celebrated legislator 
and statesman. 


981 

May 12 


1- 

85th 
Cycle. 


2326 


5577 


6286 


1575 


Death of Matthew Parker, archbishop of Can- 


983 


3-85 


2328 5579 


6288 




terbury. He is succeeded in the archiepis- 


May 20 












copate by Edmund Grindal. 












1575 


University of Leyden, in Holland, founded. 












1576 


August 27th. Tiziano Vecellio, known as 


984 


4-85 


2329 :5580 


6289 




Titian, the celebrated Venetian painter, 


April 9 












age 99, dies of the plague, in Italy. 












1577 


Palladio, the architect, begins the building of 
the Church of the Redeemer,- at Venice. 
(See 1580.) 


985 

Mar. 29 


5-85 


2330 


5581 


6290 


1577 


Raphael Holinshed, English annalist, pub- 
lishes his chronicle of England, Ireland, 
and Scotland. 












1578 


, The building of the Pont Neuf, in Paris, be- 


98(! 

Mar. IS 


(3-85 


2331 1 5582 


6291 


1579 


gun. 
The Turkey or Levant Co., London, insti- 


987 


7-85 


2332 , 5583 


6292 




tuted, by charter of Elizabeth. 


Mar. 7 










1579 


The Dutch Republic founded by the union of 
Utrecht, or the Seven United Provinces; 
i. c, deputies from the seven northern prov- 
inces of the Netherlands (Holland, Zeal- 
and, Utrecht, Friesland, ^ Groningen, 
Overyssel, and Guelderland) meet at Ut- 
recht, January 23d, and sign a treaty for 
their mutual defense, throwing off the 
Spanish yoke. They appoint the Prince of 
Orange as their stadtholder. 












1580 


August 19th. Death of Andrea Palladio, 
celebrated Italian architect. (See 1577.) 


988 

Feb. 25 


8-85 


2333 


5584 


6293 


1580 


Francis Drake, English navigator, returns to 
England, after having circumnavigated the 
woi-ld, and enters Plymouth, November 3d, 
having left Plj-mouth November 13th, 1577. 












1580 


Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, French moral- 
ist, pulilishes his celebrated "Essais." 












1581 


April 4th. Francis Drake knighted by Queen 
Elizabeth, at Deptford, on board his ship, 
the "Golden Hind." 


989 

Feb. 1 4 


9-85 


2334 


5585 


6294 


1581 


Tasso publishes a complete edition of liis cele- 
brated work, "Jerusalem Delivered.'' (See 
1593, and 1595. ) 














254 



A. D. 


1582 TO 1586 A. D. 


HEG. B. I. 


A. U. C. A. M. 


J. p. 


1582 

■ - 


University of Edinburgh, Scotland, founde<l 
by royal charter of James II. The found- 
ing of a college was begun on the same site 
1581, by the town council, with the funds 
given by Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney. 


990 

Feb. 3 


10-85 


2335 


5586 


6295 


1582 


Galileo, illustrious Italian mathematician 
and astronomer, discovers the law of the 
vibrations of the pendulum, by observing 
the oscillation of a lamp suspended in a 
church. 












1582 


September 28th. Death of George Buchanan, 
Scottish historian and Latin poet; age 76. 












1582 


October 4th. Death of St. Theresa, Spanish 
nun ; age 67. ( Born JIarch 2Sth, 1515. ) 












1582 


Pope Gregory reforms the calendar, and in- 
troduces into Italy the "New Style," or 
"Gregorian Calendar." To correct former 
errors, ten days are taken from this year, 
calling October 5th, October 15th. (See 
1751, 1752, and Note M.) 












1584 


Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by 
Sir Walter Mildmay. 


992 

Jan. 12 


12-85 


2337 


5588 


6297 


1584 


Death of Pedro de Ponce, inventor of the art 
of teaching the deaf and dumb. 












1585 


The thirty-first cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 1st and December 
22d. (See Note H.) 


993 
and 
994 


13-85 


2338 


5589 


6298 


1585 


Coaches first used in England. (Ac. Blair; 
1589, ac. T. Smith and Otbers. ) 












1586 


Potatoes first brought from America to Eng- 
land, by Sir Francis Drake. 

N. B. — Potatoes were first cultivated in Ire- 
land on Sir Walter Raleigh's estate, near 
Cork. 


995 

Dec. 11 


14-85 


2339 


5590 


6299 


158G 


September 10th. The great Egyptian obelisk 
is erected at Rome, in front of St. Peter's 
Church, under the supervision of Domen- 
ico Fontana, Italian architect. 












1586 


September 22d, 0. S. Battle of Zutphen, in 
which the Dutch and English defeat the 














Spaniards. Sir Philip Sidney is mortally 


1 










wounded. 










1586 


Tobacco and Indian pipe first brought to 
England from America, and given to Sir 











255 



A. D. 


1586 TO 1592 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1586 


Walter Raleijili, by Sir Francis Drake and 
Ralph Lane, first governor of Virginia. 


995 

Dec. 11. 


1485 


2339 


5590 


6299 


158(i 


October 7th, 0. S. Death of Sir Philip Sid- 
ney; age 31. 












1587 


Febniary Sth. Mary, queen of Scots, be- 
headed, at Fotheringay; age 43. 


996 

Nov. 30 


15-85 


2340 


5591 


6300 


1587 


April 18th. Death of John Fox, author of 
"Acts and Monuments of the Church," or 
"Book of Martyrs." He was expelled from 
Magdalen College, Oxford, 1545, accused 
of heresy. 












1588 


July 19th, 0. S. The Invincible Armada of 
the Spaniards, under the duke of Medina 
Sidonia, arrives in the English Channel, 
and is defeated, July 20-29th, 0. S. (July 
30th-August Sth, N. S.), by the English, 
under Admiral Howard, and Vice-Admiral 
Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Hawkins. 
The Armada consisted of about 130 vessels. 


997 

Nov. 10 


1- 

86th 
Cycle. 


2341 


5592 


6301 




20,000 soldiej-s, 8,500 mariners, 2,088 gal- 


1 










ley slaves, 2,630 cannon, or great guns. 














1,355 volunteers, and 150 monks. 












1588 


The "English Mercury,"' the first English 
newspaper, established. 












1588 


Publication of the Bible, translated by (or 
partly by) William Morgan, bishop of St. 
Asaph. 












1589 


The stocking-frame, or art of weaving stock- 


998 \ 2-86 


2342 


5593 


6302 




ings in a frame, invented in England, by 


Nov. 8 












Rev. William Lee, of Cambridge. 












1590 


First paper-mills in England erected at Dart- 
ford, in Kent, by Sir John Speilman. 


999 3-86 

Oct. 28 


2343 


5594 


6303 


1590 


Microscopes said to have been invented in 












Holland. 


• i 








1591 


Trinity College, Dublin, founded. 


1000 ' 4-86' 


2344 


5595 


6304 


1591 


Telescopes improved, and brought into gen- 


Oct. IS 










eral notice, by Zacharias Jansen, of Mid- 














dleburg. (Ac. Blair.) 










1592 


University of Paderborn,in Prussia, founded. 


100' 5-86 


2345 


5596 6305 


1592 


September 13th. Death of Michel de Mon- 
taigne, French moralist; age 59. 


Oct. 7 










1592 


Falkland Islands, in the South Atlantic, first 
discovered by John Davis. In 1594 Sir 
Richard Hawkins visited them, and is. 














therefore, by some considered to have dis- 












covered the islands. 











256 




TASSO. 
SEE 1581 AND 1593 A. D. 



258 



A. D. 


1593 TO 1600 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A.U. C. A.M. 


J. p. 


1593 


June 1st. Death of Christopher Marlowe, 
English dramatist. 


1002 6-86 

Sept. 20 I 


1 

2346 5597 


6306 


1593 


Tasso publishes his poem, "Jerusalem Con- 










quered." (See 1581 and 1595.) 












1593 


The Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, 
founded by F. Sidney, countess of Sussex. 












1593 


ilarisohal College founded at Aberdeen by 
George Keith, earl of Marischal, of Scot- 












land. 












1593 


Whalebones first used in England. (Ac. 
Blair. ) 












1594 


February 2d. Death of Giovanni Pierluigi 
da Palestrina, celebrated Italian composer 
of Church music; age 69. 


1003 

Sept. IS 


7-86 


2347 


5598 


6307 


1594 


May 31st. Death of Jacopn Robust!, known 
as Tintoretto, famous Venetian i)ainter; 
a^t. 81. 












1595 


Dutch East India Co. formed by Cornelius 
Iloutman. (Ac. Blair; 1602, ac. Haydn.) 


1004 

Sept. 4 


8-86 


2348 


5599 


6308 


1595 


April 25th. Death of Torquato Tasso, cele- 
brated Italian epic poet, at the Pope's Pal- 
ace, where he was to have been crowned 
with laurel by tlie pope. (See 1581 and 
1593.) 












1595 


Orange trees first brought to England, and 
planted. 












1597 


Watches first brought into England from 
(Germany. (Ac. T. Smith and others; 1577, 
ac. Hume.) (See 1477.) 


1006 10-86 

Aug. 14 


2350 


5601 


6310 


1597 


Galileo invents, and gives to the world the 
first rough idea of an air thermometer. 












(See 1609.) 












1598 


Benjamin Jonson, ceh'brated English poet 
and dramatist, produces his first drama, 
"Every Man in His Humour.'' 


1007 

Aug. 3 


11-86 


2351 


5602 


6311 


1598 


April 13th. Edict of Nantes, granting toler- 
ation to the Huguenots, issued by Henry 
IV., of France. 












1598 


The Bodleian Library, Oxford, founded by 
Sir Thomas Bodley. 












1599 


January 15th. Death of Edmund Spenser, 
celebrated English poet ; age 46. 


1008 ! 12-86 

July is 


2352 


5603 


6312 


1600 


The English East India Co. established. 


1009 13-86 


2353 


5604 


6313 


1600 


November 2d. Death of Rev. Richard Hook- 
er, illustrious English orthodox theologian 
and author. 


July 12 









259 



A. D. 


1600 TO KiOti A. D. 


HEG. 


H. I. 


A. D. C. 


A. M. 


.1. 1'. 


1600 


Dr. Gilbert, English scientist and physician, 


1001) 1386 


2353 


5604 


6313 




discovers electricity in various substances, 


July 12 












and publislies his gi-eat work, "De Mag- 














nete." 












1600 


Death, at Jlilan, of Pellegrino Pellegrini, 
eminent Milanese painter and architect. 












1601 


October 24th. Death of Tycho Bralie, cele- 
brated Danish astronomer; age 54 3'ears, 
10 months, 10 days. 


1010 

Julyl 


14-86 


2354 


5605 


6314 


1602 


Death of Agostino Caracci, celebrated Italian 


1011 15-86 


2355 


5606 


6315 




painter and engraver; age 45. 


June 21 










1602 


St. Mary Magdalen Hall, Oxford, founded. 












1G02 


The use of decimal aritluiietic introduced by 














Simon Stevinus of Bruges. 










1603 


Union of the crowns of Scotland and Eng- 


1012 1- 


2356 


5607 


6316 




land. At the death of Elizabeth, March 
24th, James VI., of Scotland, ascends the 


June 12 


8-tli 
Cycle. 










throne of England as James I. (The first 














to take the title of "King of Great Brit- 














ain.") 










1604 


March 3-4th. Death of Faustus Socinus, 
Italian heretic, foiinder of the sect of So- 


1013 2-8'? 

May 30 


2357 


5608 


6317 




ciuians; age 64. 












1604 


The Book of Common Prayer revised, by or- 
der of James I. 












1604 


The order of Jesuits banished from England. 
(See 1606, 1764, 1767, 1773, and 1814; also, 
1534 and 1540.) 












1605 


April 5-6th. Death of John Stow, English 
chronicler and antiquarian; a?t. SO. 


1014 3 87 

May lU 


2358 


5609 


6318 


1605 


October 13th. Death of Theodore Beza, 
French ref(jrmer, and versifier of the 
Psalms in French; age 86. (Born July 
24th, 1519. ) 












1605 


October 13th. Death of Akbar, surnamed 
Jclal-ed-Deen ( Gloi-y of the Faith), the 










. 




greatest and best of all the Mogul emper- 












ors. He died within one day of his 63d 












birthday. ( Born October 14th, 1542. ) 












He is said to have possessed 5,000 elephants, 












12,000 horses, 1,000 hunting leopards, and 












5,000 wives. 










1605 


November 5th. The Gunpowder Plot de- 
tected. 


' 








1606 


Oaths of allegiance first framed, and adminis- 
tered in England. 


1015 4-87 

Mays 


2359 


5610 


6319 



26U 



A. D. 


1606 TO 1609 A. D. 


KEG. 


K. 1. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1606 


The order of Jesuits banished from Venice. 
(See 1534, 1540, 1604, 1764, 1767, 1773. 


1015 

May 8 


4-87 


2359 


5610 


6319 




1814.) 










1606 


Executed for conspiracy in the Gunpowder 












Plot : — Sir Everard Dif;;by and others, Jan- 














uary 30tli ; Ciuy Fawlces and others, Jan- 














uary 31st ; and Henry Garnet, superior of 














Euo-lish Jesuits, May 3d. 












l(i06 


The London and Plymouth Companies re- 
ceive charters from James I., of England, 














to plant colonies in Virginia. 










1607 


The London Co. founds the first colony of 
Virginia at Jamestown. Capt. John 
Smith is one of the founders. 


1016 

April 28 


5-87 


2360 


5611 


6320 


1608 


Quebec founded by the French, under Sam- 
uel Champlain, July 3d. 


1017 

April 17 


6-87 


2361 


5612 


6321 


1608 


December. Death of John Dee, celebrated 












English alchemist, mathematician, and as- 














tronomer; age 81. 












1608 


Forks first used in England. 












1608 


The first three telescopes invented by Lipper- 
sliey, an optician of Middleton, and offered 
by him to the states of Holland, about Oc- 
tober 21st, and patented about December 
8th. (See 1609.) 












1609 


The first copper coin issued in England. Is- 
sued much earlier in Ireland, Scotland, 
and France. 


1018 

April 6 


7-87 


2362 


5613 


6322 


1609 


Galileo, illustrious Italian mathematician, 
philosopher, and astronomer, constructs 
his great telescope. ( See 1608. ) 












1609 


January 21st. Death of Joseph Justus Scali- 
ger, celebrated French philologist and au- 
thor; age 68. 












1609 


Death (^f Anuil)ale Caracci, celebrated Italian 
painter. His brothers, Agostino and Fran- 
cesco Caracci; liis nephew, Antonio Ca- 
racci ; and his uncle, Ludovico Caracci, 
were also eminent Italian painters. 












1609 


Kepler, the celebrated German astronomer, 
publishes his great work, "Astronomia 
Nova," etc., in which he announces the first 
and second of his three great laws : 

I. — "The path of each planet is an ellipse, 
having the sun in one focus." 













261 



A. D. 


](i(l9 TO 1014 A. I). 


HEG. R. I. 

i 


A.U.C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1G09 


II.— "The velocity of each planet is such that 
its radius vector sweeps over equal spaces 
in equal times." (See 1619.) 


1018 

April li 


7-87 


2362 


5613 6322 


1609 


August-September. The Hudson Baj discov- 
ered bv Henry Hudson, English navigator. 








' 


1609 


Invention of an air thermometer, a great im- 










to 


provement on Galileo's, is ascribed by dif- 










1610 


ferent authorities to Drel»bel of Alcmaer, 
Paolo Sarpi, and to Sanctorio. (See 1597.) 








i 

1 


1610 


Ancient marbles, consisting of 37 statues, 


1019 


8-87 2363 5614 6323 




128 busts, and 250 inscriptions, contain- 


Mar. 26 










ing chronology from 15S2 to 355 B. C, are 












found on the island of Paros. (Aruudelian 














Marbles.) (See 1627, 1667 A. D., and 














1582 B. C, and Note 10. ) 












1610 


Galileo, with his telescope, discovers the sat- 
ellites of Jupiter. 












1610 


The period known as the "Star\nng-time" in 
Virginia, a few months after Captain 














Smith's departure from the colony. 


i 1 




1611 


Baronets first created in England. 


1020 ! 9-87 2364 


5615 


6324 


1611 


The present authorized English version of 
the Bible, dedicated to James I., is com- 
pleted, and circulated. 


Mar. 15 










1613 


Wadham College, Oxford, founded by Nicho- 


1022 11" 2366 5617 


6326 




las ^^'adham, and Dorothy, his wife. 


Feb. 22 




1614 


Logarithms ( i. c. indexes of the ratio of num- 


1023 12-87 2367 5618 


6327 




bers one to another) invented by Sir John 


Feb. 11 








Napier, baron of Merchiston, Scotland. 










1614 


University of Groningen, in Friesland (prov- 












ince of Dutch Republic), founded. 














July 1st. Death of Isaac Casaubon, eminent 












1614 


Genevese critic and scholar; age 55. 












1614 


July 15th. Death of Brantome, known also 












as Pierre de Bourdeilles, ]io})ular French 














historian ; age 74. 












1614 


The state of New York settled by the Dutch, 
who claim the territory because first ex- 
plored by Sir Henry Hudson, English navi- 
gator in the senice of the Dutch East 
India Company. 












1614 


Water from the New River conveved through 
pipes from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, to 
supply London, planned and effected by 














Sir Hugh Middleton. 











262 



A. D. 


ir.l4 TO 1619 A. L). 

1 


HEG. K. I. 


A..U.C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1614 


Hair powder first generally used as an article 


1023 12-87 


2367 5618 


6327 




of toilet. 


Ffb. 11 








1616 


Marcli 6th. Death of Francis Beaumont, 
English dramatist ; a<>e 29. 


1025 14-87 

Jan. 20 


2369 


5620 


6329 


1616 


Baffin Bay, between Greenland and British 
America, discovered by William Baffin, 
English navigator 


1 

1 
1 








1616 


April 23d. Death of William Shakespeare, 
the great English dramatist, at his birth- 














place, Stratford-on-Avon, on his 52d 












l)irthday. 








1616 


April 23d. Death of Miguel Cervantes, cele- 
brated Spanish Avriter, author of "Don 
Quixote"; age 68. 










1616 


St. Mary'.s Hall, Oxford, founded. 












1617 


The thirty-second cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan New 
Year's Days are January 9th and Decem- 
ber 30th. '(See Note H.) 


1026 

and 

1027 


15-87 


2370 


5621 


6330 


1617 


May 7th. Death of Jacques Auguste de 














Thou, eminent French historian and states- 












man. 










1617 


(Jreat flood at Catalonia; 50,000 perish. 












1618 


May 24th. Publication of the "Book of 1028 1- 


2371 


5622 6331 




Sports," by James I., of England, allowing i^«'<' I'J 


S8th 
Cycle. 








certain sports for Sunday afternoons. 












Book condemned by Parliament. (See 












1623.) 










1618 


Tlie Thirty Years' War begins, principally 
between the German Catholics and Prot- 
estants. 










1618 


October 29th. Sir Walter Ealeigh, famous 
English navigator, is beheaded; age 66; 
by order of James I., to satisfy the Span- 












iards. 












1619 


Kepler publishes his work, entitled "Har- 


1029 


0-88 


2372 ,5623 


6332 




monice Mundi," in which he announces his 


Dec. 8 






. 






third great law of planetary motion : "The 














squares of the times are as the cubes of the 














mean distance from the sun." ( See 1609. ) 












1619 


Tlie first manufactory of tapestry in England 
is established at Mortlake, by Sir Francis 
Crane. 












1619 


Edward Alleyn, celebrated English actor, 
builds and endows a college on Dulwich 
manor, for the benefit of the poor. He 













203 



A. D. 


1619 TO 1()23 A. D. 


HEG. 


H. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1619 


names it God's Gift College ; but it is also 
called Dulwich College. 


1029 

Dec. 8 


2 88 


2372 


5623 


6332 


1619 


Death of Ludovico Caraoci, founder of the 
Bolognese school of painting; age 64. He 
was a cousin of Annihale ('aracci, cele- 
brated painter. ( Bee 1609. ) 












1619 


The circulation of the blood more fully dis- 
covered and confirnied, by William Har- 
vey, celebrated English anatomist. (See 
1553 and 1628.) 












1619 


Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. 












1620 


Novemlier 9th. Battle of I'rague, in which 
the Protestant Bohemians are defeated by 
the Catholic Imperialists. 


1030 

Nov. 27 


3-88 


2373 


5624 


6333 


1620 


Perukes, or periwigs, first introduced, and 
used in France. 












1620 


The nKimifncture of broad silk, woven from 
raw silk, first introduced in England. 












1620 


Madras, in British India, colonized by the 
English, who build Fort George. 






- 






1620 


December 21st. Some English Puritans, 
known as the Pilgrim Fathers, in the ship 
Mayflower, reach Plymouth, Mass., and es- 
tablish a colony there. 












1622 


Death of John Bull, eminent English musical 
composer, supposed author of the hymn 
"God Save the King" ; age 59. 


1032 

Nov. 5 


5-S8 


2375 


5626 


6335 


1622 


December 28th. Death of St. Francis de 
Sales, celebrated ecclesiastical author; age 
55. 

February 6th. Death of Juan Mariana, 












1623 


1033 


6-88 


2376 


5627 


6336 




Spanish historian; age 86. 


Oct. 25 










1623 


July. Death of William Birde, eminent Eng- 
lish composer of Church music; age about 
84. 

November 9t]i. Death of William Camden, 












1623 














eminent English anticjuary; age 72. 












1623 


New Hampshire, North America, first settled 
at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and at 
Dover, by the Englishmen, John Mason 
and Ferdinando Gorges. 












1623 


Albany, New York, settled by the Dutch, and 
called then Fort Orange. 












1623 


New York City founded by Dutch emigrants, 
and called by them New Amsterdam. 













2(i4 




o 




oc 




T 


. 


o 


X 


rr 


1- 


3 


00 


I 
O 


UJ 


«J 


ca 


cc 


S 


UJ 


111 


h 


> 


UJ 


o 


Q. 


z 


H 


ID 


(0 


CO 


L. 


■^ 


O 


UJ 




III 


QC 


(/> 


o 




a: 




lU 




H 





266 



A. D. 



1624 TO 1628 A. I). 



HEG. 


11. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M 


1034 

Oct. 14 


7.S8 


2377 


i 

5628 ' 



J. 1>. 



1624 Pembroke College, Oxford, founded by 

Thomas Teesdale and Richard Wightwick. 

1625 The island of Barbadoes settled by the Eng- 

lish. The first English settlement in the 
West Indies. 

1625 March 29th. Death of Antonio Herrera y 
Tordesillas, eminent Spanish historian. 

1625 June 5th. Death of Orlando Gibbous, emi- 
nent English musical composer; age 42. 

1625 Aug-ust 28th. Death of John Fletcher, Eng- 

lish dramatist ; joint cimiposer of dramas 
with Beaumont; age 49. 

1626 April 9th. Death of Lord Francis Bacon, 
illustrious English statesman and philos- 
opher; age 65. 

1626 July 30th. Earthquake at Naples, by which 
thirty towns are destroyed, and 70,000 
lives lost. 

1626 October 30-31st. Death of Willebrod Snell, 
Dutch mathematician, discoverer of the 
law of refraction of light; age 35. 

1626 November 18th. The consecration of the new 
I St. Peter's Church, of the Vatican, Rome. 

1626 ! December 7-8th. Death of Sir John Davies, 

eminent English poet and statesman. 

1627 Tlie Arundelian Marbles, purchased by Mr. 

Petty, for Lord Arundel, in 1624, reach 
London this year. (See 1610, 1667 A. D., 
1582 B. C, and Note 10.) 
1627 The Swedes form a company, to settle Dela- 
ware, America. 

1627 Septem])er 20tli. Death of Jan Gruter, Bel- 

gian philologist; age 66. 

1628 August 23d. George Villiers, duke of Buck- 

ingham, age 36, is assassinated at Ports- 
mouth, bv John Felton. 

1628 Sir Edward Coke publishes his work entitled 
1 "Coke on Littleton," or "First Institute," 
being the first part of the laws of England. 

1628 Sir William Harvey, M. D., publishes his ful- 
ler discovery of the circulation of the 
blood. (See' 1553 and 1619.) 

1628 ! Wallenstein, the subject of Schiller's great 
tragedy, "Wallenstein," is invested witli 
the duchy of Mecklenburg, by Ferdinand, 
enii)eror of Germany. 



1035 

Oct. 3 



633'; 



8-88 2378 5629 6338 



1036 

Sept. 22 



2379 5630 6339 



1037 

.^ept. n 



10«8 2380 5631 6340 



1038 

Sept. 1 



11-88 2381 5032 6341 



2li7 



A.D. 


1628 TO 1632 A. D. 


HEG. E. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1028 


September 30th. Fulk (Ireville (Lord 
Brooke), age 74, English poet and miscel- 
laneous writer, is killed by his old servant, 


1038 

Sept. 1 


11 88 


2381 


5632 


6341 


1028 


Ralph Heywood, in a passion. 
October Kith. Death of Fran(,'ois de Mal- 












1020 


herbe, French lyric poet; age 73. 
New Hampshire, America, receives its name, 
and is colonized under Gorges and Mason. 


1030 

Aug. 21 


12-88 


2382 5633 


6342 


1620 
1630 


July 28th. Death of John Speed, English 

historian ; age 77. 
September 25th. Deatli of Ambrosia Spin- 

ola, celebrated Italian general ; age 60. 


1040 

Aug. 10 


13-88 


2383 


5634 


6343 


]030 


November inth. Death of Johann Kepler, 
celebrated (ierman astronomer; age 58 












1030 


(See 1600 and 1610.) 
A large nund)er of Puritans, under Win- 
tlirop, arrive at ilassachusetts, and found 
the city of Boston. 












1031 


May 6th. Death of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, 


1041 1 14-88 


2384 


5635 


6344 




age 00, collector of the Cottonian collection 


.luly 30 










1()31 


of manuscripts, now in British Museum. 
Death of Michael Drayton, English historian 
and ])oet; author of "Polyolbion;" age 08. 












1031 


Death of Sir Hugh Middleton, constiiictor of 
"New River," supplying London with 
water; age about 65. 












1031 


Death of Enrico Oaterino Davila, celebrated 
Italian historian. 












1031 


Septendier 7th. Gustavus II., Adolphus, 
''Lion of the North," king of Sweden, de- 
feats the Imperialists, umler Tilly, at Leip- 
sic and Breitenfeld. 












1031 


The first newspaper in France, "Gazette de 
France," published by Theophraste Renau- 
dot. 












1031 


Decendier 16-17th. Violent eruption of Mt. 
Vesuvius destroys the town of Torro del 












1631 


Greco, and 4,000 inhabitants. 
Calico first brought to England by the East 
India Co. 












1 032 


June 20tli. Charles I., of England, grants a 
charter to Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), 
son of George Calvert, first Lord Balti- 
more, to colonize the territory afterwards 
known as IMaryland, IT. S. A. 


1042 

July 19 


15-88 


2385 


5636 


6345 



A. D. 


1632 TO 1636 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. 


A. U.C. 


A. M. 


.1. p. 


1632 


Death of Edward Fairfax, Euj^^lish poet; 
translator of Tasso's ".Terusalem Deliv- 
ered." 


1042 

July 19 


15 88 


2385 


5030 


6345 


1033 


Galileo's astronomical doctrine (the Coper- 
nican system) is i^norautly condemned by 
the in(inisitiun at Koine, as lievctical, and 


1043 1- 

JulyS srith 
Cycle. 


2380 


5637 


6346 




dangerous. (See 1543.) 












1033 


Connecticut, in America, settled, at Windsor, 
by the Englisli. 












1633 


^A'ind saw-mills invented by a Dutchman. 
(Ac. Haydn.) 












1033 


October 18th. Charles I., of England, un- 
wisely publishes his father's "Book of 
Sports," licensing Sunday afternoon sports 
and games. (See 1018.) 












1031 


February 25th, N. S. ^Vallenstei^, duke of 


1044 2-89 


2387 


5638 


6347 




Mecklenburg, assassinated, at Eger. 


June 28 










1034 


September 3d. Death of Sir Edward Coke, 
celeltrated English jurist. 












1034 


Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) sends a body 
of emigrants, under his brother, Leonard 
Calvert, to the territory in America, 
granted to him, and called Maryland in 
honor of Henrietta ]Maria, wife of Charles 
I. Calvert lands March 25th, and com- 
mences a settlement March 27th, calling it 
St. ^Mary's, the first town, and afterwards 
the capital, of Maryland. 












1035 


Regular posts established between London 


1045 ; 3-89 ' 2388 ' 5639 


6348 




and Edinburgh, by order of Charles I. 


June 17 










1035 


Death of Lope de Vega Carpio, celebrated 
Spanish poet and dramatist, and monk; 
age 72. 

Death of the centenarian, Thonms Parr, cul- 












1035 














tivator of the soil ; age 151. He is said to 












have married at 120, and to have been able 














to work at 130. 












1636 


University of Utrecht, Holland, founded. 


1040 4-S9 


2389 


5640 


6349 


1630 


Rhode Island first settled by Roger Williams, 
and his place of settlement called by him 


June 6 










Providence, to commemorate "God's merci- 














ful ])rovidence to him in liis distress," he 














having been banished from Massachusetts 














because of certain of his views and opin- 














ions, religious and civil. 













269 



1637 TO 1641 A. I). 



ll>;iT Auo-iist 6tli, O. S., 16th, N. S. (Note M.) 
Death of Ben Jonsou, celebrated English 
dramatist ; age 63. 

1638 May 6th. Death of Cornelius Jansen, Bel- 
gian theologian, bishop of Ypres; cele- 
brated as the founder of Jansenism, and 
author of a work entitled "Augustinus," 
setting forth his heretical doctrines 
(founded on those of St. Augustine), con- 
demned by bulls of Popes Urban VIII., In- 
nocent X., and ('lenient XI. (See 164:0, 
1653, 1713, and NoteN.) 

1638 Tlie "Solemn League and Covenant" formed 

in Scotland, the members binding them- 
selves to ojjpose Episcopacy and regal 
power, and to promote Presbyterianism. 

163!t First printing-press established in the Ameri- 
can colonies, at Cambridge, Mass. 

IGoIf Jeremiah Hoitox, or Horrocks, distinguished 
English astronomer, first observes the 
transit of Venus over the sun's disk, No- 
vember 24th, which he had successfully 
foretold in 1633. 

1639 December. Death of Sir Henry Wotton, Eng- 

lish diplomatist and writer; age 71. 
164(1 University of Abo, Finland, founded. 

1640 Jansen's executors publish his work, "Au- 

gustinus." ( See Note N, and 1638. ) 
1640 March 17th. Death of Philip Massinger, emi- 
nent English dramatist. 
1640 .May 30th. Death of Peter Paul Eubens, cele- 
brated Flemish painter; age 62. 

1640 November 3d. The Long Parliament first as- 

sembles. 

1641 A])ril 15th. Death of Domenico Zampieri, 

known as Domenichiuo, celebrated Italian 
painter; age 59. 

1641 May 12th. Thomas Went worth, earl of Straf- 
ford, general and statesman, lord lieuten- 
ant of Ireland, having been impeached, No- 
vember, 1640, for high treason, by the Long 
Parliament, is beheaded. 

1641 October 24th. Death of Sir Henry Spelman, 
eminent English antiquary; age 79. 

1641 December 9th. Death of Sir Anthony Van- 
dyke, celebrated Flemish painter. 



HEG. 



1047 

.May 2G 

1048 
May 15 



1049 

May 4 



E.I. 



A. U. C. 



A.M. 



5-89 



6-89 



7-89 



2390 



2391 



2392 



1050 

April L'l 



1051 

April i;i 



8-89 



9-89 



5641 



5642 



J. p. 



6350 



6351 



5643 



2393 



5644 



2394 



6352 



6353 



5645 6354 



270 




RUBENS. 
SEE 1640, MAY 30TH. 




VANDYKE. 
SEE 1641, DECEMBER 9TH, A. D. 



271 



A. D. 


1641 TO 1645 A. D. 


HEG. 


K I. A. U.C. 

i 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1G41 


December 22(1. Death of Maxim ilien de Be- 
tliuue, due de Siill^-, celebrated French 
statesman; age 81. 


1051 

April n 


989 


2394 


5645 


6354 


1641 


The micrometer invented by William Gas- 
coigne al)out tliis year. (Tascoigue died 
July 2d, 1044, at tlie battle of Marston 






• 








Moor. 










1042 


January 8th. Death of Galileo, the great 


1052 


1089 2395 


5646 


6355 




Italian mathematician and astronomer; 


April 2 








age 77 years, 10 months, 20 days. 










1 042 


New Zealand discovered l)y Tasman. 










1042 


Van Diemen's Land discovered by Tasman, 
Dutch navigator, and so named, after his 
patron, Van Diemen, governor-general of 
P>atavia. The island is afterwards called 
Tasmania, in honor of its discoverer. 












1G42 


August 18th. Death of Guido Beni, eminent 
Italian painter. 












1042 


The Civil War in England begins. 












1642 


October 23d. "Battle'of Edgehill," or "Edge- 
hill right," between the English Boyalists 
and the Parliament army. No decisive vic- 
tory on eitlier side. 












1642 


December 4th. Death of Cardinal Richelieu, 
prime minister of France; age 57. 












1643 


The Commons of England, to secure the aid 
of the Scots, against the Royalists, sub- 
scribe to the "Solemn League and Cove- 
nant." (See 1038.) 


1053 

.Mar. 22 


11-89 


2396 


5647 


6356 


1043 


September 20th. The first battle of Newbury, 
between Royalists and Parliament. Vic- 
tory uncertain. 












1043 


The first barometer invented by Torricelli, 
eminent Florentine philosopher. 












1643 


Excise first levied by Parliament on liquor, 
to support the army against Charles I. 












1643 


December 8th. Death of John Pym, eminent 














re]nd)lican English statesman; age 59. 










1044 


October 10th. Second battle of Newbury, be- 


1054 12S9 


2397 


5648 


6357 




tween Royalists and Parliament. No de- 


Mar. 1 1 








cisive result. 










1045 


January 10th. Execution of William Laud, 


1055 13-89 


2398 


5649 


6358 




ar( hbishop of Canterbury. 


Feb. 28 










1045 


February 18th. Death of Sir Richard Baker, 
English chronicler and poet; age 76. 













273 



A. II. 


](i45 TO 10.51 A. D. HEC. li. I. 


A.U.C. 


A. M. 


.T. P. 


1645 


June 14tli. Battle of Naseby, between 
Charles I. and tlie Parliament army, under 
Fairfax and Cromwell. Charles is totally 
defeated. 


1055 13-89 

Feb. 28 


2398 


5649 


6358 


1645 


August 28th. Death of Hugo Grotius, emi- 
nent Dutch jurist and theologian ; age 62, 








1646 


May 5th. Charles I. delivers himself up to 105G 14-89 
the Scots. ''<"'■ 1^ 


2399 


5650 


6359 


1647 


January 30th. Charles I. delivered over to 1057 15-^9 
the Parliament by the Scots. '''"■ ^ 


2400 


5651 


6360 


1648 


George Fox founds the Society of Friends. 1058 1- 
( See 1650.) •"'"•-' c7c?e. 


2401 


5652 


6361 


1648 


August 27th. Civil War of the Fronde, in 










France, begins. 










1648 


October 24th. Treaty of Miinster, or Peace 
of Westi)ha]ia. End of the Thirty Years' 
War. (See 1618.) 


I 








1649 


January 30th. Execution, at Whitehall, of 
Charles I., of England. 


1059 2-90 

Jan. 16 


2402 


5653 


6362 


1649 


England declared a commonwealth. 










1649 


Oliver Cromwell made lord-lieutenant of Ire 
land. 










1650 


The thirty-third cycle <^)f tlie Hegira Era be- 


1060 ' 3-90 


2403 


5654 


6363 




gins this year. The two Mohammedan and 










New Year's Days are January 5th and De- 1061 










cember 25th. ( See Note H. ) 










1650 


The name "Quakers" giA'en to the "Society of 
Friends," by Justice Bennet, of Derby, be- 
cause Fox, their founder, bids him and 
those present, "tremble at the word of the 
Lord." (See 1648.) 










1650 


The Marquis of Montrose lands in Scotland 
with an army, in support of Charles II., in 
April. He is defeated at Corbiesdale, April 
27t.h, taken prisoner, and hanged May 21st. 










1650 


Charles II. is invited to Scotland, by the 
Covenanters, and, having signed the Cove- 
nant, lands in Scotland, June 23d. 


' 








1650 


The air-pump invented by Otto von Guericke, 
celebrated German savant and experi- 
mental philosopher. 


i 








1650 


North Carolina settled on the Chowan Eiver 1 
by emigrants from Virginia 










1651 


January 1st. Charles II. crowned at Scone. 

1 


1062 4-90 

Dec. 14 { 


2404 


5655 


6364 



274 



A. D. 


1651 TO 1657 A. D. 


HR(;. ' R. r. 

1 


A. U. C. 1 A. M. 


.1. p. 


1651 


September 3d. Battle of Worcester, in which 
Cromwell totally defeats Charles II., who 
escapes to France. 


1062 

Dec. U 


4-90 


2404 


5655 


6364 


1651 


November 26th. Henry Ireton, eminent Eng- 












lish republican deputy in Ireland, dies of 














the plague. 












1651 


December 1st. Navigation Act passed. 












1652 


July 5-21st. Death of Inigo Jones, distin- 
guished English architect and scholar, in 
his 80th year. 


1063 

Dec. 4 


5-90 


2405 


5656 


6365 


1652 


December 11th. Death of Denis Petau, or Pe- 
tavins, distinguished I'^rencli Jesuit theo- 
logian. 












1653 


April 20th. Cromwell forcibly dissolves the 
Long I'arliaiiicnt. lie assembles the Rare- 
bones Parliament July 4th. 


1064 

Nov. 113 


690 


2406 


5657 


6366 


1653 


August 24th. Act for the solemnization of 
marriages by Justices of the Peace is pass- 
ed by the Rarebones Parliament. 












1653 


December KJtli. Cromwell is appointed lord- 
protector of l]ngland. 












1653 


Innocent X. issues a bull, to condemn Jan- 














senism. ( See 1638, 1713, Note N. ) 










1654 


November 30th. Death of John Selden, cele- 
brated English lawyer and statesman ; age 
69 years, 11 months, 14 days. 


1065 7-90 

Nov. 12 

i 


2407 


5658 


6367 


1655 


May 3d. The English admiral, Sir William 
Penn, takes Jamaica from the Spaniards. 


1066' 8 SO 

Nov. 1 


2408 


5659 


6368 


1655 


October 24th. Death of Pierre Gassendi, 














eminent French philosopher and astron- 












omer ; age 03 years, 9 months, 22 days. 










1656 


The air-gun invented by Outer, of Nurem- 
berg. 


1067 

Oct. 21 


9-90 2409 


5660 


6369 


1656 


Sir John Ford invents a machine for raising 
water from the Thames, to supply the 
water in high streets in London. 












1656 


Pendulums invented, and applied to clocks, 














by Christian Huygens, Dutch astronomer 


! 










and geometer. 










1656 


September 8th. Death of Rishop Joseph 
Hall, English writer. (Rorn 1574, July 














1st.) 








1657 


Rrian A^'alton, afterwards bishop of Chester, 
publishes in London, his "Riblia Poly- 
glotta," in six volumes, being the fourth 


1068 10-90 2410 

Oct. 10 


5661 


6370 



A. D. 


1657 TO 1(562 A. D. 


HEO. 


K. I. 


A.U.C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1657 


polyglot I?il)U'. The first was printed at 
roinphitum (see 1517) ; the second, 1559- 
156!), printed at Antwerp by Moutanus, in 
eight volumes; and the third, 1628-1645, 


1068 

Oct. 10 


10-90 


2410 


5061 


6370 


1657 


printed at Paris, by Le Jay, in ten volumes. 
June 3d. Death of Sir William Harvey, M. 
D., one of the discoverers of the circula- 
tion of the blood ; age 79. ( See 1553, 1619, 
1628.) 












1658 


September 3d. Death of Oliver Cromwell; 
age 59. His son, Richard, is declared pro- 
tector in his stead. 


1069 

Sept. 20 


11-90 


2411 


5662 


6371 


1659 


May 25th. IJesignation of Richard Crom- 
well. 


1070 

Sopt. 18 


12-90 


2412 


5663 


6372 


1659 
1659 


November 7th. Peace of the Pyrenees, be- 
tween France and Spain. 
November ISth. First public perf(>rmance by 












1660 
1660 


Moliere's troupe, of his drama, "Les Pr6- 
cieuses Ridicules.'' (See 1673. ) 

English, from New England States, settle in 
Carolina, America. (See 1663, 1670, 1680.) 

General Monk, commander of the English 
army, effects the restoration of Charles II., 
who is proclaimed king, in London, May 
8th. He enters London Mav 29tb. 


1071 

Sept. 7 


13 90 


2413 


5604 


6373 


1660 


August 6-7th. Death of Diego de Silva Ve- 
lasquez, celebrated Spanish portrait paint- 












1660 


er; age 61. 
October l-4th. Death of Paul Scarron, French 












1660 
1660 


comic poet and satirist. 

The Royal Society of London founded by Sir 
William Petty, and Hon. Robert Boyle. 
(See 1662.) 

Episcopacy re-established in England. Wil- 
liam Juxon is chosen archbishop of Can- 
terbury, October 25th. 












1661 

1661 
1662 


March 9th. Death of Giulio Mazarin, Ital- 
ian cardinal and statesman; prime minis- 
ter of France ; age 60. 

August 15-16th. Death of Thomas Fuller, 
eminent English divine and author; age 53. 

July 15th. The Royal Society of London, 
founded 1660, is formally constituted, and 
incorporated with the royal seal of Charles 
II. (See 1660.) 


1072 

Aug. 27 

1073 

Aug. 16 


14-so 

15 90 


2414 
2415 


5665 
5666 


6374 
6375 



276 



A. D. 



1662 TO 1665 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A.U.C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



1662 August lOth. Death of Blaise Pascal, cele- 
brated French philosopher, mathematician, 
and writer; age 39. 
N. B. — He entered the cloister 1G54, and pub- 
lished, in 1656, his celebrated Provincial 
Letters against the Jesuits. 

1662 Passage of the "Act of Uniformity," under 
Charles II., which obliges all clergy to sub- 
scribe to the Thirty-uiue Articles, and to 
use the same form of worship and same 
Book of Common Prayer. 

1063 ]<>ench Academy of Inscriptions founded. 

1663 The first steam or water eugine invented by 
Edward Somerset, marquis of Worcester, 
which he describes in his "Century of In- 
ventions." (See 1681, 1713, 1736, and 
1765. ) 

1663 Carolina, in America, is granted by Charles 
II., of England, to Earl of Claremhm, 
Duke of Albemarle, Lords Berkeley, Cra- 
ven, and Ashley; Sirs Ceorge t'arteret, J. 
Colleton, and William Berkeley, governor 
of Virginia. (See 166ft, 1670, 'and 1080.) 

1663 The first real newspaper pulilished in 
England is the "Public Intelligencer," 
edited by Sir Roger I'Estrange. (See 
1631 and 1605.) 

1664 The English, under Colonel Nicolls, take pos- 
session, in the name of James, duke of 
York, of the province of New Netherlands, 
including the city of New Amsterdam, and 
give to both the name of New York. 

1664 New Jersey receives its name, and is settled 
at Elizabethtown, afterwards Elizabeth. 

1664 Conventicle Act ])assed by Parliament, pro- 
hibiting conveuticles ; i. v. religious serv- 
ices of dissenters. 

1665 Second Dutch War with England begins. 
1665 The great jdague of London. More than 100,- 

000 perish. 
1665 ITuiversity of Kiel, Ilolstein, founded. 
1665 November 7th. The first number of London 

Gazette is published at Oxford, the court 

being there, on account of the plague. 
1665 L'nion of the Connecticut and New Haven 

colonies, in America. 



1073 

Aug. 16 



15 90 



2415 



5666 



6375 



1074 

Aug. C 



2416 5667 



91st 
Cycle. 



1075 

July 26 



1076 

July 15 



0-91 



2417 



3-91 



6376 



5668 



6377 



2418 5669 



6378 



A. D. 



1665 TO IGG; a. D. 



1665 November 19th. Death of Nicolas Poussiu, 
the great French historical jjainter; called 
the Raphael of France; age 71. 

1665 Due Francois de la Rochefoucauld, prince 

de Marsillac, celebrated French moralist 
and courtier, publishes his "Maxims." 

1666 .Septeml)er 2d. The great fire of Loudon be- 

gins, and continues three days and three 
j nights. 

1666 November 2T-28th. The Scotch Covenanters 
rebel against Episcopacy, and are defeated 
on Pentland Hills. 

1666 The Academy of Science founded in Paris. 

1666 j Tea first introduced into England from IIol- 
I land, by Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington, 
and Thomas Butler, earl of Ossory. 

1666 De Witt, the Dutch admiral, invents chain- 
shot, to destroy the rigging of his enem3''8 
ships. 

1666 December 22d. Death of Guercino da Cento, 
I celebrated Italian painter; age 76. 

1067 Louis Xiy., of France, takes possession of 
the Spanish Netherlands. 

1667 First fire-insurance company, for insuring 

houses and goods in London, the first year 
after the great tire. 

1667 Arundelian Marbles presented by Lord x\run- 
del's grandson, Henry Howard (after- 
wards duke of Norfolk), to the University 
of Oxford : hence they are also known as 
the Oxford Marbles. * (See 1610, 1627 A. 
D., 1582 B. C, and Note 10.) 

1067 Milton, the famous English poet, publishes 
his "Paradise Lost." 

1667 jMay 16th. Death of Samuel Bochart, emi- 
nent French theologian and scholar; age 
67 years, 11 months, 16 days. 

1667 June 5th. Death of Johann Heinrich Hottin- 
ger, eminent Swiss orientalist ; age 47. 

1667 July 28th. Death of Abraham Cowley, cele- 
brated English lyric poet; age 49. 

1667 August 13th. De<ath of Jeremy Taylor, emi- 
nent English bishop and author; age 54. 

1667 Brandt, a German alchemist, in attempting 
to find the philosopher's stone, discovers 
phosphorus. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



1076 

.Tulv l.i 



3-91 2418 



A. M. 



.J. P. 



5669 ' 6378 



1077 

July 4 



4-91 2419 5670 6379 



1078 

June 23 



591 2420 



5671 6380 




POUSSIN. 
SEE 1665 A. D. 




REMBRANDT. 
SEE 1669 A. D. 



279 



A. D 


1668 TO 1C75 A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. A.u.r. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1668 


Charles II. employs Lenotre to re-arraage 
St. James Park. 


1079 

June 13 


6-91 


2421 


5672 


6381 


1668 


St. Mary's Town, Maryland, America, incor- 
porated, and created into a city. 












1669 


October 8th. Death of Van Ryn Kembrandt, 
celebrated Dutch historian and portrait- 
l)ainter; age 62 years, 3 months, 23 days. 


1080 

June 2 


7.91 


2422 


5673 


6382 


1670 


Hudson Bay Co. incorporated. 


1081 


8-91 


2423 


5674 


6383 


1670 


The English first introduce bees into the 
American colonies, at Boston, Mass. 


May 22 










1670 


South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 
(See 1660, 1663,1680.) 












1670 


Charles II. is directed in his government of 
England by the "Cabal Ministry," so called 
from the initials of those who composed it, 
viz.': Sir Thomas Clifford, Lord Ashley, 
Duke of Buckingham, Lord Arlington, and 
Earl of Lauderdale (John Maitland). 












1671 


Sir Samuel Jlorland pulilishes the invention 
of the "Tuba Stentorphonica," or speaking 
trumpet. 


1082 

May 11 


9-91 


2424 


5675 


6384 


1671 


December 28tli. Death of Johann Friedrich 
Gronovius, celebrated German scholar and 
philologist ; age 60 years, 3 months. ( Born 














September, 1611.) (See 1716, Oct. 21st.) 










1672 


Lully, celebrated Italian composer, by per- 


1083 1 10 91 


2425 


5676 


6385 




mission of Louis XIV., superintends the 


April 30 












erection of the Royal Academy of Music, at 














Paris. 












1673 


Virginia ceded by Charles II. to Lord Cul- 
pejtper, and Lord Arlington. 


1084 

April 20 


11-91 


2426 


5677 


6386 


1673 


I'^ebruary 17th. Death of Moliere, celebrated 
French dramatist and poet; age 51. (See 
1659.) 












1673 


March 15th. Death of Salvator Rosa, fa- 
mous Neapolitan painter; age 57. 












1673 


March 29th. Test Act is passed by Parlia- 
ment, excluding from public offices all per- 
sons not belonging to the Church of Eng- 
land. 












1671 


November 8th. Death of John Milton, illus- 
trious English poet; age 65 years, 10 
months, 29 days. 


1085 

April 9 


12-91 


2427 


5678 


6387 


1675 


Miguel Molinos, a Spanish priest, publishes 
his work, "Spiritual Guide," the founda- 
tion of the Quietist heresy. ( See- 1687, and 


1086 

Mar. 29 


13-91 


2428 


5679 


6388 




Note O. ) 


[ 









2S1 



A. U. 


1675 TO 1679 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. A.M. J. P. 


1G75 


The rebuildinii' of St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon- 
don, commenced by Sir Christopher Wren, 
celebrated architect. First stone laid June 


1080 

Mar. M 


1391 


2428 


5679 


6388 




21st. (See 1710 and 1723.) 




1 






1G75 


Greenwich Observatory begun, August 10th, 














by Sir Christopher "NVren. 










1G75 


October. Death of James Gregory, celebrated 












Scotch mathematician ; inventor of the 














Gregorian telescope, and other useful in- 














struments; age 36. 








1G7G 


First state house of Maryland is erected at 1087 
St. Mary's City, its capital. (See 1634, m^"- is 


14.91 2429 

1 


5680 


6389 




1668,1605.) 








167G 


Dr. Ilalley proves, and establishes the fact, 










of the sun's motion around its own axis. | 










1677 


Leuwenhoek, celebraved Dutch naturalist, 1088 


15-91 2430 


5681 


6390 




discovers the animalcules in the fluid of 


.Mar. 7 












animals, through telescopes of liis own con- 














struction. ( See 1723. ) 












1677 


February 21-23d. Death of Spinoza, cele- 
brated pantheistical philosopher; age 44. 












1G7S 


August 10th, K. S. Treaty of Nimeguen, be- 1080 


1- 2431 


5682 


6391 




tween the United Provinces and France. Feb. 25 


lllind 
Cycle. 






1G78 


August 12th. Titus ( )at('s invents, .and in- 
forms the government, of the pretended 
conspiracy known as the Popish Plot. 
(See 1685.) 

N. B. — Gates alleged that the pope and other 
Roman Catholics had formed a plot to kill 
the king, Charles II., to subvert the gov- 


« 












ernment, and extirpate all anti-Romanists. 


1 








iMany Roman Catholics suffered on ac- 












count of this alleged plot. 










1 67i) 


The names of the two parties. Cavaliers and 1000 


0.92 ''43'^ 


5683 


6392 




Roundheads, changed respectively, to To- ^^^' ^^ 












ries and Whigs. 










167!) 


The famous Habeas Corpus Act is framed by 
Lord Ashley Cooper (first earl of Shaftes- 
bury I, and passed by Parliament, ;May27th. 








167i) 


The forged conspiracy, known as the Meal- 










tul) Plot, is invented by Dangerfield, who 












informs the government, October 23d. 












( See Note P. ) ^ 










1679 


November 3d. A remarkable comet appears, 
and remains visible until March 9th, 1680. 












BISHOP BOSSUET. 
SEE NEXT PAGE, 1682 A. D. 



284 



A. D. 


U)7!t TO 1G82 A. D. 


HEG. 


li. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1679 


Deoenilier 4tli. Dcalli of Thomas Hobbes, cele- 


1090 


92 


2432 


5683 


6392 




brated English phib>sopher; age 91. 


Feb. 14 






1680 


^iarch 17th. Death of La Rochefoucauld, 
celebrated French moralist ; author of "lie- 


1091 

Feb. 3 


3-92 2433 


5684 6393 




liexions ou 8enteuces et Maximes Mor- 














ales ;" age 66 j-ears, 6 months, 2 days. 












1680 


September 25th. Death of Samuel Butler, 
celebrated English wit and poet; author of 












1680 


"Hudibras"; age 68 years, 7 mouths. 
Death of Gerard Dow, celebrated Dutch 












1680 


painter; age 67. 
October 16th. Death of Kaimondo Montecuc- 
coli, great Italian general ; age 72. 












1680 


November 28th. Death of Giovanni Lorenzo 
Bernini, eminent Italian painter, sculptor, 
and architect; called the "Modern Michael 
Angelo;" age 81 years, 11 months. 












1 680 


November 2Sth. Death of Athanasius Kir- 
clier, learned German Jesuit; age 78 years, 
6 months, 26 days. 












1681 


A penny-post first established, in London, by 
Mr. Murray. 


1092 4-92 2434 

Tan. 23 


5685 ' 6394 


1681 


Bomb-vessels invented in France. 












1681 


Papin, French pbilosojyher, invents an ap- 
paratus, known as "Papin's Digester." lie 
is ranked as one of the inventors of the 
steam engine, having conceived the first 
idea of a steam engine with a piston. (See 
1663, 1713, 1736, and 1765.) 












1681 


September 30th. Louis XIV., of France, 
takes Strasburg from the Germans. 












1681 


William Penn receives a grant of a large 
tract of land in America, west of the Dela- 
ware River, from Gharles II., in lieu of a 
claim against the government of £16,000 
inherited by Penn from his father. Tlie 
tract receives the name Pennsylvania. 












1682 


Pennsylvania colonized by William Penn, 
who founds a settlement at Philadelpliia. 


1093 

Jan. 12 


5.92 


2435 


5686 


6395 


1682 


La. Salle travels down the Mississippi, and 
names Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV., 












1682 


of France. (See 1718.) 
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, draws up his Four 
Articles, setting forth the liberties of the 
Gallican Church, and limiting the papal 













2S.J 



A. 1). 


1682 TO 1684 A. D. 


HEG. 


K. I. 


iA.U.C. 


A. M. : J. p. 


1082 


authority. They are adopted by the council 


1093 


5-92 


2435 


5686 6395 




of French clerj^. -"^"-^^ 






1682 


Algiers boml)arde(l Iiy the French, under Ad- 




1 




miral Duquesne. 1 




1682 


April 3(1. Death of Rartolonie Esteban Mu- j 
rillo, celebrated Spanish painter; age 64. 










1682 


November 21 st. Death of Claude Gelee, gen- 
erally known as Claude of Lorrain, cele- 
brated French landscape painter; age 82. 






, 




1683 


The thirty-fourth cycle of the Hegira Era 1094 


6-92 1 2436 


5687 


6396 




begins this year. The two Moliammedan and 












New Year's Days are January 1st and De- 1095 












cember 21st. (See Note H. ) " 










1683 


June 12-14th. Discovery of the Rye-house 
Plot, against Charles II., and James, duke 












of York, to secure the succession of Duke 














of Monmouth. It is so called from the con- 














spirators' place of meeting, tlie Rye-house, 










in Hertfordshire. 










1683 


July 21st. Lord William Russell suffers 
death, on charge of being an accomplice in 
the Rye-house Plot. 












1683 


September 6th. Death of Jean Baptiste 
Colbert, eminent French statesman and 
financier. 












1683 


December 7th. Algernon Sidney, celebrated 
English republican patriot, is beheaded, 
on a false charge of conspiracy in the Rye- 
house Plot. 












1683 


December 15th. Death of Izaak Walton, 
celebrated English writer; author of "Com- 
plete Angler;" age 90. 












1683 


The stock of the East India Co. sold this year 
at 400% above par; i. e., a share of £100 
sold for £500. 












1684 


Pierre Bayle, celebrated French philosopher 
and critic, begins to issue his monthly j<mr- 
nal, entitled "Nouvelles de la R6publique 
des Lettres." 


1096 

Dec. 10 


7-92 


2437 


5688 


6397 


1681 


Dr. Robert Hooke, of Phigland, suggests the 
first idea of the modern telegraph. 












1681 


September 30th-October 1st. Death of Pierre 
Corneille, celebrated French dramatist; 
age 78 years, 3 months, 24 days. 








• 





286 




CORNEILLE. 
SEE 1684 A. D. 




NEWTON. 
SEE 1687 A. D. 



287 



A. U. 



1685 TO 1687 A. D. 



HEG. 



A. U.C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



1685 Februar.y 6th. James II. succeeds his 
brother, Charles II., aud tries soon after to 
establish the Koman Churcli iu England. 

1685 Death of Edmund Castell, English oriental- 
ist; author of "Lexicon Heptaglotticou" ; 
age 79. 

1685 April 1-lth. Death of Thomas Otwav, cele- 
brated English dramatist ; age 31 years, 
1 month, 11 days. 

1685 May 6th. Titus Gates, informer, tried for 
perjury; fined, ]>ut in pillory, and whipped, 
his ears cut off, and he imprisoned for four 
years. ( See 1678. ) 

1685 May 25th. Death of Sir John Marsham, Eng- 
lish chronicler; age 82. 

1685 Dangerfield, informer, tried for perjury ; 
fined, ])nt in pillory, and whijijied several 
times, during which punishment, June 1st, 
he is mortally wounded. (See 1679, and 
Note P. ) 

1685 Archibald Campbell, ninth earl of Argyle, 
having raised a rebellion against James 
II., is taken prisoner, and executed, June 
30th. 

1685 James Scott, duke of Monmouth, having 
raised an army, against James II., is de- 
feated at the battle of Sedgemoor, July 
6th ; beheaded July 15th. 

1685 October 22d. Revocation of the Edict of 
Xantes, by Louis XIV. The Protestants 
take refuge in England, Cermany, and 
Holland. (Seel598;) 

1686 Madame de Maintenon founds the Royal 

School, at St. Cyr, for poor ladies. 
1686 January 17th. Death of Carlo Dolce, emi- 
nent Italian painter; age 69. 

1686 February 2-lOth. Death of Sir William 

Dugdale, eminent English historian, anti- 
quary, etc. ; age 80. 

1687 The Quietist heresy condemned by the Inqui- 
sition, and Miguel Molinos sentenced to 
life imprisonment. (See 1675, and Note 
O.) 

1687 Publication of Newton's work, ''Philosophiae 
j Naturalis Principia Mathematica,'' in 



1097 

.\ov. 29 



892 



2438 



5689 



6398 



1098 

Nov. 18 



1099 

Nov. 7 



9.92 



2439 



5690 



6399 



10-92 



2440 



5691 



6400 



289 



A. D. 



](;s7 TO ii;ss A. D. 



1GS7 I which he expounds his theory of gravita- 
tion, and refraction of lifjht, etc. 

1687 Callao, in Peru, destroyed by a prodigious 
rise of the sea after an earthquake. (Ac. 
Haydn.) (See 1746.) 

1687 The palace of Versailles liuilt by Louis 
XIV., of France. 

1687 March 22d. Death of Jean Baptiste Lully, 
celel)rated Italian composer; father of 
French opera music ; age 53. 

1687 April 4th. James II. publishes a declaration 
of liberty of conscience, or religious toler- 
ation. 

1687 October 21st. Death of Edmund A^'aller, 
eminent English poet ; age 82. 

KLSV December 16th. Death of Sir William Petty, 
eminent English political economist; age 
64 years, (i months, 20 days. 

1687 The silk manufactories at Spitalfields, Lon- 
j don, established by the l^rench refugees. 

(Ac. Blair; 1688, ac. Haydn.) 
168S (March 25, ac. Blair; 1687, ac. Haydn.) 
Charity schools founded in England, to 
prevent the children of the poor from be- 
ing sent to the Roman Catholic seminaries. 

1688 April 27th. James II. issues a second declar- 

ation of liberty of conscience, which he or- 
j ders to be read by the clergy in all 
churches, immediately aftei' Divine Serv- 
ice, ISlay 4th. 

1688 May 18th. Seven prelates, — William Sau- 
ci'oft, iU'chbishop of Canterliury; William 
Lloyd, bishop of St. Asaph; Thomas Ken, 
bishop of Bath and Wells; Francis Tur- 
ner, bishop of Ely; John Lake, bishop of 
(^hichester; Thomas Whyte, bishop of Pe- 
terborough; and Sir Jonathan Trelaw- 
ley, bishop of Bristol, petition against 
this order. 

16SS ' June 8th. The seven prelates are committed 
to the tower, for opposing the royal order. 

1688 June 26th. Death of Kalph Cadworth, emi- 
nent English philoisopher ; author of "True 
Intellectual System of the Uuiver.se'"; age 
71 vears. 



HE(i 



K. I. 



A. I'. (■ 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1099 

Nov. 7 



10 92 2440 



5691 6400 



1100 

Oct. 27 



11.92 



2441 



5692 



6401 



2{H) 



A. II. 



1688 TO 16S9 A. D. 



HEG. 



K. I. 



A. U. C. A. M. 



J. P. 



1GS8 
IGSS 

IGSS 
1G88 

1 088 

1688 
1G88 

U8S 

1G89 



1 G89 
1G8'J 



1G89 

1G80 

1G81) 
1G8<J 



June 29th and 30th. The seven bishops are 
tried, and acquitted. 

James II., too kite, tries to retrace his hasty 
stejjs, and reconcile his subjects. 

Louis XIV. of France nialces war on Ger- 
many, with success. 

August 31st. Death of John Bunyan, author 
of "Pilgrim's Progress"; age GO. 

William, prince of Orange, son-in-law of 
James II., is invited to England, by the 
malcontents. 

November 5tli. William of Orange lands, 
with an army, at Torbay. 

Novemlier 2Gth. Death of Philippe Quinault, 
Frencii dramatic poet; author of many of 
tJie operas of which Lully was the musical 
composer; age 53 years, 5 months, 23 days. 

December 11th. Deserted by the majority of 
his army, and the nobles, James II. em- 
barks, at Whiteliall, for France, and 
throws the great seal in the Thames. 

February 13th. William, prince of Orange, 
and his wife, Mary, daughter of James II., 
accept proffered crown, and are proclaim- 
ed king and queen of England. 

April 11th. William III. and Mary crowned. 

April 18th. George Jeffreys, infamous and 
atrocious lord-chancellor of England, min- 
ion of James II., dies in tlie tower, from 
effect of his intemperance and misfortunes. 

April 19th. Death of Christina, eccentric 
retired queen of Sweden, having resigned 
the crown in 1G54, to follow her literary 
pursuits, being herself an authoress. 

The inhabitants of Boston rise in insurrec- 
tion, against Andro.s, governor of Xew 
England vStates, America (appointed by 
James II.), and imprison him, in April. 

King William's War, in America, begins. 
(See Note Q.) 

Jacob Leisler leads a mob, which seizes the 
fort and public funds of New York. He 
declares himself for the prince of Orange, 
strengthens the fort, and is proclaimed by 
his followers commander-in-chief of the 
province. 



1100 

Oct. 27 



1192 2441 5G92 



6401 



1101 

Oct. 16 



12-92 2442 5G93 6402 



291 



A.D. 



1G89 TO 1692 A. D. 



HEG 



R. I. A. U. C. I A. M. 



J. P. 



1689 j Toleration Act passed, by William III., June 

19th, for the lieuefit of dissenters. 

1690 (February 22d, N. S., February 12th, O. S. ; 

see Note M.) Death of Charles Le Brun, 
celebrated French painter; age 70 years, 
11 months, 28 days. 

1600 July 1st. Battle of Boyne, in which William 
III. totally defeats James II., who again 
escapes to France. 

1690 October 3d. Death of Robert Barclay, emi- 
nent English writer, and apologist for the 
Society of Friends; age 41. 

1690 John Locke, celebrated English philosopher 

and philanthropist, publishes his "Essay 
on the Human Understanding.'' He dies 
October 28th, 1704 ; age 72. 

1691 (July 16th, N. S., 6th, O. S. ; see Note M.) 
Death of Francois Michel Le Tellier, mar- 
quis de Louvois, remarkably able, but cruel 
and unscrupulous, French general and 
statesman, principal instigator of the revo- 
cation of Edict of Nantes, 1685; age 50 
years, 5 months, 28 days. 

1691 (July 22d, N. S., 12th 6. S. ; see Note M.) 
Godart de Ginkell, Dutch general of Wil- 
liam III., signally defeats the Irish and 
French, at Aghrim. 

1691 August 18-19th. Battle of Salaukemen, on 
the Danube, in which Louis of Baden to- 
tally defeats the Turks. 

1691 October 3d. The Irish surrender Limerick, 
by treaty, to (Jeneral (linkcll. 

1691 December 8th. Death of Richard Baxter, 
eminent English non-conformist divine; 
author of "Saints' Everlasting Rest"; age 
76 years, 26 days. 

1691 December 30th. Death of Robert Boyle, cele- 
brated English experimental ^philosopher ; 
one of the founders of the Royal kSociety of 
London ; age 64 years, 11 months, 5 days. 

1691 Jacob Leisler, the revolutionist, arrested and 
executed. (See 1689.) 

1692 February 13th. Massacre of the Macdonalds, 
at Glencoe, by Earl of Argyle's regiment, 
for not surrendering in time to King Wil- 
liam's proclamation. 



1101 

Oct. 16 

1102 

Oct. 6 



12^2 2442 
13-9? 2443 



5693 ' (;402 



5694 6403 



1103 

Sept. 25 



14-92 2444 



1104 

Sept. 14 



15.92 



5695 



2445 5696 



6404 



6405 



292 



A. D 



1692 TO 1694 A. D. 



HBQ. 



R. I. 



A.U.C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1692 

1692 
1692 



1692 



1692 



1693 



1693 



1693 



1693 
1694 



1694 



1694 
1694 



May IStli. Death of Elias Ashmole, eminent 
English anti(iuarv, alchemist, and herald; 
founder of the Ashmolean Museum, at Ox- 
ford ; age 76. 

Destructive earthquake at Port Royal, in Ja- 
maica; 300 persons perish. 

May 19th. Battle of La Hogue, in which the 
English and Dutch combined fleets, under 
Admirals Kooke and Kussell, gain a signal 
victory over the French, commanded by 
Admiral Tourville. 

July 24th. William 111. of England is de- 
feated, at Steenkerk, by the French, under 
Marshal Luxembourg. 

The "\Yitchcraft Delusion," at Salem, Mass., 
America. Giles Cory, and nineteen others, 
suffer death. Cory is the only one who 
ever perished in United States by the 
"peine forte et dure/' the name of a tor- 
ture, literally "strong and severe punish- 
ment." (See Note R. ) 

May ISth. An English fleet, under Admiral 
Rooke, is defeated by the French admiral, 
Tourville, otf <'ape St. Vincent. 

July 19th. William III of England is de- 
feated, at Neerwinden, by the French mar- 
shal, Luxembourg. 

Terrible earthcjuake in Sicily; 54 cities and 
towns, and 300 villages overturned; Cata- 
nia, with 18,000 inhabitants, entirely de- 
stroyed. More than 100,000 lives lost in 
all. " 

Public lotteries first established in England. 

March 5tl). The capital of the colony of 
Maryland, America, is removed from St. 
Mary's to Anne Arundel Town (afterwards 
called Annapolis. ) 

March 5th. General Assembly of Maryland 
passes the Act for the founding of King 
William's School. First free school in 
America ; made a part of St. John's College 
in 1789. 

April 25th. The Bank of England incorpo- 
rated, by William III. 

June 23d-28th. Stamp-duty first instituted 
in England. 



1104 

Sept. U 



15 92 



1105 

Sept. 3 



2445 



1- 

nSrd 
Cycle. 



1106 

Aug. 23 



Oi.OS 



5696 



6405 



2446 



2447 



5697 



6406 



5698 6407 



293 



A. D. 


1604 TO 1699 A. D. moc. If. I. 


A. r.c. 


A.M. 


.T. P. 


1694 


! 

University of Halle, Saxony, founded. 1106 


293 


2447 


5698 


6407 


1694 


November L'9tli. Deatli of Maroello Mai- '^"^'-^ 
piglii, celebrated Italian anatomist and 












])li_vsio]oi;ist, and founder of microscopic 










anatomy ; age 66. 










1694 


December 22d. Triennial Act, for parlia- 
ments of three years' duration. (See 
1716.) 










1695 


April ISth. Deatli of Jean de La Fontaine, 1107 3-93 


2448 5699 


6408 




celebrated French fabulist and poet; age ^"s i- 










73 years, 9 months, 5 days. 








1695 


June 8th. Death of Christian Huygens, cele- 
brated Dutch astronomer and mathema- 
tician; age 66 years, 1 month, 24 days. 








16!)(; 


A\'illiam Winstanley, architect, begins to llOS 4-^3 


2449 15700 


6409 




erect Eddystone light-house, which he ^"s- - 












completes in 1699. 










1696 


April ISth. Death of Mme. de Sevigne, cele- 
brated French epistolizer; age 70 years, 2 
months, 12 days. 










1697 


The "Society for" the Propagation of the Gos- 1109 i 5-93 


2450 5701 


6410 




pel," in foreign ports (especially Amer- ■'"'•^ -'- 










ica ) , founded by Rev. Thomas Bray, Eng- 












lish divine, and missionary to America. 












(See 1701.) 










1697 


September 11th, N. S. ( See Note M. ) Prince 
Eugene of Savoy signally defeats the 
Turks, at Zenta. 










1697 


Peace of Ryswick, between England, France, 










Spain, and Holland, signed September 21st 








( i. e. after midnight of September 20th, N. i \ , 


1 






S.; Septend)er 11th, 0. S.). Signed by 








German Empire October 30th, N. S. End 








of King William's American War. (See 








Notes Q and M.) 






1697 


I'irst publication of Bayle's "Dictionnaire 
Historique." , 








1699 


January 27th. Death of Sir William Tem- 1111 ' 7-93 
pie, celebrated English statesman, diplo- •'"^'^ ^o 
matist, and writer ; age 70. 1 


2452 


5703 


6412 


1699 


March 27-28th. Death of Edward Stilling- 
fleet, bishop of Worcester; eminent Eng- 
lish controversialist; age 63 years, 11 
months, 10 or 11 days. 








1699 


April 21-26th. Death of Jean Racine, cele- 
brated French dramatic poet ; age 60. \ 









294 




^>v >^ 



LA FONTAINE. 
SEE 1695 A. D. 




RACINE. 
SEE 1699 A. D. 



295 



A. D. 


1700 TO 1704 A. D. 


HEG. R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1700 


May 1st. Death of John Dryden, celebrated 
English poet; age 68 years, 8 months, 22 
days. 


1112 8-93 

June 19 


2453 


5704 


6413 


1700 


June 11th. Academy of Science, of Berlin, 
founded hy Frederick I., of Prussia. Leib- 
nitz is appointed president of the academy. 












1700 


November 30th. Battle of Narva, in which 
Charles XII., of Sweden, vanquishes the 
Russian army, under Peter the Great. 












1700 


Yale College, Connecticut, America, founded. 








1701 


January ISth. Frederick III., elector of 
Brandenburg, crowns himself king of Prus- 


1113 9-93 2454 

June 9 

1 1 


5705 


6414 




sia, as Frederick I. 












1701 


"Society for Propagation of the Gospel," in 
foreign ports, incorporated. ( See 1G97. ) 












1701 


War of the Spanish Succession begins. (See 
1702, 1713, and Note Q. ) 












1701 


The order of the Black Eagle instituted, by 
Frederick I., of Prussia. 












1701 


June 12th. Act of Settlement, excluding 
Roman Catholics from succession to the 
British throne, passed by William III. 












1702 


Queen Anne's War, in America, begins. (See 


1114 


10-93 


2455 


5706 


6415 




1701, 1713, and Note Q. ) 


May 29 \ 








1703 


Earthquake at Jeddo, Japan; 200,000 lives 
lost. 


-1115 

May 18 


11-93 


2456 


5707 


6416 


1703 


January lltli. Death of Johaun Georg 
Graevius, eminent German scholar and 
critic; age 70 years, 11 months, 12 days. 












1703 


March 3d. Death of Robert Ilooke, English 














mathematician, mechanician, etc. ; inven- 












tor of an improved barometer (see 1643), 












and several other useful instruments; age 














67 years, 7 months, 17 days. 












1703 


The czar, Peter the Great, lays the founda- 
tion of St. Petersburg, Russia, Jlay 27th, 
to be the future capital of his empire. 












1704 


April 12th. Death of Jacques Benigne Bos- 
suet, celebrated French divine, and pre- 


1116 12-93 2457 

May 7 


5708 


6417 




eminent pulpit orator; age 76 years, 6 














months, 14 days. 












1704 


First newspaper published in America is at 
Boston, entitled "Boston News Letter"; 














dated April 24th. 










1704 


July 22d. Gibraltar surrenders to Sir George 












Rooke, English admiral. 




j 





297 



A. D. 



1704 



1704 TO 170G A. I). 



HEG. 



17U4 

1704 



1704 



1704 



1705 



1706 



1706 



1706 



1706 



(August 13th, N. S., Augrust 2d, O. S. ; see ' 1116 
Note M.) Battle of Bleubeim, in wliich *'''^' 
the English, under Duke of Marlborough, 
signally defeat the French and Bavarians, 
under Marshal Tallard and the elector of 
Bavaria, the former of whom is taken pris- 
oner by the English. 

October 28tli. Death of John l.ocke, cele- 
brated English moral philosopher; age 72. 

Antoine Galland, distinguished French ori- 
entalist and antiquary, begins his transla- 
tion into French of "The Thousand and 
One Nights" (Arabian Nights), which he 
completes in 1717. 

Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, having 
quarreled with his captain, is left on the 
uninhabited island of Juan Fei-naudez, 
where he remains several years. His ad- 
ventures suggested to De Foe the cele- 
brated romance of "Robinson Crusoe." Sel- 
kirk died in 1723, having attained the rank 
of lieutenant in the army. (See 1719.) 

Publication of the first volume of Rymer's ' 
Fanlera, a valuable collection of the docu- 
ments relating to transactions between 
I*]ngland and foreign jiowers, in seventeen 
volumes. 

October 4th. Surrender of Barcelona, Spain, 
to the English, under the Earl of Peterbor- 
ough, and Sir floudesley Shovel. 

February 27th. Death of John Evelyn, emi- 
nent English author and gentleman ; age '^^"^ ^•"' 
85 years. ( Born October 31st, 1620.) 

(May 12th, O. S. ; 23d, N. S.; see Note M.) 
John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, 
gains a signal victory, at Ramillies, over 
the French, under Villeroi, and the Bava- 
rians. 

(July 22d, O. S., August 2d, N. S. ; see Note 
M.) Treaty of Union, between England 
and Scotland, signed. 

September 7-lOth. Prince Eugene, celebrated 
Austrian general, native of France, gains a 
signal victory, at Turin, over the French, 
driving them out of Italy. (See 1709, 
1736.) 



K. 1. 



A. U.C 



J. P. 



12 93 2457 



5708 641- 



1117 13-3" 

lApi-il 21; 



2458 



1118 14-93 2459 



5700 6418 



5710 6419 



298 



A. D. 



1706 TO 1709 A. I). 



HEG. 



H. I. A. U. C. I A. M. 



J. P. 



170G December 28tli. Death of Tierre Bayle, cele- 
brated French philosopher and historian ; 
age 59 jears, 1 month, 10 days. 

1707 Jlarch 30th. Death of Sebastian le Prestre 
Vauban, famous French marshal ; age 73 
years, 10 months, 15 days. 

1707 April 0th. Death of Willem Vandervelde, 
the Younger; celelirated Dutch marine 
^ painter; in his 7-lth year. 

1707 (April 14th, O. S., 25th, N. S. ; see Note M.) 
Battle of Almanza, in which the French 
and Spaniards, under the duke of Berwick, 
defeat the English and Dutch forces, under 
Earl of (lalway. 

1707 I (May 1st, O. S., May 12, N. S. ; see Note M. ) 
Legislative union, between England and 
Scotland, takes effect. (See 1706, July 
22d.) 

1707 October 23-24th. Meeting of the first United 
Parliament of Great Britain. 

1707 E.xecution of Patkul, Livouian patriot, by 
; order of Charles XII., of Sweden. The 

king of Poland had been obliged, by treaty, 
to deliver up Patkul to Charles the pre- 
vious year. 

1708 (July 11th, N. S. ; see Note M.) Battle of 

Oudenarde, in which the English and al- 
lies, under Duke of Marl1)orough, and 
Prince Eugene, totally defeat the French, 
under Vendome. 

1700 March 3d. Death of Sir John Holt, able and 

highly moral lord-chief justice of England ; 

age ()(! years. (Date ac. Haydn, J. Thomas, 

i and Webster; 1710, ac. Blair and Eucyclo. 

Brit. ) 

1700 July 8th. Charles XII., of Sweden, totally 
defeated, at Poltava, by the Russians, 
under Peter the Great. Charles escapes 
into Turkey. 

1709 September 11th. The French, under Villars, 

are defeated, at Malplaquet, l)y Marlbor- 
ough, English general, and Prince Eugene. 
(See 1706 and 1736.) 
1709 Sei)teml)er 22d. Death of Ivan Mazeppa, het- 
man of the Cossacks (subject of one of By- 
ron's poems), having allied himself with 



1118 

April 15 

1110 

April 4 



14 93 



M59 



no 



15-93 , 2460 5711 



6419 



6420 



1120 

-Mar. -'4 



1121 

Mar. IR 



24(il 5712 6421 



Cyile. 



2-9^ 2462 5713 6422 



2911 



A. D. 


1709 TO 1712 A. D. 


HEG. R. I. 1 


A.U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1709 


Charles XII., of Sweden, against his for- 
mer friend, Peter tlie (Jreat. Peter being 


1121 

Mar. 13 


294 


2462 


5713 


6422 


1709 


victorious, jMazeppa took poison. 
Copyright Act passed in England, for tlie pro- 
tection of authors. 












1709 


The "Daily Courant," first daily newspaper 
published in England. (Ac. Blair; 1703, 












1709 


Encyclo. Brit. ) 
The pianoforte invented l)y Bartoloninieo 












to 


Cristofori, an Italian. His invention is de- 












1710 


scribed, in 1711, by Maffei, in the "Gior- 
nale dei letterati d'ltalia.'' ( See 1717. ) 












1710 
1710 
1710 


April 28th. Death of Thomas Betterton, 
eminent and popular English actor ; age 74. 

May ()th. South Sea Co., known as the South 
Sea Bubble, originated. ( See 1720. ) 

Rebuilding of St.. Paul's Cathedral, London, 


1122 

Mar. 2 


3.94 


2463 


5714 


6423 


1711 


by Sir Christopher AVren, is completed. 
(See 1675 and 1723.) 
Peter the Great, of Bussia, crosses the river 
Pruth, to wage war with the Turks, they 
having taken up arms for Charles XII., of 
Sweden. Peter is hemmed in by his ene- 
mies, and only saved by negotiations of his 
wife with the Grand Vizier. Peace is made 
by restoring Azov, and other places, to 


1123 

Feb. 20 


4.94 


2464 


5715 


6424 


1711 


Turkey. 
Clarendon printing office, at Oxford, found- 
ed. (Ac. T. Smith; completed 1713, ac. 
Blair.) 












1711 


March 13th. Death of Nicolas Boileiiu, emi- 
nent French poet and satirist; age 74 
years, 4 months, 12 days. 












1711 


Xewcomen invents an atmospheric engine. 












1712 


(See 1(;(;3. 1681, 1736, and 1765. ) 
Memorable duel, with small swords, in Hyde 
Park, between Duke of Hamilton and Lord 


1124 

Feb. 9 


5.94 


2465 5716 


6425 




Mohun, in which both duelists are killed. 












1712 


June 15th. Death of Louis Joseph, due de 
Vendome, able French general; age 57 












1712 


1 years, 11 months, 14 days. 
July 19tb. First stamp-duty imposed on 












1712 


newspapers, in England. 
September 14th. Death of Giovanni Dom- 
enico Cassini, celebrated Italian astrono- 













300 




THE GATE OF THE CITY OF HERCULANEUM. 
SEE NEXT PAGE. 1713 A. D. 




THE CROSS-STREET OF FORTUNATA. IN POMPEII. 
SEE 1713 AND 1748 A. D. 



302 



A. D. 



1712 TO 1714 A. D. 



HEG. 



A.r.c. 



A. M. 



1712 mer; discoverer of the diurnal rotations of 
Jupiter, Mars, and Venus, etc. ; age 87 
years, 3 months, 3 or 6 days. 

1712 vSeptember 15th. Death of Sidney (Todolphin, 
earl of CJodolphin; eminent. English states- 
man. He was lord-high treasurer for some 
.years. 

1713 (February 4th, O. S., 15th, N. S. ; see Note 
M. ) Death of Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 
third earl of Shaftesbury ; eminent English 
author and moral philosopher; age 41 
years, 11 months, 8 days. 

(April 11th, N. S. ; see Note M.) Treaty of 
Utrecht, signed by the ministers of France, 
England, allies, etc., which ends Queen 
Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succes- 
sion), and greatly enlarges the British 
possessions in America, and secures Prot- 
estant succession in England. (See 1701, 
1702, and Note Q.) 

1713 April 10th. Pragmatic Sanction, securing 
his empire to the female line in default of 
male issues, is published by Charles VI., 
of (iermany. 

1713 September 8-lOth. Pope Clement XI. issues 
the famous bull "Fnigenitus," condemn- 
ing a work of Pasquier Quesnel, entitled 
IJeilexions Morales sur le Nouveau Testa- 
ment," containing the doctrines of Jan- 
senism. ( See 1G38 and 1653, and Note N. ) 

1713 The remains of the ancient city of Hercula- 
neum, in Campania, buried, with Pompeii, 
by an eruption of Vesuvius, August 23d, 
79 A D., are discovered, and excavation 
begun. (Ac. I>lair, Lempriere, Standard 
Cyclo., etc. ; ac. Haydn and others, the 
ruins were discovered in 1711, and excava- 
tions begun in 1713. ) ( See 79 and 1748 
A. D.) 

1713 December 15th. Deatli of Carlo Maratta, 

eminent Italian painter; age 88 years. 

1714 Worcester College, Oxford, fouudefl. 

1714 Treaty of Rastadt, ^farch (!tli, l)y wliich 
Naples is given to Austria. (See 1734.) 



1124 

Feb. (I 



24(i5 571 () 6425 



i 1125 6-9^ 

I Jan. 2!1 ! 



2466 5717 6426 



1126 

.Jan. IS 



2467 5718 6427 






A. D. 



1715 TO 171fi A. D. 



1715 The thirty-fifth cycle of the Hegira Era be- 
gins this year. The two Mohammedan 
NeAV Year's Days are January 7tl) and De- 
cember 27th. (See Note H.) 

1715 Le Sage publishes "Gil Bias de Santillane." 
(See 1747.) 

1715 January 1st. Death of Fenelon, illustrious 
French prelate and author ; archbishop of 
Cambra.y; age 03 years, 5 months, 1 day. 

1715 March 17th. Death of Gilbert Burnet, emi- 
j nent English prelate and historian ; bishop 
I of Salisbury; age 71 years, 5 months, 29 
days. 

1715 The Walpole ministry begins. (See 1742.) 

1715 (April 22d, O. S., May 3d, N. S. ; see Note 
M.) Total eclipse of the sun, visible in 
England. The darkness is so great that 
the stars shine, and the birds go to roost at 
noon. 

1715 October 13th. Death of Nicolas de Jlale- 
branche, eminent French priest and phil- 
osopher; age 77 years, 2 months, 7 days. 

1715 James l^rancis Edward Stuart, known as the 
Pretender, or Chevalier de St. George, son 
of James II., attempts a rebellion in Scot- 
land and England. 

1715 November 13th. The Scotch rebels, under 
Earl of Mar, supporting the cause of the 
Pretender, are defeated at the battle of 
Sheriffmuir or Dunblane, by John Camp- 
bell, duke of Argyle. Other rebel forces 
are defeated the same day at Preston. 

1715 ! November 15-lGth, N. S. Barrier Treaty, be- 
tween Holland, England, and Austria. 

1710 March. ^Memorable appearance of the Au- 
rora Borealis, or Northern Lights, extend- 
ing from west of Ireland to the confines of 
Russia. 

1710 Triennial Act repealed, and the Septennial 
Act, for parliaments of seven .years' dura- 
tion, passed, May l-7th. ( See 1 094. ) 

1710 August 5th. The Turks defeated at Peter- 
wardein, by Prince Eugene. (See 1706.) 

1710 John Law, a Scotchman who had fled to 
France, after killing a man in a duel, hav- 



HEG. 



1127 
and 

1128 



1129 

Dec. 16 



H. I. 



A. L-. C. A. m; 



8-94 2468 



5719 



6428 



9-94 2469 I 5720 6429 



304 



A. D. 



1716 TO 1718 A. D. 



HEG. 



H. I. 



A. U.C. I A. M. 



J. P. 



1716 ing obtained the favor of Orleans, the re- 
gent of France, establishes at Paris his 
fatal bank, and East India and Mississippi 
Co., under the name of "Law & Co.," 
known as "Law's Bubble." (See 1720.) 

1716 \ October 21st. Death of Jacob Gronovius, 
learned German philologist, son of Johann 
Friedrich Gronovius (see 1671); age 71 
years, 1 day. 

1716 November 14th. Death of Gottfried ^Yil■ 
helm Leibnitz, celebrated German mathe- 
matician, philosopher, and historian; a 
great genius ; age 70 years, 4 months, 8 or 
12 days. 

1717 August 16th. The Turks defeated at Bel- 
grade, by Prince Eugene. (See 1706.) 

1717 C. G. Schroter, a German, presents to the 
court of Saxony a model of his pianoforte, 
and claims the priority of the invention. 
(See 1700.) 

1717 ; Trij)le Alliance, between Great Britain, 
i France, and Holland. 

1717 August 30th. Death of William Lloyd, suc- 
cessively bishop of St. Asaph, Lichfield, 
and Worcester; one of the seven bishops 
sent to the tower (see 1688) ; age 90 years, 
12 days. 

1718 (May SOth, ac. Encyclo. Brit.; July 30th, 
ac. Haydn.) Death of William Penu, 
founder of Pennsylvania; age 73 years, 9 
months, 16 days. 

1718 July 21st. Peace of Passarowitz, between 
Turkey, Austria, and Venice, concluded. 

1718 July 21st. The Spaniards, under Castag- 
nedo, attack Sicily, and are defeated, off 
the eastern coast, and the greater part of 
their fleet destroyed, by the English ad- 
miral, Byng. 

1718 (August 2d, N. S., July 22, O. S. ; see Note 
M.) Quadruple Alliance, between Great 
Britain, France, Austria, and Holland. 

1718 New Orleans, in Louisiana, founded and set- 
tled, by the French, and so named in honor 
of duke of Orleans, regent of France. ( See 
1682.) 



1129 

Dec. 16 



9-94 



1130 

Dec. 5 



10-94 



1131 

Nov. 24 



11-94 



2469 



2470 



2471 



5720 



6429 



5721 6430 



5722 



6431 



305 



A. D. 



1719 TO 1720 A. D. 



1719 



1719 



1719 



1719 



1719 



1720 



1720 



1720 



1720 
1720 



April 15th. Death of Mme. de Maintenon, 
celebrated Freuch hidy (secretly married 
to Louis XIV., of France, 1GS4 or 1GS5) ; 
age 83 year.s, i months, 18 days. (See 
168G. ) 

June 17th. Death of Joseph Addison, pre- 
eminent English essayist, humorist, and 
moralist; age 47 years, 1 niontli, and 16 
days. 

N. B. — lie was joint author and editor with 
Sir Richard Steele, of the tri-weekly maga- 
zine, "The Tatler," 1709-1711 ; the daily 
magazine, "The Spectator," 1711-12; and 
"The Guardian." (See 1729.) 

(November 9th, O. S., Noveml)er 20th, N. 
S. ; see Note M. ) Treaty of Stockholm, be- 
tween George I., of Great Britain, and 
Ulrica Eleonora, queen of Sweden, by 
which the duchies of Bremen and Verden 
are ceded to Hanover. 

Daniel De Foe publishes his "Robinsf)n Cru- 
soe," founded on adventures of Alexander 
Selkirk. (See 1701 and 1731.) 

Sir Thomas Lombe erects, at Derby, Ireland, 
a silk-throwing machine containing 20,580 
wheels, put in motion by one water-wheel, 
and working in twenty-four hours 318,504, 
960 3'ards of organzine silk thread. 

February. "Law's Bubble" bursts, ruining 
tens of thousands of French families, and 
nearly ruining the French government. 
(See 17] 0.) 

August 24th. Shares of "South Sea Bub- 
ble," originally £100 each, rise as high as 
£1,000 each. 

September 30th. "South Sea Bubble" bursts, 
ruining thousands of wealthy English 
families. (See 1710.) 

Fearful plague at Marseilles, France. 

Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, having 
obtained Sicily from Spain, by treaty, 
1713, now cedes it to Austria, in exchange 
for the island of Sardinia, with the title of 
King of Sardinia. 



HEG. 



B. I. lA. U. C. 



1132 

Nov. !.■? 



12-94 2472 



A. M. 



J. P. 



5728 



6432 



1133 

Nov. 2 



13-94 2473 



5724 6433 



30(; 



A. D. 



1721 



1721 



1721 



1721 TO 1724 A. D. 



HEG. 


R. I. 


A. V. C. 


A. M. 


1134 

Oct. i;2 


14.94 


2474 


5725 



J. p. 



1722 



1723 



1723 

1723 

1724 
1724 



Thomas Guy, wealthy English bookseller, 
fonuds the celebrated hospital, Guy's Hos- 
pital, in 8nuth\vai'k, Ijondon, at a cost of 
£18,793. (Date ao. Haydn.) (See 1724.) 

Oetobei" 22d. Peter I., the (Jreat, czar of Mus- 
rovy, assumes the title of Emperor of Kus- 
sia. 

Lady ^lary AYortley ^[ontagu introduces 
intt) England the Turkish custom of inocu- 
lation, being allowed to have it tried on 
seven condemned criminals, having pre- 
viously, in Turkey, had her own son inocu- 
lated with success. (See 1762 and 1796.) 

Some members of a Moravian sect, driven by 
persecution from Moravia, take refuge on 
the estates of Count Zinzendorf, in Aus- 
tria, who establishes there a settlement of 
Moravians, or United Brethren, and 
names it "Herruhut," the "Lord's Guard"; 
whence he sends out missionaries to the 
colonies, and elsewhere. The Moravian 
Brethren, or Ilerrnhuters, conform to the 
doctrines of the Lutherans. (See 1760.) 

Dr. Bernard de ilandeville, satirist, native of 
Holland, and resident of London, pub- 
lishes his celebrated work, "The Eable of 
the Bees, or Private Vices Made I'ublic 
Benefits," which is denounced as immoral, 
by the grand jury of Middlesex. 

February 25th. Death of Sir Ghristopher 
Wren, celeltrated ]']nglisli architect; age 
90 years, 4 months, 5 days. ( See 1675 and 
1710.) 

August 26th. Death of Leuwenhoek, cele- 
brated Dutch naturalist; age 90 years, 10 
months, 2 days. (See 1677.) 

()ctober 27th. Ih'ath of Sir Godfrey IvTicller, 
celebrated German jiortrait i)ainler; resi- 
dent of England ; age 75. 

Massacre of l*rotestants, at Thorn, Prussia, 
instigated by the Jesuits. 

December 17th. Death of Thomas Guy, who 
leaves a becpiest of £219,499, to endow his 
hospital, at South wark, London; age SO 
years. (See 1721.) 



6434 



1 135 

Oct. 11 



1136 

SojJt. SO 



159^ 2475 



5726 6435 



2476 



6436 



9.-)th 
Cycle, 



1137 

Sept. 10 



2-95 0477 5728 ; 6437 



307 



A. D. 


1725 TO 1729 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A.M. 


.1. p. 


1725 
1725 


The order of knights, known as Order of the 
Bath, revived b.y George I., of England. 

June 27th. Death of Christian Heinrich 
tleiueclcen, known as the Boy of Liibeck, 
infant prodigy; said to have been well 
versed in sacred history, Latin, French, 


1138 

Sept. 8 


3.95 


2478 


5729 


6438 


1725 


geography, etc. ; age 4 years, 4 months, 21 
days. 
September 3d. Treaty of Hanover, between 












1726 
1726 


England, Prussia, and France. 
January 25th. Death of Ouillaume Delisle, 

celebrated French geographer; age 50 

years, 10 months, 27 days. 
March 26th. Death of Sir John Vanbrugh, 

celebrated English architect, and licen- 


1139 

Aug. 29 


4-95 


2479 


5730 


6439 


1726 
1727 


tious dramatist; iu his (tOtli year. 

August 31st-September 1st. Terrible and 
devastating earthquake, at Palermo, Italy. 

March 20th. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, il- 
lustrious English philosopher and mathe- 
matician ; age 84 years, 2 months, 25 days. 


1140 

Aug. 18 


5-95 


2480 


5731 


6440 


1727 
1728 


(See 1687.) 

Aberration of light discovered by James 
Bradley, eminent English astronomer. 

A great part of Copenhagen, Denmark, de- 
stroyed by a fire. 


1141 

Aug. 7 


6-95 


2481 


5732 


6441 


1728 


Vitus Behring, Eussian navigator, discovers 
the straits which bear his name, connect- 
ing the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. 












1728 


Death of John Woodward, English geolo- 












1728 


gist; founder of the Woodwardian profes- 
sorship at Cambridge, and author of "Nat- 
ural History of the Earth," published 
1695 ; age 63". 
Ephraim Chand)ers publishes his "Cyclo- 












1729 


piT'dia." 
IMethodism founded by John AVesley, an Eng- 
lish priest, and his bi-other Charles. 


1142 

July 27 


7-95 


2482 


5733 


6442 


1729 
1729 


Baltimore City, Maryland, Amei-ica, founded. 

(January 19, O. S., 30th, N. S..; see Note M.) 

Death of William Congreve, popular, 












1729 


Avitty, and original English poet; age 59. 
May 17th. Death of Samuel Clarke, cele- 
brated English philosopher, theologian, 
and metaphysician; age 53 years, 7 
months, 6 days. 













308 



A. D. 


1729 TO 1733 A. D. 


HEG. 


R. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


\ 

1729 


Carolina, America, separated into North and 


1142 795 


2482 


5733 


6442 




South Carolina. 


July 2T 










1729 


September 21st. Death of Sir Eiohard Steele, 
popular Irish essayist and dramatist; 
joint author and editor with Addison, of 
the magazines '"Tatler," "Spectator," and 
"Guardian"'; age 58. He wrote under the 
pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff. (See 












' 


1719.) 










1730 


January 12th. Baltimore City, Maryland, 


1143 8-95 


2483 


5734 


6443 




America, laid off by the county surveyor. 


July 16 












and a commission appointed. 












1730 


Ei'aumur, celebrated I'^reuch philosopher, 
naturalist, and physicist, etc., invents his 
thermometer. 












1730 


(Ac. Blair; 1731, ac. J. Thomas.) Johann 
Heinrich Zedler, a German, commences 
the publication of his "Universal Lexicon 
of Science and Arts" (Encyclopaxlia.) 












1731 


Act of Parliament, ordering the use of Latin 


1144 9-95 


2484 ^ 5735 


6444 




tongue in law proceedings, in the English 


July 5 










courts, to be discontinued. 










1731 


January. First publication of the "Gentle- 














man's Magazine," by Edward Cave. 






! 




1731 


April 24th. Death of Daniel De Foe, author 






1 






of "Robinson Crusoe"; age about 08. (See 














1704 and 1719.) 












1731 


November 30th. Terrible earthquake in 
China; 100,000 perish at Pekin. 












1732 


February 15th. Death of Francis Atterbury, 


1145 1095 


2485 


5736 


6445 




bishop of Rochester; eminent English , June 20 










writer, pulpit orator, and politician; age 














09 years, 11 months, 9 days. 






• 






1732 


Benjamin Franklin, celebrated American 
philosopher and statesman, begins to pub- 














lish his "Poor Richard's Almanacks." 






J' 




1732 


February 22d^ Birth of George Washing- 
ton, in Virginia. 




U 


/^ . 


_.. 




1732 


James Oglethorpe leads a party of English 
colonists to America. 












1732 


December 4th. Death of John Gay, popular 

English ])oet,draniatist,an(l fabulist ; age44. 












1733 


James Gglethtirpe gives the name to Geor- 
gia, in America, in honor of George II. of 
England; and founds a settlement at Sa- 
vannah. 


1146 

June 14 


11-95 


2486 


5737 


6446 



309 



A. n. 



1734 TO 1730 A. D. 



HEG. 



H. I. 



A. U. C. A. M. 



J. P. 



1734 May 4th. Death of Sir James Thornhill, enii- 1147 
j nent English painter; decorator of the '""es 
dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, hall of 
Greenwich Hospital, etc. ; age 57. 
1731 I>f>n Carlos, sou of Philip V. of Spain, enters 
Nai)les, and proclaims iiiniself king, .May 
j 10th, Naples having been in possession of 
I the Austrian Empire since Treaty of Ua- 
j stadt, iMarch Gth, 1714, which see. 
1734 Montemar brings an army from Spain, to 
support Carlos, and defeats the Austrians 
at Bitonto, May 27th. ! 

1734 University of Gottingen, in ITanover, Prus- 

sia, founded by George II., of I'^ngland. 

1735 Louis Antonio, youngest sou of Philip V., of 114S 

Spain, is made cardinal, and archbishop of ''^^ -^ 
Toledo ; age 8 years. (Ac. Plair. ) 

1735 The conquest of Sicily is completed by l>on 
Carlos, who is crowned king of the Two 
Sicilies, as Charles III. 

1735 Carl von Linne (Linnanis), celeliratcd Swed- 
ish botanist and naturalist, publishes his 
well-known work, "Svstema Natune"; aiie 
28. 

1735 I'>bruary 27th. Death of John Arbuthnot, 
M. D., celelu-ated and witty autlior and 
satirist; author of "John Bull"; age (10. 

1735 June 10th. Death of Thomas Hearne, emi- 
j nent English antiquary and writer; age 57 
! years. 

1735 The "l^outana di Trevi," one of the most cele- 
lirated fountains of Rome, is constructed 
for tlie pope, Clement XII. 

173(i ^ February 16th. The river Thames rises so 
high at Westminster, that the lawyers are 
conveyed from the hall in boats. 

1730 March 5tli. The laws against witchcraft re- 
pealed, by George II. of England. 

1730 New jMortinain Act passed, by George TI., of 
England. 

1730 Jlarcii 10th. Death of Giovanni Battista 
Pergolesi, celebrated Italian musical com- 
posci'; age 20 years, 2 months, 13 days. 

1730 Jonathan Hulls, English mechanician, ob- 
tains a patent for the first idea of steam 
navigation. (See 1003, 1081, 1713, 17<>5.) 



12-95 



2487 



13-95 2488 



5738 6447 



5739 



1149 

May V2 



14-95 2489 5740 



6448 



6449 



310 




I- 
z 

HI 

til 



ul 

Q. 
O 
0. 

oc 
o 

Ll 

Q D 

UJ 

I- < 

o ^ 

EC !;: 

Z UJ 
O "5 
O 



> 

UJ 



< 

Z 
< 



311 



A. D. 


1736 TO 1739 A D. 


HEG. 


B. I. A. U. C. 


A.M. 


J. p. 


1736 


The Russians make war ou Turkey, and take 
Azof. 


1149 

May 13 


14-95 


2489 


5740 


6449 


1730 


April 21st. Death of Prince Eugene of 












1736 ! 


Savoy; age 62 years, 6 months, 3 days. 
(See 1706 and 1709.) 
Glass himps used to liglit the streets of Lon- 
don. 












1737 


February 14th. Death of Charles Talbot, 
eminent English jurist, and lord high 


1150 

May 1 


15 95 


2490 


5741 


6450 


1737 


chancellor of high reputation; age 52. 
Extinction of the celebrated Florentine fam- 
ily, De Medici (grand-dukes of Tuscany), 
by the death of Giovanni ; the family, from 
Oosimo I., of Florence, having ruled in 
Florence, and afterwards in Tuscany, for 
303 years. Tuscany j>asses into the hands 
of Francis I., duke of Lorraine, after- 
wards emperor of Germany and Austria. 












1737 


Alexander Cruden, a Scotchman, publishes 
a valuable "Concordance to the Holy 
Scriptures," entirely his comi>ilation. 












1737 


August 28th. Death of John Hutchinson, 
English Hebraist, mystic, and naturalist; 
founder of the Hutchinsonian or mystical 
school of Kiblicai interpretation; a^t. 6L 












1737 


The Radcliffeian medical library, at Oxford, 
founded with the £40,000 left for that pur- 












1738 

1738 


pose, by will of Dr. Kadclitfe, in 1714. (See 
1749.) 

Seiiteniber 13th. The building of Westmin- 
ster bridge begun. ( See 1750. ) 

September 23d. Death of Hermann Boer- 
haave, famous Dutch jihysician, chemist, 
and philosopher;, age 69 years, 8 mouths, 
22 days. 


1151 

April 21 


1- 

96th 
Cycle. 


2491 


5742 


6451 


1738 


November 18th. Definitive treaty of peace. 












1739 
1739 


between Emperor Charles VI. and Louis 
XV., signed at Vienna. 

Septeml)er 12th. Death of Reinhard Keiser, 
eminent German musical composer; styled 
the "Father of German Melody" ; age 66. 

England declares Avar against S])ain, Octo- 
ber 23d. The English, under Admiral 
Vernon, arrive at Porto Bello, November 
20th, and take the place November 22d. 


1152 
April 10 


2-96 


2492 


5743 


6452 



313 



A. D. 



1740 TO 1741 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A . U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1740 Faneuil Hall, Boston, America, erected at 
his own expense, by Peter Faneuil. (Ac. 
J. Thomas.) 

1740 May 31st. Frederick II., the Great, succeeds 
his father, Frederick William I., as king 
of Prussia. 

1740 September 18th. Georij;e Anson, English na- 
Aal officer, sets out to circumnavigate the 
world. (See 1744 and 1762.) 

1740 Samuel Fancourt founds, at London, the 
first circulating library in England. 

1740 October 5th. Death of Johann Philipp Ba- 
ratier, Germau prodigy of French extrac- 
tion ; age 19 years, 8 months, 25 days. At 
13 he was master of Latin, Greek, and the 
l)riucipal oriental tongues, and translated 
a book from Hebrew into French. 

1740 October 27th. Opening of the incorporated 
Foundling Hospital of London; founded 
by Thomas Coram, a benevolent English 
sea captain, in his 73d year. (See 1750.) 

1740 December 23d. Death of Rev. Daniel Water- 
land, orthodox Engl'sh theologian, and 
controversalist against Ariauism ; age 77. 

1740 Ventilators invented liy Rev. Dr. Stephen 
Hales. His account of them is read to the 
Royal So. f)f London, May 1741. 

1741 April 10th. Frederick II., the Great, of Prus- 
sia, defeats the Austriaus, at Mollwitz. 

1741 August 81st. Death of Johann Gottlieb Hei- 
neccius, eminent Germaujurist ; inventorof 
the axiomatic metliod of teaching jurisjiru- 
deuce; age 5i> years, 11 months, 20 days. 

1741 New Hampshire is finally separated from 
ilassachusetts. and becomes a royal prov- 
ince. 

1741 September 14th. Death of Charles Rollin, 
(Mninent French historian; age 80 years. 
7 months, 14 days. 
'41 Tlic Bavarian, French, and Saxon armies in- 
vade Bohemia. The ai'mies take Prague l)y 
assault, November 2Gtli. Charles Albert, 
elector of Bavaria, is crowned there, as 
king of Bohemia, December 0th. 

1741 December 21st. Death of Bernard de Mont- 
faucon, eminent French antiquary and 



1153 

Mar, 30 



3-96 



2493 



5744 



6453 



1154 

Mar. la 



4-96 



2494 



5745 



6454 



514 



AD. 


1741 TO 1745 A. D. 


HEG. 


R.I. 


A.U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1741 


idiilologist; age 86 years, 11 months, 8 
(lays. 


1154 

Mar IH 


4-96 


2494 


5745 


6454 


1741! 


January 14th. Death of Edmund Halley, 
eminent English astronomer and mathema- 


1155 5-96 2495 

Mar. 8 


5746 


6455 




tician; author of "Catalogue of Southern 














Stars," and other valuable works; age 85 














years, 2 months, 15 days. 












1742 


( Felu-uary 2d. 0. S., 13th, N. S. ; see Note M. ) 
Fall of the AYalpole ministry. ( See 1715. ) 












1741.' 


July 14th. Death of Kiohard Bentley, cele- 
hrated eritic, and England's greatest clas- 
sieal scholar; age 80 years, 5 months, 17 
days. 












1742 


Septemher 28th. DeatVi of Jean Raptiste Sa- 
massillon, bishop of Clermont, celebrated 
eloquent French pulpit orator; age 79 
years, 3 months, 4 days. 












1743 


Peace of Abo, between Russia and Sweden. 


1156 


696 


2496 


5747 


6456 


1748 


January 29th. Death of Cardinal Fleury, 
eminent and judicicms French statesman; 


Feb. 25 












age S!) years, 7 months, 7 days. 


i 








1744 


William Ged, Scotch goldsmith, having in- 


1157 7-96 


2497 


5748 6457 




vented stereotype, ])riiits, from stereotype 


Feb. 15 






. 




plates, an edition of Sallust. 










1744 


May 30th. Death of Alexander Pope, cele- 
brated English poet and critic; age 56 
years, 8 days. 










1744 


June 15th. Commodore George Anson re- 
turns to England with ricli treasures, hav- 
ing circumnavigated the globe. (See 1740 
and 1762.) 












1741 


King Ceoi'ge's War in America (War of the 
Austrian Succession), between England 
and France, begins. (See 1748.) 












174.- 


.Marcii 18th. Death of Robert Walpole, cele- 
brated English statesman; age 68 years, 6 


1158 ■ 8 96 

Feb. 4 


2498 


5749 


6458 




months, 22 days. 








1745 


( Ai>ril 30th, 0. S., :\Iay 11th, N. S. ; see Note 










M. ) Battle of Foutenoy, between tlie Eng- 














lish, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Austrians, 










under duke of Cumberland; and the 












French, under Marshal Sa.xe^ who defeats 












the allies. (See 1746, 1747, and 1750.) 












1745 


(June 6th, 0. S., 17th, N. S. ; see Note M.) 
The British colonies, under William Pep- 
perell, aided by the Englisli, under Cora- 


' 









31.5 



A. D. 



1745 TO 1747 A. I). 



HEG. 



K.I. 



A. U. C. , A. M. 



J. P. 



1745 modore Warren, capture Louisburg, and 

Cai)e Breton, America, from the French. 
I (King George's War.) (See 1744 and 
1748. ) 

1745 Rebellion of Scotland, in favor of Charles 
Edward Stuart, the young Pretender, wn«) 
lands in the Hebrides in July. 

1745 October 19tli. Death of Jonathan Swift, dean 
of St. Patrick's, Dublin; celebrated Eng- 
lish humorist and satirist ; author of "Tale 
of a Tub," "Gulliver's Travels,'" etc. ; age 
77 years, 10 moTiths, 19 days. 

1745 December 25th. Treaty of Dresden, between 
[ Prussia, Saxony, and Austria. 

174G (April Kith, O. S., L'7th, N. S. ; see Note M.) 
Battle of Culloden, in which the Pretender 
is finally defeated, by the duke of Cumber- 
land. (See 1745.) 

1746 June 14th. Death of Colin Maclaurin, emi- 
nent Scotch mathematician; age 48 years, 
4 months, 14 days. 

1740 The French, under Marshal Saxe, take the 
principal towns of Austrian Netherlands, 
and defeat the allies, at Eaucoux, Septem- 
ber 30th, O. S., October 11th, N. S. ; see 
Note M. (See 1745, 1747, 1750.) 

174() October 28th. Lima, in Peru, South Amer- 
ica, almost totally destroyed by an earth- 
quake. 

174() The city of Callao, in Peru, totally destroyed 
by the sea retiring from the shore, after an 
earthquake, and returning in mountainous 
waves. Every inhabitant perishes, except- 
ing one man, who was standing on an emi- 
nence, and to whose succor a wave provi- 
dentially washed a boat. (See 1G87.) 

1746 Hydraulic chemistry first taught. (Ac. 
Haydn. ) 

1747 (May 3d, O. S., 14th, N. S. ; see Note M.) 
The English, under Admirals Anson and 
Warren, defeat the French, off Cape Finis- 
terre. 

1747 ( June 21 st, O. S., July 2d, N. S. ; see Note M. ) 
The French, under Marshal Saxe, defeat 
the English, under duke of Cumberland, at 
Laffeld. (See 1745, 1746, and 1750.) 



1158 

Feb. -1 



896 



1150 

Jan. 24 



9 96 



2498 



5749 



6458 



2499 



5750 



6459 



1160 

Jan. 13 



10»6 ; 2500 5751 



6460 



316 




RUINS OF THE TEMPLE OF VENUS, AT POMPEII. 
SEE NEXT PAGE, 1748 A. D. 




THE QUESTOR'S HOUSE. AT POMPEII. 
SEE 1748 A. D. 

318 



A. D. 


1747 TO 1751 A. D. 


HEG. 


E. I. ' A. tJ. C. 

1 


A. M. i J. P. 


1747 


( September 16th, O. S., 27th, N. S. ; Note M. ) 


IIGO 10 9" 2500 5751 


(UOO 




Beriien-oi)-Zoom, iu the Netherlands, sur- 


.Ian 13. 






renders to the French. 










1747 


ilarggraf, (lennan chemist, discovers that 
sugar can be obtained from the beet root. 
( See 1799. ) 








1747 


Heritable jurisdictions (i.e. feudal rights) 












bought up and abolished, in Scotland. 












1747 


November 17th. Death of Le Sage, celebrated 
French novelist and dramatist; author of 
"(iil Bias de ►Santillane" ; age 79 j-ears, 8 














months, 9 davs. (See 1715.) 










1748 


The thirty-sixth cycle of the llegira Era be- 


UGl 


11-96 


2501 


5752 


04G1 




gins this year. The two JMohammedan New 


and 










Year's Days are January 2d and December 


1102 












22d. ( See Note H. ) 












1748 


August 27th. Death of James Thomson, cele- 
brated Scottish poet; author of "The Sea- 
sons"; age 47 years, 11 mouths, IG days. 












1748 


Excavation of the ruins of Pompeii Ix'gun. 
(See 79 and 1713 A. D.) 












1748 


(October 7th, 0. S., 18th, N. S. ; see Note M.) 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which terminates 
the "War of the Austrian Succession." 
(See 1744.) 












1749 


August 4th. A remarkable swarm of locusts 


1103 


12-96 


2502 


5753 


0402 




settle upon the ground, aliout London, and 


I lee. 11 


i 








consume the vegetaliles. 










1749 


Ralph (Jriffiths establishes the "Monthly Re- 
view," London, to which (Joldsmith an<l 














other contemporaries contribute. 










1749 


British Lyiug-Iu Hospital, London, founded. 










1749 


Radcliffeian ^Medical Library, f(mnded iu 
1737, is formally opened. (See 1737.) 










1750 


The British herring fishery incorporated. 


1104 


13-96 2503 


5754 


0403 


1750 


Noveml)er 17th. Westminster bridge com- 
pleted, and opened for i)assengers. (See 
1738.) 


Not. 30 










1750 


November 30th. Death of Hermann Maurice 
Saxe, famous marshal of France, son of 
Augustus II., elector of Saxony, and king 
of Poland ; age 54 years, 1 month, 2 days. 
(See 1745, 1740, and 1747.) 












1751 


The Antiquarian Society, in London, is in- 
corporated. 


1105 

Nov. 20 


14-96 


2504 


5755 


6464 



3 111 



A. D. 



1751 TO 1753 A. 1). 



1751 

1751 

1751 

1751 
1752 



1752 



1752 



1752 



1752 



1753 



1753 



Act passed by Parliament, ordering the New 
Style to be used throughout England and 
Ireland, in and after the year 1752. (See 
1582, 1752, and Note M.) 

"Ecole Militaire" (Military School) estab- 
lislicd, at Paris. 

Felu'uary Utb. Death of Henri d'Aguesseau, 
celebrated and eloquent French chancellor, 
orator, and legislator; age 82 years, 2 
mouths, 12 days. 

Diderot and D'Alembert, French philoso- 
phers, begin the publication of their "En- 
cyclopedie." (See 1772 and 1781.) 

The legal year in England begins January 
1st, Feast of Circumcision. Up to this date 
the legal year had begun on Annunciation 
Day, March 25th, although the historical 
year began January Ist. 

Benjamin Franklin, famous American philos- 
opher and statesman, discovers and proves 
the identity of lightning and electricity, 
bringing down electricity from a thunder 
cloud, by means of his kite. 

June l(5th. Death of Joseph Butler, bishop 
of Durham ; author of "Analogy of Relig- 
ion" ; age (iO. 

August 22d. Death of William Whiston, emi- 
nent English ]>hilosopher and theologian; 
age 84 years, 8 months, 13 days. 

Introduction of New Style throughout the 
British dominions, by omitting eleven 
nominal days after September 2d, dating 
the following day September 14th, instead 
of September 3d. (See 1582, 1751, and 
NoteM.) 

January 11th. Death of Sir Hans Sloane, 
eminent English physician and naturalist; 
age 92 years, 8 months, 25 days. His library 
and large collection of natural specimens, 
etc., is offered, in accordance with his will, 
to the nation for £20,000. The offer is ac- 
cepted, and the British Museum is started 
with this collection. 

Act of l»arliament passed in England, for the 
naturalization of Jews; but it is repealed, 
the following year, upon the petition of all 
the cities of Enaland. 



HEG. 



1165 

Nov. 20. 



1166 

Not. 9 



H. I. 



A. U. C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



14 96 



2504 



uo'o 



6464 



15-96 



2505 



5756 



6465 



1167 

Oct. 29 



1- 

97th 
Cycle. 



2506 



5757 



6466 




UJ 
Q. 

o 

0. 

u. 
o 

CO 

z 

Z) 

cc 

UJ 

X 
H 



O Q 

K 

U. < 

Q 00 

° UJ 

UJ <" 
DC 

< 
CO 

z 
< 
a. 



LJ 
CO 

D 

o 

I 

UJ 

I 
I- 



321 



A. D. 



1753 TO 1755 A. D. 



HBG. 



K.I. 



A. U. C. A. M. 



J. P. 



1753 January 14th. Death of Rev. George Berke- 
ley, bishop of Cloyue, eminent and pro- 
found Irish philosopher; author of "Prin- 
ciples of Human Knowledge," "The Minute 
Philosopher," etc. ; age G8 years, 10 months, 
2 days. 

1753 March 1st. New Style adopted in Sweden. 
(Ac. Blair.) 

1754 February 16th. Death tf Richard Mead, cele- 

brated English physician; age SO years, 6 

months, 5 days. 
1754 March (3th. Death of ITenry Pelham, eminent 

English statesman; lord of the treasury, 

and chancellor of the exchequer; age 58 

years. 
1754 Beginning of the French and Indian War in 

America, between Fiance and England, 

and their colonies. 
1754 September 2d. Terrible and destructive 

earthquake, at (irand Cairo, Egypt ; 40,- 

000 perish. 

1754 October 8th. Death of Henry Fielding, cele- 
brated English novelist; age 47 years, 5 
months, Ifi days. 

1755 February 10th. Death of Charles de Secon- 
dat Montesquieu, popular and brilliant 
French author and philosopher; age 06 
years, 22 days. 

1755 April 21st. Quito, in Peru, destroyed by an 
earthquake. 

1755 General Braddock is sent from England to 
America, as commander-in-chief of the 
royal forces, against Ihe Frencli colonists. 

1755 July 9th. General Braddock, disregarding 
the suggestions of Washington, his aide-de- 
camp, falls into an ambush of the French 
and hostile Indians, near Fort Duquesne; 
is defeated, and mortally wounded at the 
battle of tlie Monongahela. 

1755 November 1st. Lisbon, Portugal, destroyed 
by a fearful earthquake, by which 50,000 of 
the inhabitants are swallowed up in a few 
minutes. The fatal effects of this earth- 
quake are felt in many other places also. 

1755^ Samuel Johnson, L.L. D., publishes his cele- 
brated English dictionarv. (See 1784.) 



1167 

Oct. 39 



97th 
Cycle. 



1168 

Oct. 18 



2-97 



1160 

Oct. 7 



2506 



2507 



5757 



6466 



5758 



6467 



3-9"? 2508 



5759 



6468 



323 



A. D. 



1756 TO 1757 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1756 May 18tli. Eiigiand declares war against 
France. 

1750 Beginning of tlie Seven Years' War; Austria, 
France, Eussia, etc., against Pnissia, Eng- 
land, etc. (See 1763.) 

1756 June 2d. The Foundling Hospital, founded 
by Thomas Coram, is enlarged, and re- 
opened for children. (See 1740.) 

1756 Surajali Dowlali, perfidious viceroy of Ben- 
gal, takes Caicutta, June 20th. The gov- 
ernor, and otliers, abandon the fort, leav- 
ing its defence to Mr. Holwell, second in 
command. He and 145 others are thrust 
into the "Black Hole" prison; 123 die be- 
fore next morning. Mr. Hohvell, among 
the 23 who survived, lives until 1798. 

1756 August 16th. The French, under Marquis de 
Montcalm, f<u*ce the English to surrender 
l'^)rt Oswego, New York State. 

1757 January lst-2d. The English, under Colonel 
Clive, retake Calcutta, and Surajali Dow- 
lah sues for peace. (See 1756, and 1757 
below. ) 

1757 John Dollond and his son, Peter, French op- 
ticians, invent achroihatic telescopes. 

1757 January 5th. Damiens. a French fanatic, at- 
tempts to stab Louis XV., whom he wounds 
slightly. Dii miens is condemned to be 
broken alive by horses, which sentence is 
executed ^Mnrch 28th. 

1757 January 9th. Death of I'\intenelle, celebrated 
French author and philosopher; age 99 
years, 10 months, 28 days. 

1757 January 28th. Admiral Byng, having failed 
in an attack on Minorca (one of the Bale- 
aric islands, off the eastern coast of Spain), 
May 20th, 1756, is tried and condemned to 
death, for error of judgment. Executed 
March 14tli. 

1757 May 6th. Battle of Prague, in which Freder- 
ick the Great, of Prussia, defeats the Aus- 
tria ns. 

1757 June 18th. Frederick, of Prussia, defeated 
by the Austrian general, Daun, at Kolin. 

1757 June 23d. Battle of Plassey : Colonel Clive's 
force of 3,000 men gain a complete victory 



1170 

Sept. 26 



4-97 



2509 



5760 



6469 



1171 

Sept. 16 



5-97 



2510 



5761 



6470 



324 



A. D. 



1757 TO 1758 A. D. 



HEG. 



K. I. I A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1757 over Surajah Dowlah's army of 50,000, and 

acquire all Bengal. For this service, Clive 
is raised to the peera,iie, as Lord Clive. 

1757 AugTist 9th. Fort William Henry, in New 
York State, surrenders to the French, 
under Montcalm. 

1757 August 28th. Death of David Hartley, emi- 
nent British metaphysician and philoso- 
pher; age 51 years, 11 months, 28 days. 

1757 September 8th. Duke of Cumberland capitu- 
lates a humiliating treaty, with duke of 
Richelieu, commander of the French army, 
at Closter-.Seven, by which 38,000 Hano- 
verians lay down their arms, and are dis- 
persed. 

1757 October 25th. Death of Augustin Calmet, 
French Benedictine; eminent for Biblical 
works ; age 85 years, 7 mouths, 29 days. 

1757 November 5th. Frederick the Great signally 
defeats the French, under Soubise, at Ros- 
bach. 

1757 December 5th. Frederick the Great gains a 
great victory over the Austrians, at Leu- 
then. 

1757 December 12th. Death of CoUey Gibber, witty 
English dramatic author and actor; age 86 
years, 1 month, 6 days. 

1757 Horace AA'alpole establishes his private print- 
ing-press, at Strawberry Hill. (Ac Blair; 
1758, ac. Haydn.) 

1758 March 22-28th." Death of Jonathan Edwards, 
eminent American theologian and meta- 
physician; age 54 years, 4 months, 17-23 
days. 

1758 Ferdinand of Brunswick expels the French 
from Hanover, and defeats them at Cre- 
feld, June 23d. 

1758 July 8th. The French, under Montcalm, de- 
feat the English, under Al)ercrombie, at 
Ticonderoga, New Yoi-k. 

1758 July 27th. The English, under General Am- 
herst and Admiral Boscawen, take Louis- 
l)urg and Cape Breton from the I'rench. 

1758 August 25th. Fort Frontenac (afterwards 
Kingston) taken from the French by Col- 
onel Bradstreet. 



1171 

Sept. 16 



5 97 , 2510 



5761 



6470 



1172 

Sept. 5 



6-97 



2511 



5762 6471 



325 



A. D. 



1758 TO 1759 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



1758 August 25th. Frederick the Great of Prussia 
defeats the Russians at Zorndorf. 

1758 October 14th. Frederick the Great is de- 
feated by the Austrians under Daun, at 
Ilochkirchen. 

1758 November 24:-25th. General Forbes takes 
Fort Duquesne from the French and 
changes its name to Fort Pitt (afterwards 
Pittsburg, Pa.) in honor of the illustrious 
English statesman. 

1758 The Bridgewater Canal, from Worsley to 
Manchester, Great Britain, the first navi- 
gable canal of modern times, is begun by 
Francis H. Egerton, duke of Bridgewater, 
who employs Mr. James Brindley, engi- 
neer, to construct it. (See 1761.) 

1759 April 13-14. Death of George Frederick 
Handel, famous English musical composer, 
of German birth, author of "Messiah" and 
many other celebrated oratorios; age 74 
years, 1 month, 20-21 days. 

1759 April 20. Guadeloupe, one of the Leeward 
Caribliee Islands, West Indies, is taken 
from the French by the English. 

1759 The English take Fort Niagara from the 
French July 24; Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 
2()-27, and Crown Point, N. Y., August 1. 

1759 August 1st. Battle of Minden, in which the 
English, Hessians, and Hanoverians, under 
Prince Ferdinand and Lord George Sack- 
ville, defeat the French under Marshal 
Contades. 

1759 Eugene Aram (subject of one of Bulwer's 
novels), English schoolmaster, is sentenced 
August 3(1, and executed August (tth, for 
the murder of Daniel Clark. 

1759 ' August 12th. Battle of Kunersdorf, in 
which the Prussians, under Frederick the 
Great, when nearly victorious, are totally 
defeated by the Russians, under General 
Soltikof, and the Austrians, under General 
Laudon. 

1759 September 13th. Battle on the Plains of 
Abraham, Quebec. The English, under 
General Wolfe, totally defeat the French, 



1172 

Sept. 5 



1173 

Aug. 25 



69^ 2511 5762 6471 



2512 



5763 



6472 



326 



A. D. 



1759 TO 1761 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 1 A. U.C. ! A. M. 



1759 



1759 

1760 
1760 

1760 

1760 

1760 
1760 

1760 
1761 

1761 

1761 

1761 



1761 
1761 



under Montcalm, but in the moment of 
victory General Wolfe falls mortally 
wounded ; age 33 years, 8 months, 11 days. 
Montcalm also is mortally wounded, and 
dies September 14 ; age 47 years, 6 mouths, 
16 days. Quebec surrenders to the Eng- 
lish September 18. 

The pope permits the Bible to be translated 
into the languages of the Roman Catholic 
states. 

The English, under Coote, defeat the French, 
under Lally, and take Arcot, in India. 

May 9th. Death of Zinzendorf, founder of 
Herrnhut; age 59 years, 11 months, 13 
days. (See 1722.) 

July 3d. The dock yard at Portsmouth 
burnt. The French are suspected, but no 
actual proof is found against them. 

Montreal and the whole of Canada surren- 
dered to the English, under Lord Jeffrey 
Amherst ; capitulation signed September 7. 

October 31st. The first stone of Blackfriars- 
bridge, London, is laid. (See 1770.) 

Frederick the Great defeats Daun, Austrian 
general, at Torgau, Prussia, November 3d. 
(See 1758.) 

December 8th. The English, under Coote, 
besiege Pondicherry, in India. (See 1761.) 

Janury 4th. Death of Stephen Hales, D. D., 
eminent English philosopher, physicist, 
discoverer, and inventor; age 83. 

January 16th. Pondicherry, in India, sur- 
renders to the English, under Coote. .(See 
1760, December 8th. ) 

June 7th. Belle Isle, off the west coast of 
France, is captured by the English, under 
Commodore Keppel. 

Hyder Ali, celebrated Hindoo of Persian 
origin, makes war, under the rajah of 
Mysore, on the ilahrattas, and becomes 
powerful in India. (See 1769, 1781 and 
1782.) 

July 4th. Death of Samuel Richardson, 
eminent English novelist; age 72. 



July 17th. 

(See 1758.1 



Bridgewater 



Canal opened. 



1173 

Aug. 25 



1174 

Aug. 14 



2512 5763 



6472 



8-97 2513 5764 



6473 



1175 

Aug. .3 



()-97 



2514 5765 6474 



A. D. 



17<U TO 1763 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. TT. C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



1761 

1701 
1762 

1762 

1762 
1762 

1762 

1762 



1762 



1762 



1763 



1763 



1763 



July 18th. Death of Thomas Sherlock, 
learned Enjjiish prelate and author, suc- 
cessively l)ishop of Banjfor, Salisbury, and 
London ; age 82. 

Octolier 1st. The Austrians, under Laudon, 
stonn and take Schweidnitz. 

The Edinburgh professorship of Belles Let- 
tres first instituted, and given to Dr. Hugh 
Blair. 

John Wilkes, popular English politician, 
first publishes his celebrated political 
newspaper, the "North Briton.'' 

American Philo.sophical Society established 
at Philadeljihia, Pa. 

June 6th. Death of Lord TJeorge Anson, 
eminent English admiral and circumnavi- 
gator; age 65 years, 1 month, 13 days. 

June 17th. Death of Prosper J. de Cre- 
l)il!on, eminent French di-anmtic poet; age 
88 years. 

The imposition practiced by William Par- 
sons, wife and daughter, by means of a 
female ventriloquist, at 33 Cock Lane, 
London, 1760 and 1761, and known as the 
Cock Lane (Jhost, is detected and exposed. 
Parsons and wife are condemned to pillory 
and imprisonment, July 10th. 

July 13th. Death of James Bradley, em- 
inent and successful English astronomer, 
discoverer of "aberration of light" and 
"nutation of the earth's axis"; age 70 
years, 4 months. 

August 21st. Death of Lady Mary Wortley 
Montagu, celebrated English epistolizer; 
age 72 years. (See 1721.) 

February 10th. Treaty of peace signed at 
Paris between Great Britain, France, 
Spain, and Portugal. 

February 15th. Peace of Hubertsburg, be- 
tween Prussia, Austria, and Saxony. End 
of the Seven Years' War. (See 1756.) 

April 23d. Wilkes publishes the celebrated 
"No. 45" of "North Briton," in which he 
accuses the king of an infamous fallacy. 
The persecution of Wilkes and his printers 



1175 

Aug. 3 



997 



2514 



5765 



6474 



1176 10-97 

July 28 



2515 



5766 



6475 



1177 

July 12 



11-97 



2516 



5767 6476 



328 



A. D. 



1763 



1763 TO 1765 A. D. 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A.U.C. 



A.M. 



.7. P. 



1763 

1761 

1764 
1764 

1761 
1764 

1764 
1764 

1765 
1765 



begins. He is committed to the to^ver by 
warrant of Lord Halifax April 30. AA'ilkes 
obtains, December 6tb, £1,000 damages for 
illegal seizure of his papers under a gen- 
eral warrant. His journeymen printers 
(14) obtain £2,000 damages against the 
king's messengers, for false imprisonment. 
(June 2d, ac. Haydn; January 2d, ac. En- 
cyclo. Brit.) Death of John Carteret, 
earl of Granville, abk' English statesman 



and orator 



age 73. 



March 6th. Death of Thilip Yorke, first 
earl of Hardwicke, eminent and able 
English jurist, lord high chancellor; age 
73 years, 3 months, 5 days. 

Grenvillc presents to Parliameut his act for 
taxing the American colonies. 

June 21st. Commodore Byron (grandfather 
of Lord Byron the jjoet) starts on his voy- 
age of discovery to the South Sea. (See 
1766.) 

October 22d. (Jreat battle of Buxar, in 
India. The English defeat the natives 
with great slaughter. 

The order of Jesuits totally suppressed in 
France by royal edict. The pope protests 
on their behalf. (See 1534, 1540, 1604, 
1606, 1767, 1773 and 1814.) 

October 26th. Death of AVilliam Hogarth, 
celebrated English satirical painter; age 
67 years. 

Harrison's chronometer, or time-piece for 
determining longitude, having been satis- 
factorily tested, he receives from govern- 
ment a reward of £20,000. 

March 22d. The Grenville Act, or American 
Stamp Act, having passed Parliament, re- 
ceives the royal consent. 

James AYatt, celebrated Scotch engineer, 
philosopher and inventor, invents the first 
great impi-ovement on Newcomen's steam 
engine, conceiving the idea of condensing 
the steam in a vessel se])arate from the 
cylinder. (See 1663, 1681, 1713, 1736, 
1781 and 1819. 



1177 

.July 13 



1197 



2516 



5767 



6476 



1178 

July 2 



12-97 



2517 



5768 



641 



1179 

June 21 



13-97 



2518 



5769 



6478 



329 



A. D. 



1765 TO 1767 A. D. 



1765 ' April 12th. Death of Edward Young, 
1 English priest and poet, author of "Night 
i Thoughts" ; age SO. 

1765 Colonel Barre, of the British army, makes an 
eloquent and spirited speech in Parlia- 
ment, opposing the Stamp Act, and defend- 
ing the American rights. 

1765 May. Patrick ITeury, celeltrated American 
orator and patriot, offers before the Vir- 
ginia Assembly his celebrated resolutions, 
and strengthens them by his famous 
speech, "Ctesar had his Brutus," etc., etc. 

1765 I August 12th. Robert Clive acquires Bengal, 

Behar, and Orissa, for the English East 
India Company, by the treaty of Allaha- 
bad. 

1766 January. William Pitt makes an eloquent 

speech in Parliament in opposition to the 
Stamp Act, advocating its repeal. 

1766 January 31st. Death of James Quin, em- 
inent English comedian; age 72 years, 11 
months, 7 days. 

1766 February 3d. Benjamin Franklin, the 
great American statesman and philoso- 
pher, appears before the House of Com- 
mons, and ably and successfully answers 
its questions with regard to the Stamp 
Act, and its effect on Americans. 

1766 (March 18th, ac. Anderson; 19th, ac. Spen- 
cer; JIarch 8th, ac. Blair.) Repeal of the 
Stamp Act. 

1766 August 4th. William Pitt created earl of 
Chatham. 

1766 December. L. A. de Bougainville, celebrated 

French navigator, begins his voyage 
around the world. (See 1769.) 

1767 The Jesuits are banished from Spain. (See 

1534, 1510, 1601, 1606, 1764, 1773, and 

1814. ) 
1767 I'arliament passes a bill taxing tea, glass, 

paper, etc., imported into America. It 

receives royal consent June 29th. 
1767 The hand spinning-jenny is invented by 

James Hargreaves, English mechanician. 

( See 1769. ) 



HBG. 



E.I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1179 

June 31 



13 97 2518 



5769 



6478 



1180 

June 10 



14-97 2519 



5770 



6479 



1181 

May 30 



15 97 



2520 



5771 



6480 



330 



A. D. 



1767 TO 176ii A. D. 



HEG. 



B. I. 



A. U. C. A. M. 



J. P. 



lies 



1768 

1768 



1767 A telegraph system invented by Richard 

Lovell Edgeworth, Englisli pliilosopher 
and edvK-atioual writer. 

1768 March 18th. Death of Rev. Laurence Sterne, 

celebrated English humorist, of Irish 
birth; age 5-1 years, 3 months, 24 days; 
grandson of Richard Sterne, archbishop of 
York. 
June. James Bruce, celebrated Scotch trav- 
eler, starts on his travels through Abys- 
sinia, to discover the scmrce of the Nile. 
(See November l-4tli, 1770.) 
Genoa cedes Corsica to France. 
Captain James Cook, celebrated English cir- 
cumnavigator, starts on his first voyage 
(July 30th, ac. Haydn; August 6th. ac. 
Rlair), accompanied by Sir Josepli Baidcs, 
naturalist, and Dr. Solander. (See 1771, 
June 11th; and 1779, February 14th.) 
I (His second voyage was 1772-1775; third 
' voyage 1776-1799^) 

1768 The Americans, especially in Boston, resist 
the taxes imposed upon them. 

1768 The sloop Liberty, belonging to John Han- 
I'ock, is seized in Bost(m harbor by the 
British officers, on charge of smuggling. 
A riot ensues, and the officers barely escape 
with their lives. 

1768 ' Some seamen of Boston, being impressed by 
the officers of the Romney ( in direct vio- 
lation of "Act of Parliament 6th Anne"),- 
the excitement in Boston increases. 

17(58 ^Septendier 22d. Hearing that troops were 
on their way from Halifax to Boston, the 
Bostonians call and hold a convention. 

1768 British troo])s arrive at Bostcm, Saturday, 
September 26th. 

1768 The Royal Academy of Arts, London, com- 

pleted December 10. Sir Joshua Reynolds, 
celebrated English portrait painter, is 
chosen its first president, and knighted 
December 18th. 

1769 January 5th. James Watt obtains his first 

patent for his improved steam engine. 
1769 Tlie first of the famous "Letters of Junius" 
appears in Woodfall's "Public Advertiser," 



1181 

May 30 

1182 
May 19 



15-97 



98th 
Cycle 



2520 



2521 



5771 



5772 



6480 



6481 



1183 

May 8 



2-98 



2522 5773 



6482 



331 



A. D. 



17(i9 TO 1770 A. D. 



HEG 



R. I. 



A . U. C. 



A. M. 



.1. P. 



6482 



1769 
1769 

1769 
1769 



1769 

1770 

1770 



1770 



1770 



Januarv 21st. The last was published 
January 21st, 1772. (See Note S. ) 

i\Iaroh. Louis A. de Bougaiuville returns 
from his voyage, being the first I^'reuch 
navigator who had circumnavigated the 
globe. (See 1767.) 

April -i-lSth. Hyder Ali marches on Madras, 
in British India, and obtains a compul- 
sory peace. (See 1761, 1781, and 1782.) 

Iiicliard Arkwright, knighted by (Jeorge III., 
1786, obtains a patent for his spinning- 
frame, an enlarged imi>rovement on Ilar- 
greaves' hand spinning-jenny. (See 1767.) 
Arkwright works his machinery by horse 
power imtil 1771, which see. (See 1792.) 

Decemliei- K^th. Death of Christian Fiirch- 
tegott (iellert, eminent German poet, and 
miscellaneous writer of higji morals; age 
54 years, 5 mouths, 9 days. 

Blackfriars-bridge, London, completed by 
Mylne, the architect. (See 1760, Oct. 31st.') 

March 5th. The "Boston Massacre." A mob 
armed with clubs and led by Attucks, a 
mulatto, insults and attacks the English 
soldiers stationed at Boston, under Cap- 
tain Preston. Their lives being in danger, 
several of the soldiers fire on the mob, kill- 
ing Attucks and three others, and wound- 
ing several. Preston and the soldiers are 
brought to trial, but are nobly and success- 
fully defended by the American patriots, 
John Adams and Josiah Quincy, in Octo- 
ber, who, in justice, take Preston's part, at 
the expense of popularity and patriotic 
feeling. 

March 5th. Lord North for\Aards a repeal 
of all taxing of the colonies, excepting the 
tax on tea. 

The Russian fleet, under Orlof, Russian 
admiral, and Elphinstone, Scotch admiral 
in the Russian service, defeats the Turks 
at Scio, July 5th, and burns the Turkish 
fleet at Tchesme, July 7th. Elphinstone 
soon after quarrels with Orlof, and leaves 
the Russian ser%nce. 



1183 

May 8 



98 



2522 



5773 



1184 

April 27 



3 98 2523 5774 



6483 



332 



A. D. 


1770 TO 1772 A. I). HEG. 


K. 1. A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. p. 


1770 


August 24th. Death, by suicide, of Thomas 
Chattertou, English prodigy, who wrote 
successful poems, etc., from tlie age of 12; 
age at death, 17 years, 9 montlis, 4-5 days. 


1184 

April 27 


398 


2523 


5774 


6483 


1770 


September 30th. Death of George Whitefield, 
celebrated English Methodist preacher; 
age 55 years, 9 months, 14 days. 












1770 


Death of Johaun Jakob Bnicker, eminent 
German historian; age 74. 












1770 


November 13th. Death of George Grenville, 
ex-prime minister of England, author of 
the Grenville or Stamp Act, the prime 
cause of the American Kevolutiim; age 58. 












1770 


November 14th. elames Bruce discovers the 














scmrce of the Blue Nile. (See 17(58, June. ) 










1771 


Bengal, British India, devastated by a terri- 
ble famine. 


1185 

April 16 


4-98 


2524 


5775 


6484 


1771 


June 11-1 2th. Lieutenant James Cook re- 
turns from his first voyage around the 
world, and is at once promoted to the rank 
of captain. (See 1768.) 












1771 


Louis XV., of France, banishes the Tarlia- 
ment at Paris, and takes other arbitrary 
measures. 












1771 


July 30th. Death of Thomas Gray, eminent 
English lyric poet, etc.; age 54 years, 7 
months, 4 days. 












1771 


Richard Arkwright (knighted 1786) builds 














his celebrated cotton mill, moved with 












water power, at Cromford. (See 1769 and 






, 








1792. ) 












1771 


October 21st. Death of Tobias (Jeorge Smol- 
lett, distinguished British novelist and 
historian ; age 50. 












1771 


December 2Gth. Death of C. A. Helvetius, 
celebrated French author and philosopher; 










• 




age 56 years, 11 months, 26 days. His 












writings and morals are condemned by the 












Church. 






1 


1772 


Diderot and D'Alembert complete the publi- ^ 1186 
cation of their "Encyclopedie." (vSee 1751 *"' 


59s 


2525 


5776 


6485 




and 1784.) 












1772 


Granville Sharp, eminent English philan- 
thropist, and one of the originators of the 
association for the abolition of negro slav- 













000 



A. D. 



1772 TO 1774 A. D. 



HEG. 



K. I. 



A. U. C. I A. M. J. P. 



1772 ery, commences his efforts in tlieir behalf, 

at the trial for the negro Somerset. (See 
Note T. ) 

1772 Marcli 20tli. Death of Emanuel Swedenborg, 
noted Swedish philosopher and physicist, 
founder of the "New Jerusalem" sect, or 

Swedeuborgianism ; age 84 years, 2 months. 

1773 :\[arch 24th. Death of Philip Dormer Stan- 
hope, fourth earl of Chesterfield, renowned 
English courtier, orator, and wit, and 
model of politeness, and taste ; author 
of "Lord Chesterfield's Letters to His 

Son" ; age 78 years, 6 months, 2 days. 

1773 ( June 7th, ac. Haydn ; December luth, ac. 
Blair.) Santiago de Guatemala, capital 
of Cruatemala, Central America, with 80,- 
000 iuhaliitants, swallowed up by an earth- 
(jualvc. 

1773 June 16th. Warren Hastings, governor of 
Bengal, is made governor-general of all 
the settlements in British India. 

1773 July 21st. The order of Jesuits suppressed 
by i>apal bull of (^lement XIV. ( See 1534, 
1540, 1004, 1006, 1764, 1767, 1814.) 

1773. August 2d. The "Maryland Journal," since 
known as "Baltimore Daily American," 
prints its first issue. 

1773 December 16th. The famous "Boston Tea 
Party." A meeting is held in Old South 
Meeting-house by the Colonists, to prevent 
the landing of the tea, on account of the 
taxation. They are harangued by Josiah 
Quincy. About fifty of their number, dis- 
guised as MohaAvk Indians, repair to the 
wharf, followed by the Avhole mass-meet- 
ing, and boarding the three tea-laden 
ships, witliout resistance, open and empty 

into the water 342 chests of tea. 

1774 March 14th. Lord North's bill for closing 

the Boston port is introduced in Parlia- 
ment. 

1774 ' March 31st. The Boston Port Bill, having 
passed Parliament, receives royal consent. 

1774 ' April 4th. Death of Oliver Goldsmith, Irish 
poet and novelist, etc.; age 45 years, 4 
months, 24 days. 



1186 

April f) 



598 



2525 



1187 

Mar. 25 



6-98 



2526 



1188 

Mar. H 



5776 ' 6485 



5777 64S6 



7-98 



2527 5778 



6487 



334 



A. D. 



1774 TO 1775 A. I). 



HEG. 



E. I. 



A. U. C. 



A. M. 



J. P. 



1774 April 19th. Edmund Burke, the celebrated 
Iri.sh orator, makes his great, eloquent 
speech in Parliament against American 
taxaticm. (8ee 17SG, 1780, and 1797.) 

1774 August. Oxygen air discovered by Dr. 
Priestley, English chemist and heretical 
theologian. 

1774 September 5th. First Continental Congress 
meets in Philadelphia. 

1774 The Koyal Humane Society, founded by 
Doctors William Hawes, Thomas Cogan, 
and others, for the recovery of persons 
apparently drowned. Their motto, "Lateat 
scintillula forsan" (A small spark may 
lurk unseen.) 

1774 October 19th. Peggy Stewart, a ship owned 
by Alexander Stewart, enters the harbor 
of Annapolis, laden with tea. Annapolis 
and Anne Arundel patriots, led by Dr. C. 
A. Warfield, demand of Stewart that he 
send the load of tea back to Great Britain. 
Stewart refusing to comply, they place a 
torch in his hand, and compel him to set 
fire to and destroy his ship and cargo. 

1775 April 19th. The American Revolution begins 
with the Battle of Lexington, in which the 
English, taking the Americans unawares, 
gain the advantage, and destroy some of 
the cannons, ammunition, etc., belonging 
to the Colonists. 

1775 ]\Iesmer, German physician, publishes his dis- 
covery of the theory of animal magnetism, 
called after him, mesmerism. 

1775 Volunteers rise in all the States, to assist in 
the great cause of liberty. Among the great 
heroes are John Stark, of New Hampshire; 
Israel Putnam, of Connecticut; Washing- 
ton, of Virginia ; Ethan Allen, of Vermont ; 
Benedict Arnold (the traitor), etc. 

1775 April 12th. Lord Effingham, English noble, 
resigns his commission, refusing to fight 
against the cause of American liberty. 

1775 May 10th, at daybreak. Ethan Allen and 
Benedict Arnold, with only eighty-three 
men, "The Green Mountain Boys," or Ver- 
monters, surprise and attack Ticonderoga. 



1188 

Mar. U 



7 98 



2527 



5778 



6487 



1189 

M.ir. 4 



8-98 2528 5779 



6488 



a3.5 



A . D. 



1775 A. I). 



HEG. 



R. I. 



A. U. C. 



A.M. 



J. P. 



1775 



1775 



1775 
1775 

1775 
1775 



1775 

1775 
1775 



Allen demands of Captain Delaplaee in- 
stant snrrender, "In the name of the Great 
Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 

May 10th. Second Continental Congress as- 
sembles at Philadelphia, and orders the is- 
sue of paper currency, stamped "The 
United Colonies," to the amount of $3,- 
000,000. 

May 12th. Crown Point taken by the Ameri- 
cans. 

May 21-31st. The citizens of Mecklenburg 
County, North Carolina, prepare and set 
forth a formal Declaration of Independ- 
ence for the State of North Carolina. 

June 15th. George Washington is nominated 
and unanimously chosen commander-in- 
chief of the Continental army. 

June 17th. Battle of Bunker Hill. The Eng- 
lish, under Generals Howe and Pigot, 
after a tremendous struggle, gain the con- 
tested ground, having lost more than one 
thousand men. The Americans, under 
Colonel Prescott, re-enforced by St<ark, 
fight desperately, losing about four hun- 
dred and fifty men, and retreat about one 
mile from the battlefield. 

June 17th. The nmrtyr of Bunker Hill, Gen- 
eral Warren, the last to retreat, is struck 
by a ball, and dies on the spot. 

November 12th. The Americans, under Gen- 
eral Mimtgomery, take Montreal. 

December 31st. The New York troops, under 
(Teneral JNiontgomert', together with Ar- 
nold's troops, make an unsuccessful attack 
on Quebec. The brave General Montgom- 
ery and his aides-de-camp, Captains Chees- 
man and McPherson, are shot dead. Ar- 
nold (afterwards the traitor) is also 
wounded. 



1189 

Mar. 4 



8 98 



2528 



on; 



0488 



336 




COLUMN OF ANTONINUS PIUS. 
SEE 151 A. D. 



337 



PERIOD VI 

i7T6^i;)03 A. D. 



N. B.— From this date, 1776-1903 A. D., the eras of Ileg., R. I., A. U. C, A. JI., 
and J. P. are placed in parentheses, on the tirst line of each new date, to avoid the 
ureat waste of space in the talnUar form heretofore used, as tliere are now so many 
items to each date. 

v. 1). 

1770 (Hegira 1190, Feb. 22d i ( P.. I. 9-98) (A. U. C. 12529) (A. M. 5780) (J. P. G489) 
February Kith. Hessian troops, from I le.sse, (iermany, are hired by the Eng- 
lish to fight in the American War. 

177(; .Marcli 17th. Oeneral AVashington compels the English, under (Jeneral Ilowe, 
to evacuate Boston. 

1770 June 2Sth. The British are repulseil by Colonel Moultrie, at Fort Moultrie 
(named in liis honor), at Charleston, S. C. 

1776 July Jrth. The "Declaration of Indeitendence" receives the unanimous vote, in 
Congress, of the "Thirteen United States of America." The old State House 
bell, at Philadelphia, rings out a joy(ms peal. 

1776 August 25th. Death of David Hume, Scotch skei)tic philosopher, and histo- 
rian ; age 65 years, 3 months, 29 days. 

1776 August 27th. The British, under Gen. William Howe, defeat the Americans, 
on Long Island. 

1776 September 15th. The British, under General Howe, take New York. 

1776 September 21st. Capt. Nathan Hale, of Connecticut, only 21 years old, hav- 
ing been engaged liy Washington to reconnoitre the enemy's camp, is caught 
by the English, and sent to Gen. Milliam Howe. Cunningham, the brutal 
provost marshal, treats him with gi-eat cruelty, even denying him, in his last 
hours, the attendance of a priest, or the use of I he P>il)le. Hale is hanged as 
a spy on Septend)er 22d. Cunningham destmys his farewell letter to his 
mother and sisters, assigning as the excuse f(U' this lirutality, that he "would 
not have the rebels to know that they had a man in their army who could 
die with so much firmness." Hale's last words were: "I only regret that I 
lutve but one life to lose for my cimntrv." 

177(1 October 28th. Washington defeated by (Jeneral Howe, at ^^'hite Plains. 

1776 November 16th. Fort Washington captured liy the British, under General 
Howe. 

1776 December 21st. Benjamin Franklin arrives at Paris, as ambassador from U. 
S. of America. 

177i; December 26th, early in the morning. Battle of Trenton. \\'ashington defeats 
the Hessian troops at Trenton, and takes nearly 1,000 prisoners. 

1776 The Italian translation of the Bible is completed. 

339 



A. 1». 

1777 (Hegira 1191. Feb. llth ) (R. I. 10-38 i (A. V. C. 2530) (A. M. 5781) (J. P. 6400) 

•Jaiiiiarv ;5il. \\'ashiuj;t()n yaius a victory dvlt the British, at Princeton. 

1777 June 27tli. AA'illiam Dodd, D. D., English poet, essayist, etc., executed for for- 
gery ; age 48. 

1777 July 31st. ^Maripiis de La Fayette enters the service of the United States in the 
rank of major-general. 

1777 August 16th. General Stark gains a victory over the English, at Bennington. 

1777 Septeinlter llth. Battle of Braiidywine. General WashingtoTi is defeated by 
(Jeneral Howe, l^a Fayette is wounded. 

1777 September 10th. Indecisive battle of Bennis Heiglits. (First battle at Still- 
M^ater; see October 7th.) 

1777 Septend)er L'6th. The British occupy Philadelphia. 

1777 Night of October 3d, and early morning of October 4th. Burgoyne repulses the 
Americans, at Gerniantown. 

1777 October 7th. Battle of Saratoga, between Burgoyne and Gate?".. (Second 
fougiit near the village of Stillwater; see Septend)er 19th.) The Americans, 
under General Gates, gain the advantage. 

1777 October 17th. (icneral Burgoyne. besieged at Saratoga by the Americans, sur- 
renders by capitulation to General Gates: tlie terms being that Burgoyne's 
army, of more than 5,500 men. should deliver up their arms, artillery, etc., 
and be returned to England, ]iledged to tight no more in the present war. 

1777 October 21st. Death of Samuel Foote, English dramatist and comedian; age 57. 

1777 Noveud)er 18th. Death of William Bowyer, celebrated English printer and 
scholar; age 77 years, 10 months, 29 days. 

1777 November 18th. Sir William Pitt, carl of Ghatham, in declining years and 
health, attends Parlianumt, and makes his great speech oi)[)osing employ- 
ing the Indians against the Americans. ( See 1778.) 

1777 I)ecend)er llth. The American army, with AVashington and Fa l'"'ayette, take 
up tlieir winter (piarters at Valley Forge. 

1777 Deceud)er 12th. Death of Albrecht von Haller, celebrated Swiss scholar, natu- 

ralist, ])oet. and ])hysician; termed "Father of ^lodern Physiology"; age 69 
years, 1 month, 26 days. 

1778 ( Ilegira 1 192, Jan. 31st ) ( R. I. IV^» ) ( A. V. (\ 2531 ) ( A. M. 5782 ) ( J. P. 6491 ) 

January 10th. Death of C'arl von Liunanis, celebrated Swedish mituralist; 
age 70 years, 5 months, 27 days. 

1778 January 15th. Nootka Sound discovered liy Gaptain Gook in his third and 
last voyage. 

1778 l'\'bi-uary (ith. Louis XN'L, of I'^rance, acknow ledges tiie independence of U. S. 
of America, and enters into Treaty of Alliance with them. 

1778 ( April 22d, ac. Spencer; June 17th, ac. Blair, i Tiic American Congress decides 
to refuse to consider the treaty of peace ottered by England. 

1778 April. John Paul Jones, Scotch seaman, in United States sei'vi'Ce, cruises 
about the British coast, and does much danutge to her navy; he attacks suc- 
cessfully AVhitchaven, burns the sliipping, and ca])tures the Drake, a British 
man-of-war, April 24th. 

'^ 



A. II. 

177.S April-.Mav. (ii'ii. William Howo resiiius the coiiiinaiKl of the Uritisk anii,v in 
America, and is succeeded by (ieiieral Clinton. 

177S May lltli. Death of Sir William P. tt, earl (.f ("liafliani, illustrious Enj;lisli 
statesman and orator; aye (!!( years, 5 months, iMi days. Ills renniins are in- 
terred in Westminster Abbey, at public expense, by vote of Parliauieut. (See 
1777, Novend>er ISth.) 

177S May 8()th. Death of Voltaire, celebrated French deistical philosopher; age 84 
years, 3 mouths, 10 days. 

177S June ISth. The British, under Clinton, evacuate Pliilaih^llihia. 

1778 June I28th. Washiunton defeats Clinton, at Monmouth. 

1778 July LM. DeaUi of Jean Jacques R(msseau, celebrated l-'rencb ])Iiilosopher ; 
born at Ceneva ; ai;(' (>(> years, 4 days. 

1778 (November iMitli, ac. lilair ; Decend)er, ac. Ilaydu. ) ('apt. James Cook discovers 
the Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands. He names them Sandwich Islands in 
honor of earl of Sandwich. 

177!> ( lle-ira 11!»8, Jan. 20th) (K. I. 12-98) (A. V. C. 2532) (A. M. 5783) (J. P. 0402) 

January 2(»(h. Deatli of David (iarrick, famous Eui^lish dranmtist and actor; 
aye (i2 years, 11 months. 

177!» Samuel Cnmipton invents the spinning machine called the mule-jenny. 

177!i I'ebruary 14th. Ca])tain Cook killed by the natives of Owyhee. (See 1708, 
1771, January 15th, and 1778, November 20th. ) 

177!> -March 3d. (leneral Ashe is surprisetl and defeated, at Brier Creek, by the 
British, under I'revost. 

177'.t (June 21st, ac. Encyclo. Brit.; July. ac. Haydn.) Memorable siege of the for- 
tress of (Jibraltar, by the French and Spanish Heets, begins. (See February, 
1783.) 

177!) July Kith, near midnight. The Americans, under (T<'nei'al ^^'ayne, successfully 
storm Stony Point. 

1770 August 8-1 0th. (Jreat ei'uption of JMount Vesuvius. 

1770 Septend)er 23d. John Paul Jones gains a victory oil" the British coast. 

1780 (Hegira: 37th Cycle; 1104, Jan. 0th, and 110.5, Dec. 20th.) ( 1{. I. 1398) 
(A. r. C. 2533) (A. M. 5784) (J. P. 0403.) 

I\'bruary 14th. Death of Sir William Blackstone, celebrated English jurist; 
author of "Commentaries on the Laws of England"; age 50 years, 7 months, 
4 days. 

1780 April 17th. George Rodney, English admiral, defeats the Spanish fleet, off 
Cape St. Vincent. 

1780 A great riot in London, called Cordon's "No Popery" mob, headed by Lord Ceo. 
Cordon, to oppose all toleration of K(»man Catholics. The rioters do great 
damage, destroying churches, opening prisons, etc., from June 2-Oth, for 
which Cior(h>n is committed to the tower. 

1780 (July 10th, ac. S]ieiicei-; .^\\m' 10th, ac Blair.) The French troops, under Mar- 
shal Roclunnbeau, arrive at Rhode Island, to help the Americans. 

1780 .Inly. Cen. Benedict Arnold, the oiily traitor in the American army, sells 
himself to <leliver AVest Point over to the British. Clinton ajipoints Major 
Andre as his agent, to negotiate with the traitoi'. 

341 



A. D. 

1780 Aiij^iist KJth. IMrst battle of ('anideu. Cornwallis defeats Geueral Gates, and 
the Freneh, uuder Baron De Kail), who is mortallv wounded. 

1780 Septeniber L'od. Major Andre is cau^ld and seanlied near Tarrytown, h\ 
Jolin Panlding, David Williams, and Isaac ^'an ^^■art. They tind in the soles 
of his stockin^ns Arnold's treasonable papers to Clinton. Andre and the papers 
are delivered np to Lientenant-Colonel Jameson, who, the sudden news of 
the base treachery de^jriving him of his senses, or from personal feeling for 
Arnold, insists on sending word to Arnold, at West Point, of the capture of 
Andre, and discovery of the plot. 
This action of .Jameson enaliles the infamous traitor to escape to a British \es- 
sel. The American officers offer the English to exchange Andre for the base 
traitor, Arnold, but unsuccessfully. 

1780 October 2d, noon. Major Andre, British officer, is hanged as a spy. He 
meets his death with dignity and fortitude, having been treated throughout 
his captivity with kindness and respect; his meals being served to him from 
AA'asliington's table. 

1780 Bobert Baikes, founder of Sunday-schools, assisted by Bev. Tliomas Stock, first 

establishes them at Gloucester, England. 

1781 (Hegira llflO, Dec. IS ) ( B. I. 14-9S) (A. U. C. 2534) (A. M. 5785) (J. P. 6494) 

January 17tli. Geueral Morgan, American officer, gains a signal victory 

over the British, under Colonel Tarleton, at Cowpens. 
1781 ( J'Y'bruary 15th, ac. Ilaydn ; January 22d,ac. Encyclo. Brit.) Death of Gotthold 

E. Lessing, German author; age 52 years, 23 days. 
1781 :March 13th. Ilerschel discovers the jilanet Uranus, and names it Georgium Si- 

dus, in honor of George III., of England. 
1781 March 18-20th. Death of Turgot, eminent, highly moral French statesman ; 

age 53 years, 10 mouths, 10 days. 
1781 July 1st. llyder Ali is defeated by Sir i:yre Coote, British general. (See 1701, 

17G9, and 1782.) 
1781 James Watt invents his dcmble engine. Patent (-btained 1782. (Seel7(i5and 

1819.) 
1781 September (ith. The traitor Arnold takes Fort (iriswold for the English, and 

basely massacres the American gan-ison, after-they sui'render. 
1781 September 8th. General Greene def^-ats the British, under Colonel Stuart, at 

Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. 
1781 Bene Just Ilaiiy, French mineralogist, discovers the law of crystallization. 
1781 Printing from stereotyped ])lates iTiveiiled, by Alexander Tilloch, L.L. D., 

Scotch mechanician. 
1781 September 11th. Death of .Tohann A. Ernesti, celebrated (Jerman critic; age 

74 years, 1 month, 7 days. 
1781 October 19th. Cornwallis surrenders to the Americans and French, under 

Washington, La Fayette, and Borhambeau, assisted by Count de Grasse, 

French aidmiral. 

342 



A. It. 

17S2 (Hegirall97, Deo. 7th) (K. 1. isy**) ( A. U. C. 25o5) (A. Ai. 578lJj ( .). i'. G495.) 

(ipiicial ("ouNA'ay makes a luotiou in Parliament for the (liseontinuinn' of the 

Aiiierieaii A^'ar. It is negatived by a majority of one. 
1782 March 17th. Death of Daniel Bernunilli, celebrated 8\viss iiJiilosopher and 

mathematician ; age 82 years. 
17S2 l-'irst American Bible is printed in I'hiladeljthia. ( .\c. Kci-ney. ) 
1782 Jnue 2d. Sir Eyre Coote totally defeats Hyder Ali, who dies December 7-l()th. 

(See 1701, 17(i9, 1781.) 

1782 Novend^er :50th. Provisional articles of peace between (ireat Britain and U. 

S. are signed at Paris. (See Septembers, 1783.) 

1783 lllegira 1108, Nov. 27tb) (\l. I. 1, !»!lth (V«le) (A. U. C.253(i) (A.M. 5787) 

( J. P. filiX; I 

I'ebrnary 5th. The institntion of the Order of St. Patrick, in Ireland, consist- 
ing of the sovereign, < Jeorge III., and fifteen knights companions. 

1783 "Society of the Cincinnati" (named after the Roman patriot Cincinuatns) is 
fonnded by the officers of the American army. Washing-ton is chosen its 
iiead. 

17N3 .(ireat Britain I'ecognizes the independence of the United States. 

178;! April littli. ( Eighth anniversai'y of Battle of Lexington. ) Proclamation to the 
American army of the cessation of hostilities between them and England. 

1783 May 2!tth. Organization of the Anglo-Catholic (or Episcopal) diocese of 
:\Iaryland. (See 1792.) 

1788 Terrible eruption of Mt. Hecla, by which one-sixth of the inhabitants and oiu'- 
balf of the live stock of Iceland are destroyed. 

1783 The lirothers Moutg(dfier invent the balloon, and exhibit its ascent and descent 
June 5th. Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes ascend in the Mont- 
golfiers' Italloon at Paris, November 21st. 

1783 September 3d. Definitive treaty of peace between Oreat Uritain and Tnited 
States signed at Paris, by David Hartley, Es(|., for England, and John 
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, Esquires, for United States. 
( See November 30tli, 1782.) 

1783 Se])temlier 3d. Peace of Versailles, between Great Britain, United States, 
France, and Sjiain, signed at Paris. 

1783 Septeud)er 7-18tIi. Death of Le(udmrd Euler, celebrated Swiss mathemati- 
cian ; age 76 years, 1 numths, 22 days. 

1783 Octolier 2nth. Death of Jean le Bond d'Alembert, distinguished skeptic, 
French mathematician and jihilosopher; age (J5 years, 11 months, 13 days. 

1 783 November 3d. The American array is disbanded. 

1783 Novend)er 25tb. Tlie British evacuate New York. 

178:> December 23d. Oeneral Washington resigns his commission to Congress. 

1784 ( Megira 1199, Nov. 16) (R. I. 2-99) (a. U. C. 2537) (A. M. 5788) (J. P. 0197.) 

A'alentin Haiiy invents, and introduces at Paris, a system for educating the 
blind, and founds there the first school for the blind. , 
1784 Henry Cavendish forms water by sending the electric spark through a mixture 
of oxygen and hydrogen, and thus discovers the composition of water, coe^•al 
' with James Watt, celebrated Scotch engineer. 

343 ~~ ~ 



A. 1). 

1784 Al ail-coaches first projected in England, liy John I'aliMcr. 

ITS4 Ardohindscliaii, or Ai-cliindschan, in Turkey, dcslroycd hy an cartlKinake; 

ll',(HMI inliahifants are Imried in its rnins. 
1 78 1 July 30th. Death of Denis Diderot, eminent I'rench philosopher and savant ; age 

70 years, il months, 25 days. (See 1751 and 1777.) 
1784 Xovemlier 14th. Kt. Key. Samuel Sealmry, D. D., is consecrated at Aberdeen, 

Scotland, for the diocese of Connecticut, United States of America. The 

tirst hislio]! consecrated for the Anglo-Catholic (or E])isco]ial i Church in 

America. 

1784 ]>ecemher 18th. Death of Samuel Johnson, L.L. 1)., eminent English essayist, 

critic, ]ioet, and lexicographer (religious and iienevolent ) ; age 75 years, 2 
months, 25 days. (See 1755.) 

1785 ( Hegira 1200, Nov. 5th) (R. I. 3-99) , a. V. C. 2538) (A. M. 5780) (J. P. 6498.) 

Death of (lalupi»i, famous Italian com])oser. 
1785 The coini^osition of ammonia is discovered by Berthollet, French chemist. 

1785 Rerthollet discovers the bleaching powers of chlorine. 

1780 ( Ilegira 1201, Oct. 25th) (K. I. 4-99) (A. U. C. 2539) (A. M. 5790) (J. P. 6490) 

April 4th. The articles of impeachment of Warren Hastings ])resented in 
Parliament, by Burke. (See 1774. 1789, and 1797. ) 

1786 September 5th. Death of Jonas ITanway, philanthropist and traveler; the first 

to introduce into England the use of umbrellas. 

1787 (Ilegira 1202, Oct. 14th) (K. I. 5-99) (A. U. C. 2540) (A. M. 5791 ) (J. P. 6500) 

May 23d. Commodore Philipps sails from England with 800 convicts to 
New South \Vales, to coloniy.e Botany Bay. He arrives there January, 1788. 

1787 August 11th. The Anglican iiishopric of Nova Scotia is erected. 

1787 September 17th. Convention at Philadelphia frames the Constitution of the 
ITuited States. 

1787 The original thirteen States forming the United States are: New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carcdina, South Carolina, and 
(ieorgia. 

1787 November 25th. Death of Christoph von Olnck, eminent (lerman musical com- 

poser; age 73 years, 4 months, 23 days. 

r 

1788 (Hegira 1203, Oct. 3d) (R.I. 6-99) (A. F. C. 2541) (A. M. 5792) (J. P. 6501.) 

John AValter founds the London Times, and publishes its first number Janu- 
ary 1st. 

1788 Robert Barker, Irish artist, invents the panorama, and exhibits at Edinburgh a 
view of that city. 

1788 The trial of Warren Hastings, for high crimes and misdemeanors, begins Feb- 
ruary 13th. (See 1795, April 23d, ac(|uittal.) Edmund Burke, celebrated 
Irish orator, makes the opening speech, bringing the charges against Has- 
tings. 

344 



A. n. 

ITNIS riiilcil States ('(lustitutiou ratified, and ad(/]ited hv the iiiajoritv of tlie States. 
ITSS April Kitli. Death of Comte de Bnft'oii tGeorj'e Louis Le Clere), illustrious 
I'rencli uatui'alist ; asje SO years. 7 months, !l days. 

ITS!) ( 1 i<-ira 120-t, Sept. lilid ) I K. I. 7 "■' ) l A. V. ( '. 2M-2 ) ( .V. .M. Tu'Xi } | J. P. (!502. ) 

The life-hoat is inxcnted l)\ Henry (ireathead, for which he receives from 
Parliament £1,2(1(1. 

178!) April 21st and 25th, and May oth and 7th. Edmund IJnrke makes his great 
speeches in the trial of Warren Hastings. 

17S!) The Constitution aecei)ted hy all the Fuited States, (ieuei-al \\'asliiinitou is in- 
augurated tirst president of United Stales, Ai)ril oOtli. John Adams is vice- 
president. 

178!) The l-'rench clergy, noliility, and "tliird estate" ( Commons ), unite as the "Na- 
tional xVssembly," June 17tli. 

17S!) June 2)^(1. The National Assembly, advised hy jMiraheau, refuses to comply 
\v\t\\ the king's connuand to disperse. 

1781) July Kith. The Naticmal (Juard is formed at Paris. 

178!) July 14lh. The I'reuch llevolutiou begins with the destrnclion of the liastile. 

178!) July 15-l()th. Ia\ Fayette is chosen commander of the NationaH iuard. 

178!) August 28th. Herschel discovers two new satellites of Saturn. 

178!) Herschel completes the c(uistruction of his great telescope. 

178) September 28th. Death of Thomas Day, English poet and ])hilanthroi)ist ; au- 
thor of "Sandford and Mertou"; age -11. 

178!) Noveud)er 2d. Ecclesiastical projierty in I'rance is coutiscated by the Assembly 
for the state. 

17!)() ( llegira 12(15, Sept. 1 1th ) ( 1{. I. 8-9? ) | A. U. ('. 2548) I A. .M. 57!)4 ) (J. P. ('.503. ) 

Talleyrand, celebrated I'^rench statesman and diphimatist, bisho]) of Autuu, 
having joined the revolutionists, resigns his bishopric. He advocates the 
confiscation of Church property. 

17!)() January 2Uth. Death of John Howard, eminent English philanthropist; age 
f)3 .years, 4 months, 18 days. He aided in prison reforms in England. 

17!)() IVbruary 5th. Death of William Cullen, celebrated Scotch ])hysician; age 77 
years. 

17!)() April 17th. Death of Benjamin h^'rauklin, illustrious American statesman, 
patriot, and philosopher; age 84 years, 8 months. 

17!!() July8-17th. Death of Adam Smith, celebrated Sc(itch i>olitical economist; age 
(>7 years, 1 month, 3 days. 

17!)0 July 14tli. Death of Gideon Ernst Lamlon, famous Austrian general; oppo- 
nent of Frederick IF, of Prussia, in the "Seven Veai-s' War": age 73 years, !) 
months, 4 days. 

17!)1 I Hegira 120(i, Aug. 31st) ( R. I. \)^^) (A. F. C. 2544) (A. M. 5795) (J. P. 0504) 

.March 2(1. Death of John Wesley. f(mnder of [Methodism, or the Society of 
ilethodists; age 87 years, 8 months, 15 days. 
17!11 March 4th. ^'ermont, fourteenth State, admitted into the Fnion. 

345 



A. 1). 

ITin April -d. Di-alli (if Mirabeau, celebrated l''reueli ui-alnr and stalesiiiau ; age 42 
years, 23 days. 

171)1 .June 7th. First Uiiiled States bank established at Philadelphia, wilh capital 
(»f 110,000,000. 

17!)1 June 20th. Tlie royal family attempt to escape from France. They are 
stopped at Varennes, and brought l»ack to I'aris under <iuard. 

17!tl First Sunday-school in the United States is opened at Philadelphia. (Ac. Ker- 
ney. ) 

17!l] Dr. (lalvani, of Bologna, announces his discovery of the power of electricity on 
muscular motion; called Galvanism after the name of its discoverer. 

17!)1 August 22d. Death of Johann David Michaelis, eminent German orientalist; 
age 74 years, 5 months, 25 days. 

17!»1 December 5th. Johann Mozart, brilliant German musical performer, and cele- 
brated composer, dies before having ([uite completed his celebrated "Re- 
quiem" ; age 35 years, 10 mouths, S days. 

17!l-J (Hegira 1207, Aug. 20th) (R. I. lO^^ ) ( A. U. C. 2545) (A. M. 5796) ( J. P. 6505) 

l\'bruary 23d. Death of Sir Joslma Reynolds, celebrated English por- 
trait painter; age 68 years, 7 months, 17 days. 

1702 March lOth. Detinitive treaty of peace between Tippoo Saib, sultan of Mysore, 
and the British, with their allies, in India. Tippoo cedes to them half his ter- 
ritorial possessions, over £3,000,000 sterling, and gives his two eldest sons as 
hostages. 

17112 Establishment of the National :\lint, at Philadelphia, U. S. A., by act of Con- 
gress, April 2d. 

17;)2 April. Rouget de Lisle composes the celebrated l-'rench national liymn, the 
''Marseillaise." 

17'.l2 The guillotine, for decapitation of the condemned, invented by Dr. J. I. Guillo- 
tin, is set up at Paris, and first used April 25th, on a highway roblx'r. 

17!I2 June 1st. Kentucky, fifteenth State, admitted into the Union. 

17!>2 Fatal plague in Egypt. Several hundred thousand persons perish. 

171)2 August 3d. Death of Sir Richard Arkwright; age 59 years, 8 months, 10 days. 
("See 1769 and 1771. ) 

17!)2 August 5th. Death of Lord North, English prime minister; propagator of the 
American ^^'ar; age 60 years, 3 months, 22 days. 

1792 Ang-ust 10th. The French rioters cut to ]iieces the Royal Swiss Guard. They 
attack the Tuileries. 

1792 August 13th. The royal family is imprisoned in the Temple. 

1792 September 2d. The dreadful massacre at l»aris, l»y the revolutionists, known 
as "Septembrizers," begins. 

1792 September 3d. Horrible murder of the pi-incess de Lamballe. 

1792 September 9th. Coal-gas first applied to the purposes of illumination, l)y Wil- 
liam Murdoch, at his home at Redruth, in Cornwall. 

1792 Rev. Thomas John Claggett, D. D. (Anglo-Catholic), is consecrated bishop of 
Maryland, September 17th. The first bishop consecrated on American soil. 

346 




MASSACRE OF THE PRISONERS, AT PARIS, 
SEE 1792, SEPTEMBER 2nd. 




MURDER OF THE PRINCESS DE LAMBALLE. 
SEE 1792, SEPTEMBER 3rd. 



347 



A. U. 

1792 National Couveution iu Frauce assumes the place of the National Legislative 
Assembly, September 21st. Koyalty declared by it to be abolished. 

1792 The French Kevolutioiiary f'alendar lie^ins its era Sej)teniber 22d, but first 
comes into use November 24th, 1793. ( t^ee ISO"), December 31st ; ISOG, Janu- 
ary 1st, and Note U. ) 

1792 The Jacobin party, under ^larat, Danton, and J\(»bespierre, nr<;e the murder of 
the kinj;-. The (lirondists, or Brissotines, led by Rrissot, advocate a republic, 
but oppose the cruelty of the Jacobins, especially with rej^ard to the royal 
family. 

1792 October 2Sth. Death of John Snieaton, celebrated Eninlisli civil ent>ineer. (Re- 
builder of Eddystone lighthouse, 1759. 1 Ajic (iS years, 4 niontlis, 20 days. 

1792 M. Chappe, I'rench engineer, invents a telei;raph, wliicli is tried with success in 

France. 

1793 (Hegira 1208, Aug. 9th) (K. 1. 11-99) ^x. V. V. 254(i) (A. M. 5797) (J. V. (J506.) 

The Anglican bishopric of Canada founded. 

1793 January 21st. T>ouis XVI. is guillotined by oi-dei- of the T'onveution. 

1793 Coalition of the princi[)al Euroi)eau States, against France, is begun l)y Aus- 
tria, Prussia, and (Jreat Britain. 

1793 ]\Iai'ch 4tli. ^^'ashingtou <'ntei's liis second tei-m of four years, as president of 
Fnited States. 

1793 June 2d. The Jacobins finally overjiowcr all tlie (Jirondists, and begin the 
reign of terror, under Marat, Danton, and Kol)es])ierre. 

1793 July 13th. The tyrant ^larat is assassinated by Charlotte Corday for lier coun- 
try's sake. 

1793 July 17tli. Charlotte C(U"day is guillotined. 

1793 The tii'st churcji in Austi'alia built by the Fnglisii, in August. 

1793 Octol)er 7-Sth. The Jacobins take Lyons, and liorribiy massacre the inhabit- 
ants. 

1793 October Kith. Marie Antoinette is e.vecuted. 

1793 October 31st. Brissot, and all the Girondists, e.\ecuted. (See 1792, seventeenth 
item. ) 

1793 November (Ith. Louis Philippe Jose])h, duke of Orleans (Philippe Egalite), is 
guillotined. He is nni)itied by any party, liaving himself voted, in January, 
for the execution of his relative, Louis XVI. 

1793 November 10th. Tlu^ French Convention decrees abolishment of Christianity, 
and orders the 'A\'orshi]» of TJeas m" instead. All chui-ches in Paris are 
closed by Decendier 1st. 

1793 November 24th. The Convention decrees the use of the "Kevolutionary Calen- 
dar,'' in jjlace of the Christian Era. This French era dates from Septend)er 
22d, 1792. (See Note U, and 1792.) 

1793 December 19th. Bonaparte, commanding the French artillery, retakes Toulon, 
and is appointed general of brigade; age 24. 

1793 Volta, celebrated Italian electrician, and natural philosopher, invents his 
great Voltaic pile. 

349 



A. 1>. 

17!I4 ( Ileiiira 1209, July 29th) (R. I. 12-99) , a. U. C. 2547 ) ( A. M. 5798) (J. P. 6507) 

January IGth. Death of Edwartl (iililion, English historian; author of "De- 
cline and Fall of the Koman Empire"; age 50 years, 8 nioutlis, 19 days. 

1794 Danton, having (juarreled with Robespierre, is arrested and brought before the 
fatal tribunal he himself had instituted. He is condemned and guillotined, 
with Camille Desmoulins, Fabre d'Eglantine, and others, April 5th. 

1794 May 8th. Lavoisier, celebrated I'^rench chemist, is guillotined; age 50 years, 8 
months, 22 days. 

1794 June 1st. The English, under Admiral Howe,' defeat tlie French fleet. 

1794 June Stii. Robespierre celebrates the "Fete de TEtre Supreme." 

1794 June 2()tli. The Austrians, under the prince of Coluirg, ai'e defeated by Jean 
Baptiste Jourdan, French marshal. 

1794 July 21st. Tremendous fire at Ratcliffe, England, in which 030 houses, and 
an East India warehouse containing 35,000 bags of saltpeter, are destroyed. 
Loss anumiits to £1,000,000. 

1794 An earthiiualce in Turki-y destroys tlirec towns aTid 10,000 persons. 

1794 Tile \\ iiiskey Insurrection in Western I'ennsyl^ ania : the insurgents defy the 
excise laws of diity on domestic li(piors, but are speedily subdued ))y Wash- 
ington's pnmipt measures. 

1794 July 28th. Robespierre and bis followers ai'e guillotined. End of the "Reign 
of Terror." 

1794 Angus! 20tli. < icneral Wayne signally defeats the Indians, near ]Maumee Rapids. 

1794 Kosciuszko, I'olisli patriot, general, and statesman, having raised the stand- 

ai'd of independence of Poland, is opposed by combined armies of Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. He is defeated and taken prisoner at Maciejowice, 
October 10th. (See 1817.) 

1795 (Hegira 1210, July 18th) (R. I. 13-99) (x. U. C. 2548) (A. M. 5799) (J. P. 6508) 

A]>ril 23(1. Warren Hastings is acquitted. (See 178S, Febiiiary 13th.) 

1795 A tax is laid in England upon all persons using hair powder. 

1795 May 8th. Antoine Queutin Fouquier-Tiuville, a Jacobin, one of the monsters 
of the French revolution, is executed. 

1795 May 19th. Death of James Boswell, celebrated Scotch biographer; age 54 
years, 6 months, 20 days. 

1795 George Vancouver, English circumnavigator, retni-ns from his tour, and be- 
gins Avriting his "Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round 
the World." 

1795 June 8th. Louis XVII., son of Louis XVI., dies of ill usage and neglect, in 
the tower; age 10 years, 2 months, 11 days. His uncle takes the title of Louis 
XVIII. 

1795 October 5th. Bonaparte commands the Conventional troops, and defeats the 
rising Parisians and National Guards. 

1795 The new Gonstitution in France. The "Council of Ancients," composed of 250 
members, and "Council of Five Hundred," 500 members, inaugurated Octo- 
ber 2Sth. The executive "Directory," of five members, instituted Novemlier 
1st, to legislate conjointly with the two Councils. 

1795 November 25th. Final partition and extinction of Poland. 

350 




LAST INTERVIEW OF LOUIS XVI. Vi^lTH HIS FAMILY, JANUARY 20TH. 
SEE 1793, JANUARY 21ST. 




THE GIRONDISTS MARCHING TO DEATH. 
SEE 1793, OCTOBER 31ST. 



351 



A. 0. 

1790 ( lleiiira llMl, July Ttli ) (K. I. 14-99 , , v. r. C. 254!) i (A. M. 5800) (J. P. 0509) 

February I'od. I'xmaparte, age 2(> years, is appointed cunnnander of the French 
army in Italy. 

1790 Dr. Edward Jenner, discoverer of the anti-variolous effect of co^y-pock or vac- 
cine inoculation, makes his first public exjieriment. May 14th, on a healthy 
child of about eight years old. 
X. I«. — He made the discovery by hearing a milkmaid say, that she could not 
take the smallpox, because she had already had the cow-pox, which she liad 
contracted from a disease on the cow's udder. (Bee ITl'l and 1799.) 

1790 June 1st. Tennessee, sixteenth State, admitted into the Union. 

1790 July 21st. Death of Robert Burns, Scotch ]i(;et; age 37 years, 5 months, 20 
days. 

1790 Telegraphs erected at the Admiralty-office, London. 

1790 LithogT'aiiliy invented l)y Alois Senefeldei-, a (lerman. ( Date ac. TTaydn's Die. ; 
17S9, ac. Haydn's I'.iog. ; 179S, ac. J. Thomas.) 

1797 (Ilegira 1212, June 20t]i )( R. I. 15 99) , a. F. ('. 2550) (A. M. 5801) (J. V. 0510.) 

Bonaparte conciuers the Church States, in Italy, and forces I he pojic to sign 

the treaty of ])eace at Tolentino, February l!)th. 
1797 March 4th. John Adams is inaugurated second pirsident of the Fnited States. 

Thomas Jeffer.son is vice-president. 
17!)7 George Canning, assisted by (Jeorge IClIis and others, begins to ])ulplisli the fa- 
mous weekly satires "Anti-Jacobin." 
1797 Death of Baron Miinchauseu, noted (ierman ollicer, whose name has become 

proverbial as a synonym of extraordinary exaggeration and boasting; age 77 
1797 June. Bonaparte establishes the Cisal])ine' Rejinblic. 
1797 July 9th. Death of Edmund Burke, the great Irish (trator; age 07 ye^irs, 

months, 8 days. 
1797 July lltli. Dentil of Charles JIacklin ( ^IcLaughlin was his family name). 

popular Irish actor and dramatist; age 107 years, 2 months, 10 days. 
1797 September 10th. 1 )ea1h of Mary U'ollstonecraft Codwin, English anthoi-ess; 

age 3S years, 4 months, 13 days. 
1797 Bonaparte insists, in his treaty with Austria, upon the liberation of La Fayette 

from the ])rison at Olnn'itz. La I'-ayette is freed September 19th, after an 

imprisonment of four years, one moiitli. 
1797 October 0th. Municij^al charter granted for the town of Baltin;ore, Maryland, 

TTnited States. 
1797 Bonaparte concludes a treaty of peace between Austria and France, signed at 

Campo Formio, October 17th. 

1797 Decend)er 20-27th. Death (if John Wilkes, pojtular English politician; age 70. 

1798 ( Hegira 1213, June 15th ) ( R. L 1, 100th ( 'yclc i ( .\. V. C. 2551 ) (A. .M. 5802) 

(J. P. 6511.) 

February IStli. The French, under Berthier, a general under Bonapart(\ ca]i 
ture Rome, expel Pope Pius VI., and ]»roclaim Rome a re]iublic. 
1798 May 4th. The great rebellion in Ireland begins. 

353 



A. D. 

1798 May 10th. Death of George Varicouver, English circumnavigator. (See 1795.) 

1798 Gas-lights introduced at Birmingham, by Boulton and Watt. (See 1803.) 

1798 The Fuited States resists the right claimed by France, to seize British subjects 
and manufactures on neutral ships. 

1798 May 19th. Bonaparte sails from Toulon on his expedition against Egypt. He 
captures Island of Malta, dispossessing the Knights of St. John, June 12th. 

1798 May 23d. Battle of KilcuUen, in which the Irish rebels are victorious. 

1798 May 24th. The Irish are defeated at the battle of Naas, and again at Tara, 
May 26th. 

1798 Bonaparte having landed in Egypt, takes Alexandria, July 2d. 

1798 The "Alien Laws," July 6th, and "Sedition Laws," July 14th, are passed in 
United States, under John Adams. 

1798 The French abolisli the Swiss Confederacy, and proclaim the Helvetic Re- 
public. 

1798 Bonaparte nearly annihilates the Mamelukes in the great battle of the Pyra- 
mids, July 21st. lie takes Cairo July 22d. 

1798 August 1st. Battle of the Nile. Sir Horatio Nelson (afterwards Lord Nel- 

son), gains a glorious victory over the French, at Aboukir, at the mouth of 
the Nile. He takes nine French ships, l»urns two, and two escape. The vic- 
tor is raised to the peerage with the title "Baron Nelson of the Nile." (Oc- 
tober 6th, ac. Blair; November 6th, ac. Haydn.) 

1799 (Hegira 1214, June 4th) (R. L 2-100, (a. U. C. 2552) (A. M. 5803) (J. P. 6512) 

January 21st. Vaccination is ]iublicly iTitroduced in England, by Dr. Ed- 
ward Jenner, and becomes a general ])ractice. ( See 1721 and 1796. ) 

1799 Achard, chemist, native of Germany, resident of France, produces excellent 
sugar from the beet root, and introduces its manufacture in France. (See 
17'47. ) 

1799 February 4th. Bunaparte begins his march towards Syria. He takes Gaza, 
February 25th. 

1799 March 7th. Bonaparte storms and takes Jaffa. 

1799 Bonaparte lays siege to Acre, March 18th. The English, under Sir Sidney 
Smith, compel him to raise the siege. May 20th. He returns to Egypt. 

1799 May 4th. The English, under General Baii'd, storm and take Seringapatam, 
India. Tip])()() Sahib is killed in the engagement. 

1T!»9 June Gth. Death of Patrick Henry, the great Virginia statesman, orator, and 
patriot ; age 63 years, 7 days. 

1799 Bonaparte defeats the Tui'ks at Aboukir, July 25th, and massacres his pris- 
oners. 

1799 Angust 22d. Bonaparte gives Kleber command of the army in the East, and 
embarks for France. 

1799 NovenU)er 9th (18th Brumaire). Bonaparte, aided by Sieyes and Ducos, both 
members of the Directory (of five), effects the "coup-d'etat," overtlirowing 
the Directorial government, dispersing by military force the Council of Five 
Hundred, and declaring himself, Sieyes, and Ducos, to be "consuls provi- 
soires." 

1799 Constitution of December 13th. Bonaparte is chosen first consul, with Cam- 
bacCn-0's and Lebrun as second and third consuls, for a term of ten years. 

~' 354 




TRIUMPH OF THE TYRANT MARAT. 
MAY, 1793. 




MARAT ASSASSINATED BY CHARLOTTE CORDAY. 
SEE 1793, JULY 17TH. 



355 



A. U. 

1799 December 14th. Death of George Washington, at Mt. Vernon, \'irginia ; age G7 

years, 9 months, 22 days. 

1800 ( Ilegira 1215. May 24th ) ( R. I. 3100 , (A. U. C. 2553) (A. M. .5804 1 ( J. P. 6513. ) 

Tlie seat of government of United States is removed from Pliihidelphia to 

A\asliiugton. 
ISOO The royal "Institution of Great Britain" is formed and incorporated by royal 

cliarter. 
1800 Downing College, Cambridge (founded by Sir George Downing, by will, 1717), 

receives its charter. 
1800 Earl Stanhope introduces in England his improved printing-press. 
1800 April 25th. Death of William Cowpcr, popular English poet; age 68 years, 4 

months, 29 days. 
1800 April 30th. Sir Anthony Carlisle and \\illiam Nicholson decompose water by 

the Voltaic battery. 
1800 August 25t]i. Death ttf Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu, celebrated English essayist; 

founder of the Blue Stocking Club, and benefactress of the chimney-sweepers 

of London ; age 79 years, 10 months 23 days. 
1800 Septend)er 30th. Treaty of peace concluded between United States and 

I*" ranee. 

1800 Deceml)er 3d. Battle of Hohenlinden. Moreau, celebrated French general, sig- 

nally defeats the Austrians. 

1801 (Hegira 1216, May 13) (R. I. 4100 ) (A. U. C. 2554 | (A. M. 5805) (J. P. 6514) 

January 1st. Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 

1801 January 1st. Piazzi discovers tlie first of the asteroids. He names the planet 
Ceres. (See 1802, 1804, 1807.1 

1801 I'ebruary 9th. Peace of Luneville, between Germany, Austria, and France, 
concluded. 

1801 Thomas JetTers(m inaugurated third president of United States, March 4th. 
Aardu Burr is vice-president. 

1801 March 21st. Battle of Ale.\andria, Egypt, between the French, under Meuou, 
and tlie I^nglisli. under Sir Ralph Abercrond)y, who defeats the French; but 
is himself mortally wounded. Major-General Hutchinson takes command 
of the English forces, and completes the victory. 

1801 Night of March 23d-24th. Emperor Paul, of Russia, is assassinated by a con- 
spiracy. His son, Alexander I., ascends the throne. 

1801 June 10th. Tripoli declares war against United States. 

1801 June 27th. The English, aided by the Turks, compel the French to evacuate 
Egypt. 

1801 July 15th. Bonaparte concludes his Concordat with Pius VII. The Catholic 
Ciuirch is restored in France, but under control of the State. 

1801 First attempt to navigate a steamboat on the Thames. 

1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard, French mechanician, invents the Jaccjuard loom. Pat- 
ented December 23d. 

357 



A. 1). 

1802 (Hesrira 1217, May 3d) (R. I. S^o^) (A. U. C. 2555) (A. M. 5800) (J. P. G515) 
Manli 27tli. Defiuitive treaty of peace signed at Amiens, between France, 

Spain, Batavian Republic (;. c. Holland), and England. 
1802 Parliament votes £10,000 to Dr. Jenner, and £1,200 to Mr. Greathead. (See 

1789 and 1706.) 
1802 March 28th. Olbers, German astronomer and physician, discovers the second 

asteroid, and names the planet Pallas. (See 1801, 1804, 1807.) 
1802 May 19th. Bonaparte creates the "Legion of Honor." 
1802 August 2d. Bonaparte is made first consul of France for life. 
1802 "Edinburgh Review" founded by Francis Jeffrey, Rev. Sydney Smith, and 

Henry Brougham. The first number is issued in October. (1st, ac. Blair; 

10th, ac. Haydn.) 
1802 Louisiana, in America, is ceded back to France by Spain. 

1802 Ohio, seventeenth State, admitted into the LTnion. 

1803 (Hegira 1218, April 22d ) (R. L (ii00| , a. V. C. 2550) (A. M. 5807) (J. P. 6510) 

(January 19tli, ac. Haydn; 29tli. ac lUaii. ) The Royal Jenncrian Insti- 
tution is founded, for the promotion of the practice of vaccination. ( See 
1721, 1776, 1796, 1799, and 1802.) 

1803 March 14th. Death of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, celebrated German relig- 
ious poet ; author of "Messiah"' ; age 78 years, 8 months, 12 days. 

1803 April 30th. Louisiana purchased frcmi France by United States. (See 1802.) 

1803 Frederick Alliert ^^'insor introduces the use of gas-lights at the Lyceum The- 
atre, London. (See 1798.) 

1803 (^aledonian Gaual, from North Sea to Atlantic Ocean, is begun. (^May 1st, ac. 
Blair; after July 27th, ac. Haydn.) 

1803 May 18th. England declares war against France. France declares war against 
England. :\Iay 22d. 

1803 August 9th. Fulton, American engineer, tries his steamboat on the Seine, but 
is not encouraged by the French. 

1803 Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards duke of Wellington) begins his brilliant ca- 
reer in India by taking Poonali and Ahmednuggur, August 12th. He defeats 
the Mahrattas at Assaye, September 23d. He gains a victory over Sciudiaii, 
at Argauiii, in November, and again at Gawalghur, December 13-14th. 

1803 Dr. Gall, a German physiologist, first promulgates the science of phrenology. 

1803 October 8th. Death of Vittorio Alfieri, celebrated Italian poet; age 54 years, 
8 months, 21 days. 

1803 December ISth. Death of Johann Gottfried von Herder, gifted German philos- 

opher and writer; age 59 years, 3 months, 24 days. 

1804 (Hegira 1219, April 11th) (R. I. 7-i<"') (A. U. C. 2557) (A. M. 5808) (J. P. 6517) 

February 12tb. Death of Immauuel Kant. ]irofound German philosopher and 
metaphysician; founder of the "Critical and Transcendental School of Phil- 
osophy" ; age 79 years, 9 months, 20 days. 

1804 March 21st. "Code Napoleon" adopted in France. 

1804 Due d'Enghien, French prince, arrested in his own chateau, on neutral terri- 
tory, and after mock military trinl, is shot ^farch 21st, by order of Bona- 

358 




J. L. GAY-LUSSAC. 
SEE 1804, AUGUST 24TH. 




LORD NELSON. 
SEE 1805, OCTOBER 21ST. 



360 



A. D. 

parte, on charge of taking arms against the I'^rencli government. Enghien's 
last request, to see a confessor before his death, is inliumanly denied him. 

1804 March 24th. Death of Wolfgang von Kemi)elen, remarkaltle Hungarian me- 
clianician, inventor of the wonderful automatic chess-player aud a speaking- 
machine; age TOyears, 2 months, 1 day. 

1804 A]>ril 9th. Death of Xecker, eminent French financier and statesman, of Geue- 
vese birth; i»rim('-minister of France, and father of Mme. de Stael ; age 71 
years, (J months, 9 days. 

1804 ^A'illinm II. ^^'. Betty, an ICnglish prodigy as an actor (known as Young Ros- 
cius), makes his debut on the stage before his thirteenth birthday. In 1807 
he retired from the stage, having amassed a fortune. 

1804 The first savings bank in England, "Frugality Bank," is instituted at Totten- 
hiim, for the Iienertt of the jtoor, bv ^Irs. Priscilla Wakefield. 

1804 May 18th. Bonaparte is declared einjieror of France, as Napoleon I. 

1804 July lltli. Alexander Hamilton, celebrated Anu-rican statesman, receives a 
mortal wound from Aaron Burr, vice-president of Fnited States; Burr hav- 
ing forced Ills victim to a duel, for having thwarted his election for gov 
ernor of New York. Hamilton dies July 12th. 

1804 August 24th and September Kith. J. L. Gay-Lussac, eminent French chemist, 
ascends alone in a balloon 23,040 feet, for scientific purposes. At the height 
of 7.01(i metres he ascertains the temperature to be 14°, 9' above zero, Fahren- 
heit, while on the earth's surface it is 82° F. This is the first ascent ever 
made. for scientific purposes. (See 1815.) 

1804 Septemlier l-Oth. Professor Harding, of ficittingen, discovers the third aster- 
oid, which he names Juno. (See 1801, 1802, 1807.) 

1804 December 7th. Napoleon and his wife. Josephine, are crowned at Paris, by 

Pope Pius VII. 

180:. ( llegira 1220, .Mar. :Jlst ) ( K. I. 8^0^) (A. V. C. 2558) (A. M. 5809 ) (J. P. 6518) 

January 3d. Death of Gliarles Towuley, antiquary. His collection of an- 
cient sculpture, bronzes, coins, and gems, known as the "Townley ;M<nr- 
bles," are afterwards purchased for the British jMuseum, for £28,200. 

1805 ]klarch 4tli. Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as president of United 

States. 

1805 March 21st. Jerome Bonaparte, having married an American lady, Elizabeth 
Paterson, from Baltimore, withoat his family's consent, his brother, Napo- 
leon, declares the marriage to be annulled. 

1805 May 9tli. Death of J. C. F. von Schiller, Germany's great national poet; age 
45 year.s, 5 months, 29 days. 

1805 May 2(!th. Napoleon is crowned king of Italy, at Milan. 

1805 June 3d. Treaty of peace between United States and Tripoli. 

1805 October 20th. Baron Mack, Austrian general, surrenders his army to Napo- 
leon, at Ulm. 

1805 October 21st. Battle of Trafalgar. Lord Nelson, English admiral, assisted by 
Vice-Admiral Gollingwood, gains a great victory over the C(nnluned fleets of 
Spain and France, capturing nineteen ships of the line; but is killed in the 
action 1)y a musket-ball. 

361 



A. D. 

1805 December 2cl. Battle of Austerlitz. Napoleon defeats the combined armies of 

Austria and Russia. 
1805 Decenilier 2<>th. Treaty of Presburg, between France and Austria. 

1805 Deceml)er 31st. Last day in the era of the French Revolutionary Calendar, 

by decree of Napoleon. ( See 1 702, September 22d ; 1806, January 1st ; and 
Note U.) 

ISOi; (Heoira 1221, Mar. 20th) (R. I. O'^OO) (A. U. C. 2559) (A. M. 5810) (J. P. 6519) 

January 1st. The computation of time by Gregorian Calendar, or Christian 
Era, is restored in France, by Napoleon. (See 1792, 1805, and Note U. ) 
1800 January 8th. The Cape of Good Hope is surrendered to the English, under 
Sir David Baird, and Sir Home Popham. 

1806 January 23d. Death of Rt. Hon. AVilliam Pitt, celebrated English statesman 

and debater; first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer; son 
of earl of Chatham ; age 46 years, 7 months, 25 days. He is inteiTed in West- 
minster Abbey, and a monument ei'ccted at public expense. 

1806 Robert Fulton, American engineer, having returned to New York, makes a suc- 
cessful trial of his steamboat on the Hudson. 

1806 September 10th. Death of Johann C. Adelung, distinguished German lexi- 
cographer; age 71 years, 1 month, 2 days. 

1806 Septend)er 13th. Death of Charles J. Fox, celebrated English statesman and 
orator; age 57 years, 7 months, 19 days. 

1806 Octolier 14th. Battles of Jena and Auerstiidt, in which Napoleon totally de- 
feats Frederick William III., of Prussia; 30,000 Prussians are slain, and 
28,000 taken prisoners. 

1806 November 21st. Napoleon issues his "Berlin Decree," declaring the British 

Isles to be in a state of blockade, and interdicting all intercourse or commerce 
with Great Britain. 

1807 ( Hegirn 1222, Mar.lOth) (R. I. 10 lOO) (a. U. C. 2560) (A. M. 5811) (J. P. 6520) 

February 5tli. Death of Pasquale do I'aoli, celebrated Corsican general and 

patriot. 
1807 February 8th. Battle of Eylau. French, under Napoleon, defeat the Russians 

with great loss of men on both sides; 15,000 French and 20,000 Russians 

are slain. 
1807 Slave trade in England is abolished, by act passed March 25th. 
1807 March 29th. Dr. Olbers, of Bremen, discovers the fourth asteroid, which he 

names Vesta. (See 1801, 1802, and 1804.) 
1807 June lltli. Battle of Friedland. The French, under Napoleon, gain a great 

victory over the allied Russian and Prussian troops. 
1807 June 22-23d. The British ship Leopard fires, off Cape of Virginia, on the 

United States frigate Chesa]ieake, when unprepared to return fire. Three of 

Chesapeake's crew being killed, and Commodore Barron and seventeen 

others wounded, Barron is forced to strike colors. 
1807 July 2(1. All British armed shijjs ordered to leave harbors and waters of the 

United States. 



A. It. 

1807 July 7th. Treatj'of Tilsit, between France, Russia, and Prussia. 

1807 December 22d, 11 p. M. Embargo Act passed by Congress, forbidding Ameri- 

can vessels to leave United States ports. 

1808 I llegira 1223, Feli. 28th) (E. I. 11 lOO , , a. V. (\ 2561 ) (A. M. 5812) (J. P. G521 ) 

Act of Congress, abolishing slave ti'ade iu Cnitcd Stales, takes etfect Janu- 
ary 1st. 

1808 Ceorge William Manby, English captain, invents his "life-preserver," an ap- 
l)aratus for shooting a rope from a mortar on land to ships in distress. Lie 
receives afterwards £((,000 or £7,000 from government, as a reward for the 
invention. 

1808 Rome and other parts of the Papal States are seized by Napoleon, and annexed 
to his kingdoui of Italy, April 2d. 

1808 Sir Humphry Davy decomposes, by galvanism, fixed alkalies; demonstrating 
that they are metallic oxides. 

1808 August 21st. The English, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, signally defeat the 
French army in Portugal, under Jiinot, at Vimiera. 

1808 Sir Hew Dalrymple arrives in Portugal, takes command of the English army, 
and completes, with Juuot, the "Convention of Ciutra," between England 
and France, signed August 22d, by which the French, under Junot, are com- 
pelled to evacuate Portugal, August 30th. 

1808 Covent Garden Theatre, London, is burnt, September 20th. First corner-stone 
of the new edifice is laid December 31st. 

1808 September 25th. Death of Richard Porsou, English pre-eminent (Jreek scholar 
and classical critic; age 48 years, fl months. 

1808 Decendier 4th. .Madrid surrenders to Xajtoleon. 

1808 December 24th. Death of Dr. Thomas Beddoes, English physicist, founder of 

the Pneuuiatic Institution at Bristol; age 48 years, 8 months, days. 

1809 (llegira 1224, Feb.l7th ) ( R. I. 12io«l (A. F. C. 2502) (A. M. 5813| (J. P. G522) 

January 10th. The English, under Sir John Moore, attacked by superior force 
of I'rench, repulse the enem^-, atCt)i'unua; but JMoore is fatally wounded, 
and dies the same day. 

1809 February 21st. Palafox, Spanish general, after a long siege, an<l heroic de- 
fense, surrenders Saragossa to the French. 

1809 April 22d. Battle of Eckmiihl. Napoleon defeats the Austrians, under Arch- 
duke Charles. 

1809 May 21st and 22d. Battles of Aspern and Essling. The Frendi, under Napo- 
leon, are totally defeated by the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. 

1809 May 31st. Death of Franz Jose])h Haydn, celebrated Austrian musical com- 
]>oser ; author of the oratorio "Creuticm"; age 77 years, 2 mouths. 

1809 June 10th. Pope Pius VII. excommunicates Napoleon. 

1809 July 6th. Battle of AYagram. The Austrians totally defeated by Napoleon. 

1809 July 6th. Napoleon takes Pius VII. prisoner, and conveys hiui to Savona. 

1809 July 12th. Austrians and French sign an armistice, at Zuaim. 

1809 July 27tli and 28th. Battle of Talavera. Sir Arthur Wellesley, commanding 
the united English and Spanish armies, gains a complete victory over the 
French, under ^larshals Victor and Sebastiani. 

363 



A. U. 

ISOr) OctolK'f 30th. Doath of Duke of rortlaiid, prime-miuister of England. ITe 

is h'uccwded bv Perceval. 
ISO!) December IGtli. Divorce of Nai)oleon and Josephine. ( See 1810, April 1st.) 

ISIO ( Ile-ira 1225, Feb. 0th) {11. I. I^IOO) (A. U. (\ 2503) (A. M. 5814) (J. P. 0523) 

I'cbniai-.v 24th. Death (»f Henry ('avendish, celebrated Englisli chemist, and 

nat\iral jihilosopher ; age IS years, 4 months, 14 days. 
1810 March 7th. Death of Lord Collingwood, distinguished English admiral; age 

5!) years, 5 months, 11 days. (See 1805, October 21st.) 
1810 A])ril 1st. Ceremony of marriage between Napoleon and Maria Louisa. (See 

ISO*), December lOth.) 

1810 (\ V. S. Hannemann, (jerman physician, founder of homoeopathy, expounds the 

system in his work, "Organon of Rational Medicine." Motto: "Similia simi- 
libus curantur" ( Likes are cured by likes.) 

1811 megira 1220, .Jan.20thi (R. 1. 1410") (A. U. C. 2504) (A. M. 5815) (J. P. 0524) 

The tii-st .stcdiii printing-press is iu.ented and patented, by I'riedrich Konig, 
a (lerinan mechanician. 

1811 May loth. Pritisli sloop-of war "Little Belt" attacks, and is repulsed by, U. 
S. frigate "President," oft' the coast of Virginia. 

1811 A comet of unusual magnitude appears Sejytemlier 1st, and remains three 
months visible to the naked eye. Dr. llerschel estimates its' length, October 
15th, at 100,000,000 miles, and its apparent greatest breadth at 15,000,000 
miles. 

1811 September 8tli. Death of Peter Simon I'allas, eminent Pru.ssian naturalist and 
traveler; age 09 years, 11 months, 1(! days, lie discovered, in the mountain 
ranges of Siberia, the general law of the succession of the three primitive 
oi'ders of rocks: the granitic, the schistose, and the calcareous. 

1811 October 11th. The first stone is laid of the A^'aterloo liridge, London. John 
Pennie is constructor and engineer. (See 1817, June 18th. ) 

1811 November 7th. General Harrison defeats the Shawnee Indians, at Ti})pecanoe. 

1812 (Tfegira 1227, Jan. 15th ) ( P. I. 15 lOO) ( A. U. C. 2505) (A. M. 5810) (J. P. 0525) 

January 0th. The French marslial, Sucliet, takes Valencia from the Span- 
iards. 

1812 The Spanish fortress Ciudad Kodrigo, in possession of the French, is stormed 
and taken by the English, under Lord Wellington. 

1812 March 20th. Violent earth(|nake at Caracas, Venezuela. 

1812 April 0th. I^ord AVellington successfully st(U'ms the Spanish fortress Badajoz, 
in possession of the French. 

1812 April 8th. Louisiana, eighteenth State, admitted into the Union. (See 1803.) 

1812 May 28th. Peace of Bucharest, between Russia and Turkey; the river Prnth 
to be the boundary between the two empires. 

1812 June 18th. United States declares war against Great Britain. 

1812 June 22d. Napoleon declares war against Russia. He takes Wilna, June 28th. 

1812 July 12th. The Americans, under General Hull, invade Canada. 

364 






■'":>-it^-'^ ■■'t^r^:--- 




NAPOLEON VISITING THE CAMP AT THE BATTLE OF EYLAU. 
SEE 1807, FEBRUARY 7-8TH. 




NAPOLEON'S RETREAT FROM RUSSIA. 
SEE 1812, OCTOBER 18TH. 



366 



A. n. 

LSI:.' July 14tli. Dc^-atli of Cliristian (Jottloli Ileyne, cclebratod German philologist; 

age 82 jeai's, !) mouths. Id days. 
ISl- July 22d. Battle of Salamauca, i^paiu. The Euglish and allies, under Lord 

Wellington, defeat the Freneh, under ^larshal .Marmont. 
1812 August 12th. riaeing of the first stone of the riymouth breakwater. 
1812 Submarine forest discovered at Morlaix, France. (Ac. Blair.) 
1812 August 13th. The American frigate Essex, undei- Captain Porter, captures 

the British sloop-of-\var Alert. 
1812 August IGth. (leneral Hull surrenders the fort at Detroit to the English, 

under (ieneral Broi'k, for which act Hull is afterwards tried l)y court-mar- 
tial, and (-(mdemned to be shot. His sentence is afterwards mitigated by the 

president, on account of his advanced age and revolutionary services. 
1812 August 17th. Xapol(M)n defeats the Bussians, at the battle of SmolcMisk. 
1812 August lilth. American frigate Constitution, under Captain Hull (nephew of 

General Hull ), captures the English frigate Guerriere. under Captain Dacres. 
1812 Death of ilayer Anselm Bothschild, noted German Jewish banker; founder of 

the bank at Frankfort, and of the great monetary house of Rothschild. 
1812 Septend)er Tth. Napoleon defeats the Russians, at Borodino, on the Moskva 

River. 
1812 September lltli. The French, under JIurat, enter Moscow; Napoleon enters on 

September 15th. Moscow is set on lire, by order of the Russian government. 
1812 October 13th. The Americans take (^ueenstown, gain three victories over the 

English ; but in the evening of the same day are defeated, and surrender to 

the English. 
1812 Night of October 16th, p. Ji. to 17th A. m. The American sloop Wasp, under 

Captain Jone.s, captures the English sloop Frolic. 
1812 October 18th. Napoleon begins his retreat from Russia. He arrives at Paris 

December 19th, having lost more than 350,000 mc^n. 
1812 October 25th. American frigate United States, under Commodore Decatur, 

cai)tures the English vesstd Macedonian. 

1812 December 2!ith. American frigate Constitution, under Commodore Bainbridge, 

cai)tures the Ihiglish vessel Java. 

1813 (Ilegira: 38th Cycle; 1228, Jan. !th; and 1229, Dec. 21th.) ( R. I. 1. 101st Cycle) 

(A. U. C. 2500) (A. M. 58171 (J. P. 6520) 

January 20th. Death of Christoph Martin Wieland, celebrated German poet ; 
age 79 years, 4 monlhs, 15 days. 

1813 January 22d. The Americans, under < ieneral AVinchester, are surprised, de- 
feated, and massacred, at Frenchtown, Canada, l»y the English, under Gen- 
eral Pr(;ctor. and his Indian allies. (See Octolx-r 5th, 1813.) 

1813 February 24th. The American sloop Hornet, under Captain Lawrence, defeats 
the British brig Peacock, under Captain Peake. After the engagement the 
Peacock sinks, and three of the American crew lose their lives in trying to 
rescue their drowning foe. The English officers make pnlilic acknowledge- 
ment of Captain Lawrence's humane and nolde treatment of his prisoners. 

1813 April 10th. Death of Joseph Limis Lagrange, eminent French geometer; age 
77 years, 2 months, 15 days. 

367 " 



A. 1). 

1813 April l!7tli. The America iis, under (leueral I'lke, take York (afterwards To- 
ronto, Canada), and defeat the British, under (Jeneral iShealTe. Pike is mor- 
tally wounded. 

1813 Miiy 1st. Death of Jaeijues Delille, eminent French didactic poet; age 71 years, 
10 months, 1) days. 

1813 May lid. IiuU'cisive hattle of Liitzen, between Napoleon and the allied armies 
of Kussia and Prussia. 

1813 May 20th. Battle of Bautzen. Napoleon defeats the allies, under the em- 
peror of Kussia and king- of Prussia. 

1813 May 127th. Forts (leorije and Erie are taken by the Americans, under (ieneral 
Dearborn. 

1813 May l!9th. Ueneral Blown repulses the English, under General Prevost, at 
Sackett's Harbor. 

1813 June 1st. The Chesapeake, under Ca])taiu Lawrence, is taken by the Shannon, 
under Captain Broke. Lawrence falls in the action. 

1813 June 21st. The Englisli, under Wellington, gain a signal A'ictory over the 
French, under Jos('])h Biinaparte, and ^larshal Jourdan, at Vittoria. 

1S13 July 281]i. The I'rench, under ^Marshal Soult, are defeated by Lord Welling- 
ton, in the battle of the Pvrences. 

ft 

1813 August lltli. The British slooji Pelican cajttures tiie American sloop Argus, 
under Captain Allen, ^\•ho is killed in the action. 

1813 August ^Gth ami 27t]i. Battle of DrcsdcTi. The allied Russians and Prussians, 
under ])rince of Schwa rzenberg, are defeated by Xajioleon. 

1813 August 30th. Horrible nmssacre of the Americans, at Fort .Mimms, Alabama, 
by the Creek Indians. 

1813 Septemlier uth. American brig ICntei'prise, undei' Lieutenant Burrows, de- 
feats the British brig Boxer, under Captain Blythe. Both officers are mor- 
tally wounded. 

1813 8ei)tendH'r 10th. American S(|uadron, under Commodore Perry, totally de- 
feats the British squadron, under Commodore Barclay, on Lake Erie. 

1813 October 5th. Battle of the Thanu's. Americans, ujider C.eneral Harrison, to- 
tally defeat the English, under (ieneral Proctor (who flies from the battle- 
field I, and his allied Creek Indians, under Tecumseh, their chief, who is slain 
in battle. The prisoners are all ti'eated humanely by the American victors. 
(Wee 1813, January 22d.) 

1813 General Coffee, Novendier 2d; General Jackson, NoA^ember 7th; and General 
White, November 18th, defeat the Indians, with great slaughter. 

1813 Dr. Reid Clanny, of Sunderland, invents a safety-lamp, two years liefore Sir 

H.Davy. (See 1815.) 

1814 ( Hegira 1230, Dec. 13th) (R. I. 2-101 ) (A. V. C. 25fi7) (A. ^\. 5818) (J. P. (>527) 

January 11th. Napoleon's general, Murat, joins the coalition against France. 

1814 Napoleon releases Pope Pius VIL, who starts for Rcune January 23d. 

1814 January 27-28th. Death of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, celebrated German athe- 
istical philosopher; age 51 years, 8 months, 9 days. 

1814 March 27th. The Americans, under General Jackson, defeat the Indians, at 
the battle of Tohopeka, or Horseshoe Bend, and eiid the Creek War. 

" 368 



A. O. 

1814 March l'8th. The Aiuericau frigate Essex, uud:'r Cummodore Porter, is attack- 
ed and captured by two English vessels : the Phoebe, a frigate, and the 
riiernh, a sloopof-war, under Coniniodore liillyar. 
ISll ^larch itUth. Battle of Moutniartre, in which the French marshals, Marmont 

and Mortier, are defeated by the allies, who occupy Paris, March 81st. 
1814 April KItli. The French, under Marshal Soult, are defeated by Wellington, at 

Toulouse. 
1811 April 11th. Napoleon is compelled to abdicate at Fontaiuebleau. He is ban- 
ished to Isle of Elba. 
1811 April '2ihh. American sloop-of-war Peacock, under Captain Warrington, cap- 
tures the British brig Epervler, under Captain Wales. 
1811 First Kestoration. Louis XVIIL, brother of Louis XVI., is declared king of 

France by the Senate and allies : he enters Paris May 3d. 
1814 May 30th. Treaty of Paris. 
1814 July 5th. The Americans, under Creneral Brown, defeat the British, under 

General Piall, at Chippewa, near Fort Erie. 
1814 July 25th. Battle of Niagara, or Lnndy's Lane. The Americans, under Gen- 
erals Brown and Scott, defeat the l?ritish, under Generals Riall and Drum- 
mond, with fearful loss on both sides. 
1814 August 7th. Pojte Pius VII. restores the order of Jesuits. 

1814 August 21st. Death of Sir Benjamin Thompson, "Count v(Ui Rumford," cele- 
brated American natural philosoplier and chemist; age Gl years, 4 months, 
25 days. 
August 24tli. The P.ritish take and burn the United States' capital city of 

Washington. They retreat August 25th. 
September 11th, Sunday. Americans, under Captain .MacDonough, signally de- 
feat the British sciuadron, under Captain Downie, on I.,ake Champlain. Mac- 
Donough, being a member of the Episcopal Church, uses its liturgy for 
prayer, early Sunday morning, before the tight, and adds a beautiful ex 
temporaneous prayer, asking God's helj) in the battle. 
September 12th. Battle of Baltimore. The British, under General Boss, lan<l 
at North Point, to attack Baltimore; but are repulsed by the Americans, 
under General Strieker. Ross is killed in the fight. 
Septemlier 13th. The British, under Admiral Cochrane, attack Fort McHenry; 

but are repulsed by the Americans. 
Septendier 23d. Southwark bridge, London, is begun by John Reiiiiie, engi- 
neer. (See 1810, March 24tli.) 
''Fulton the First," the first vessel of war ])r()pelled by steam, is launched at 

New York, October 31st. (Ac. T. Smith.) 
November 7th. Americans, under General Jackson, take Pensacola, Florida, 

from the British. 
Novendier 2Sth. "The Times," London, first printed by Konig's steam print- 
ing machine, 
(ias brought into general use for illumination in London. 
December 24th. Treaty between United States and Great Britain signed at 

Ghent. 
First ]<icomotive steam engines are invented by (Jeorge Stephenson, an Eng- 
lishmnTi. 

3()9 



A. D. 

1815 (Hcgira 1231, Dec. 2d) (R. I. 3ioi) (A. U. 0. 2568) (A. M. 5819) (J. P. 6528) 

January 8th. Battle of Xew Orleans. The Americans, under General Jack- 
son, totally defeat the British, under General Packenhani, who is slain. 

1815 January 15th. American fricjate President is captured hy the British fleet. 

1815 Treaty of peace between United States and Great Britain is duly ratified by 
president of United States, February 17th. Publicly proclaimed, February 
18th. 

1815 February 20th. The Constitution ("Old Ironsides"), under Capt. Charles 
Stewart, defeats two British ships: the Cyane, under Captain Falcon, and 
the Levant, under Captain Douglass. The Constitution havinji' been on the 
sea since December 17th, 1814, Stewart did not know of the treaty. 

1815 Napoleon leaves Elba, and lands in I'rance, March 1st. He is joined on all 
sides by the soldiers. 

1815 March 2d. United States declares war against Algiers. 

1815 June 18th. Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon is totally defeated by Wellington 
and Bliicher. 

1815 June 22d. Napoleon's second abdication, in favor of his infant son, Najioleon 
II. (See 1814, April 11.) 

1815 Second Kestoration. Louis XVI II. re-enters Paris July 8th. 

1815 July loth. Napoleon surrenders himself to Captain Maitland, on his ship 
Bellerophon. Maitland conveys him to England. 

1815 August 2d. Treaty of Paris, between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and 
Kussia. 

1815 Napoleon is banished to St. Helena; he sails August 8th, and arrives there Oc- 
tober 15th. 

1815 November 20th. Second treaty of Paris. 

1815 Commodore Decatur, sent against the Algerines, dictates a treaty of peace, by 
wliich the tribute formerly exacted by Algiers from the United States is re- 
nounced forever; all American prisoners are emancipated, and satisfactory 
compensations made. The dey is compelled to agree to the terms. 

1815 Sir Humphry Davy invents a safety-lamp. ( See 1813.) 

1815 December 26th. Treaty of peace between United States and Algiers is ratified 
at Wasliington. 

1815 (Jay-Lussac, I-'rench chemist, discovers cyanogen, the first comiiound radicle 

obtained in a free or isolated state. (See 1804.) 

1810 ( Ilegira 1232, Nov. 21st ) ( R. I. 4ioi ) ( A. U. i\ 25(;!l I ( A. .M. 5820 ) ( J. P. (;52tl ) 

February 5th. Richard F. Fitzwilliam, seventh viscount, dies, and bequeaths 
his books, pictures, etc., to Candjridge University, and £100,000 to erect tlie 
museum. 

1816 Lord Elgin's valuable collection, known as Elgin Marbles, is purchased from 

him by British government, for £35,000, and placed in the British Museum. 
1816 The metronome, a time regulator for music (first invented .by Winkel in 1815). 

is successfully adopted and patented by Johann Nepomuk Jlaelzel. 
1816 April 10th. United States National Bank is chartered for twenty years. 
1816 American Bible Society is founded. Elias Bondinof is its first president. 

" "^ 370 




NAPOLEON I. 
SEE 1815, JUNE 22ND. 




NAPOLEON II. (THE LITTLE KING OF ROME.) 
SEE 1815, JUNE 22ND. 



371 



A. 1). 

ISKI July 7th. Death of Ikichaid I>. 15. Slicridaii, cclclirated orator and dramatist, 

of Irisli hirtli; mcinbcr of the Eiiglisli rarliaiiicut ; age (U year.s, 8 mouths, 7 

days. 
1810 August 27th. The English, under Lord Exmouth, hondiard Algiers, sulidue the 

dey, aud liberate the (.'hristiau captives. 
1810 December 11th. ludiana, nineteenth State, admitted into the Enion. 
181G December 15-lOth. Death of Charles Stanhope, earl; inventor of Stanhoix' 

printing-press, and other macliiues; age 03 years, 4 months, 13 days. 

1816 The kaleidoscope is invented and perfected by Dr. David Brewster, of Edin- 

burgh. He first conceived the idei in 181-1:. 

1817 ( Hegira ll'33, Nov. lOtJi ) ( K. I. r.ioi ) (A. E. ('. 2r)7() ) ( A. .M. 5821 ) ( J. V. 0530 ) 

January 1st. 0])ening of the Enitel States P>ank at Philadelphia. 

1817 March ith. James [NLcmrce is inaugurated lifth president of the Enited States. 

1817 Eirst institution in America for instruction of the deaf and dundi is openotl 
Ai>ril 15th, at Hartford, Connecticut, under charge of Kev. T. H. (xallaudet. 

1817 June 18tli. Waterloo bridge, London, is completed and ojtened. 

1817 Lithography generally introduced into London, by Ixudolph Ackermann. (See 
17!»'o.) 

1817 June 30th. Death of Aliraham (lottlob Werner, eminent (ierman geologist and 
mineralogist; age OC) years, !l mouths, 25 days. 

1817 July 14th. Death of Mnie. de Stael-Holstein, celebrated Erench authoress; age 
50 years, 2 months, 22 days. 

1817 Uctt)ber 14th. Death of John I'hilpot Curran, famous Irish orator and bar- 
rister; age 66 years, 10 months, 20 days. 
N. B. — A tobacconist desiring a Latin motto for a coat of arms on his new car- 
riage, Curran suggested ••(^uid rides" (Why do you laugh?) The man not 
understanding the joke, followed the suggestion, to the great amusement of 
all who read the motto. 

1817 October 15--17th. Death of Thaddeus Kosciuszko, celebrated Polish general 
and statesman, who helped Amci'ic:i against England; age 71 years, 8 months, 
3 days. ( See 1794. ) 

1817 November 7-8th. Death of Jean .\ndre Deluc, eminent (Jenevese physicist; 
geologist, inventor, and discoverer; age !H) years, 9 months. 

1817 December 10th. Mississipiti, twentieth State, is admitted into the Euion. 

1818 (Hegira 1234, Oct. 30th) (K. I. Oioi i ( A. E. C 2571) (A. M. 5822) (J. P. (;531) 

(ieneral Jackson is successful in his war against tlie Seminole Indians, March, 

April, and May. 
1818 Augu.st 22d. Death of Warren Hastings; age 85 years, 8 months, 16 days. 

(See 1788, Eebruary 13th, and 1795, April 23d.) 
1818 November 26th. J. L. Pons, Ereiu-h author, first discovers the comet since 

known as Encke's comet. Professor Encke having detected its orbit, motions, 

and perturbations, etc. 
1818 December 3d. Illinois, twenty-first State, is admitted into the I^nion. 

373 



A. U. 

1819 (Ht^iiira 1235, Oct. 20th) (II. I. Ti^i ) (A. U. C. 2572) (A. M. 5823) (J. P. 0532) 

Treaty between Spain and United States, for the cession of Florida to United 
States, for |5,000,000, si,nned at Washiunton, Fehniary 23d. (See 1821.) 

1819 March 24th. Southwark bridj;e, London, is completed and opened. (See 
1814, September 23d. ) 

1819 The Savannah, the first steam-packet to cnjss the Atlantic, reaches Liverpool 
from New York, July 15th, after a voyage of 26 days. 

1819 Menai chain suspension bridge, over Menai Strait, is begun August 10th, and 
completed duly, 182G. 

1819 (August 25th, ac. Haydn; 19th, ac. Encyclo. Brit. ) Death of James Watt, cele- 
brated Scotch engineei", i)hiI()sopher, and inventor; age 83 years, 7 months, 6 
days. (See 17()5 and 1781. ) 

1819 December 14th. Alabama, twenty-second State, is admitted into the Union. 

1819 Bolivar establishes the re])ul)lic of rolond)ia, South .Vmcrica, by uniting New 

Granada and Venezuela, and becomes its iirst president, Decend)er 17th. 

1820 (Hegira 1236, Oct. 9th) ( B. L 8ioi) (A. T'. ('. 2573) (A. M. 5824) (J. P. 6533) 

ilarcli 15th. Maine, twenty-third State, is admitted into the Union. 

1820 April 25th. Death of Volney, celebrated l<"'rench skeptical ]ihilosopher, author, 
and traveler; age 63 years, 2 months, 22 days. 

1820 July 21st. Hans Christian Oersted, celebrated Danish jdiysicist, publishes his 
great discovery of the intlnence -of the electric current ui)on the magnetic 
needle, the foundation of tiie science of electro-magnetism. 

1820 September 7th. Total eclipse of the sun. 

1821 (Hegira 1237,Sept. 28th) ( B. 1. 9 loi , , a. U. (\ 2574) (A. M. 5825) (J. P. 6534) 

February 23-24th. Death of John Keats, i)o]iular English poet; age 25 years, 

3 months, 25 days. 
1821 April 6th. Prince Alexander, of Greece, raises the standard of the cross 

against the crescent, and begins the war of inde]KMidence against Turkey. 
1821 Ai>ril 23d. The patriarch of Constantinople is put to death by the Turks. 
1821 May 5th. Death of Napoleon I., at St. Helena. 
1821 The "Societe de Geographie," at Paris, is founded by Malte-Brun, celebrated 

Danish geographer, and others. 
1821 July 1st. Spain gives United States formal possession of Florida, by signing 

tiie treaty at Spain. ( See 1819. ) 

1821 Missouri, twenty-fourth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1822 (Hegira 1238, Sei)t.l7th) (B.I.lOiot) ( a. U. C. 2575) (A. M. 5826) (J. P. 6535) 

March 18th. Death of Valentin Haiiy; age 76 years, 4 months, 5 days. (See 
1784. ) 

1822 April 11th. The Turks bombard and take the island of Scio, and horribly mas- 
sacre about 40,000 Greek inhabitants. 

1822 United States acknowledges the indepen<lence of the States of South America. 

1822 May. Iturbide, Mexican general, is proclaimed emperor of Jlexico. 

374 



A. I). 

1822 June 3d. Death of Reue Just Hatiy, brother of Valentiu ; age 79 years, 3 mouths, 

5 days. (See 1781.) 
1822 July 8th. Death of P. B. Shelley, celebrated atheistical aud immoral English 

poet ; age 29 years, 11 mouths, i days. 
1822 The diorama (an improvement on the panorama) is iuvented by Daguerre, 

celebrated French artist ; aud first exhibited at Paris, July 11th. 
1822 August 19th. Death of J. B. J. Delambre, celebrated French astronomer; age 

72 years, 11 months. 
1S22 August 25th. D(>iit1i of Sir William TTcrschel, famous German astronomer, 

resident of l-^ugland; age 83 years, 9 mouths, 10 days. (See 1781 aud 1789.) 

1822 October 12-13th. Death of Antonio Canova, celebrated Italian sculptor; age 

(i4 years, 11 months, 11 days. 

1823 (Hegira 1239, Sept. Gth) (R. I. 11 loi ) (a. U. C. 2576) (A. M. 5827) (J. P. 6530.) 

The Londcm ilechanics' Institution is fcmnded by George Birkbeck. A similar 

institution is founded at Glasgow. 
1823 Wilberforce aud others found the British Anti-Slavery Society. 
1823 Iturbide is compelled to abdicate. (See 1822, May, and 1824, January 19th.) 
1823 April 23d. Death of Joseph Nollekens, celebrated English sculptor; age 85 

years, 8 iu(Uiths, 12 days. 

1823 November 17th. Death of Lcu-d Chancellor Thomas Erskine, illustrious Brit- 

ish lawyer, orator, and wit; age 73 years, 10 months. 

1824 ( IIegiral240,Aug.2()th) ( R. I.12ioi| (A. V. (\ 2577) (A. M. 5828) (J. P. 6537.) 

Pius first manufactured by machinery, in England, by Ijcmuel Wellman 

A^'rig]lt, of United States, America. 
1824 February 1st. Death of John Lempriere, D. I)., English author; he wrote a 

popular "Classical Dictionary" ; age 58. 
1824 February 8th. Death of Rhynvis, eminent Dutch poet; age 71 years, 1 day. 
1S24 ilay 25th. American Sunday-school Union instituted at Philadelphia. 
1824 June Kith. The Royal Humane Society founded in England, by the brave and 

benevolent Richard ^lartin, M. P., for the preventicni of cruelty to animals. 

(See 1849, 1866, aud 1872.) 
1824 Tlie National Gallery, London, is fir-;t opened, the British government having 

purchased, of the executors, the Augerstein collection of pictures (about 40), 

with which to start the gallery. 
1824 Iturbide returns to Mexico, is seized, tried, and shot, July 19th. (See 1822 and 

1823.) 

1824 August 15th. Mar(iuis de La Fayette visits the United States. 

1 825 I Hegira 1241 , Aug. 15th )( R. I. 1 31 o^ ) ( A. U. C. 2578 ) ( A. M. 5829 ) ( J. P. 6538. ) 

Gas brought into general use for illumination in New York, United States, 

America. 
1825 March 2d. First stone is laid of the Thames tunnel, constructed by Sir M. I. 

Brunei, I'rench engineer. (See 1843.) 
1825 .March 4th. John (^uincy Adams is inaugurated sixth president of United 

States. 

375 



A. K. 

1825 State lotteries are abolislied in England. 

1825 Openino; of the Erie Canal. (See 1817.) 

1825 April 10th. Death of John Henry Fnseli, celebrated Swiss historical painter : 

age 82. 
1825 May lOth. Death of Saint-Simon, celebrated French socialist and philosopher; 

founder of the sect of Saint-Simonians; age GJ: years, 7 months, 2 days. 
1825 l'"irst railway made for public use, constructed from Stockton to Darlington, 

England, by Edward Pease and George Stephenson. Opened for passengers 

September 27th. In October the company starts a daily coach, called the 

"Experiment," drawn by horses. ( See 1830, September 15th. ) 
1825 Noyember 14th. Death of .lohann Paul Friedrich Richter, commonly called 

Jean Paul; pojnilar and original German author; age 02 years, 7 months, 

23 days. 

1825 The American Tract Society is instituted at New York. 

1820 ( Hegira 1242, Aug. 4th ) ( K. I. 14 loi i ( A. F. C. 2579) (A. JI. 5830 ) ( J. P. 0539) 

January 1st. Irish currency is assimilated to that of (Jreat Britain. 

1820 February 11th. Charter obtained for the founding of the Loudon University. 

1820 February 10th. Death of Findley Murray, eminent American grammarian; au- 
thor of ''English Grammar"; age 80 years. 

1820 April 3d. Death of Rt. Rev. Reginald Heber, bishop of Calcutta ; excellent 
English religious poet; age 42 years, 11 months, 12 days. 

1826 June 5th. Death of Karl Maria Friedrich I'rnst AVeber, eminent German mu- 

sical composer; age 39 years, 5 months, 17 days. 
1826 July 4th. Independence Day. Death of Jolin Adams and Thomas Jefferson; 

both ex-presidents of United States. 
1826 November 23d. Death of Prof. J. E. Bode, eminent German astronomer; age 

79 years, 10 months, 4 days. 
1826 (December 7th, ac. Haydn; 28th, ac. Encyclo. Brit.) Death of John Flaxman. 

celebrated English sculptor ; age 71 years, 5 months, 1 day. 
1826 December 14th. Death of ]Malte-Brnn, celebrated Danish geographer, po(>t, 

etc.; age 51 years, 4 months, 2 davs. (See 1821.) 

1826 Ccunpletion of the Qiiincy h<n-sc railway, the first railway in the United States. 

Begun in 1825, to carry Quincv granite, for the erection of Bunker Hill 
monument, near Boston, Massachusetts. (See 1825, September 27th, and 
1830, Septeud)er 15th.) 

1827 (Hegira 1243. July 24th) (R.I. IS^^oi) (A. TT. C. 2580) (A. JF. 5831) (J. P. 0540) 

March 5th. Death of Pierre Simon La Place, famous French mathematician 
and astronomer; age 77 years, 11 months, 12 days. 

1827 March 5th. Death of Volta, celelirated Italian electrician, etc; age 82 years. 
(See 1793.) 

1827 March 20th, 5 V. M. Death of Ludwig voti Beethoven, celebrated German mu- 
sical composer; age 50 years, 3 months, 9 days. 

1827 Rev. John Keble publishes "The Christian Year." 

1827 July 0th. Treaty of London, between (Jreat Britain, France, and Russia, for 
the pacification of Greece. 

376 



^««ar'^"'^'T«*?s'?^"Rs^. 




■"■''"a-. 




377 



A. D. 

1827 October 20th. The allied fleets, und^r ISir Edward (Jodriugton, destroy the 

Turkish-Egyptian fleet, at Navarlno. 
1827 Printing with raised letters, for the blind, is introduced. 

1827 Air-puiH]) with rotatory motion is invented by Marc Antoine Augustin Gau- 

din, celebrated French chemist; age 23. 

1828 (Hegira 1241, July 13th) (R. I. 1, 102d (>■](' i (A. T^ C. 2581) (A. M. 5832) 

(J. P. 6541) 

Feltriiary 22d. Peace of Turkmantchai, or Turkmauchay, between Russia 

and Prussia. 
1828 May 13th. American Tariff Bill is passed. 
1828 Noah Webster publishes his celebrated "American Dictionary of the English 

Language." 

182!t ( Ilcgira 124.-., -Inly 2(1 1 (R. 1. 2^02, ,^\ ^- (< 2.-..Sl> i (A. M. 5833) (J. P. G542) 

March 4th. General Jackson is inaugurated seventh president of the United 
States. 

isil!) April 13th. Roman Gatholic Emancipation Bill is passed, in England, by Par- 
liament. 

1820 May lot ii. Deatli of Thomas Ycmng, M. D., eminent English natural philoso- 
]ilu'r and Egyptologist; age 55 years, 10 mouths, 27 days. He is claimed by 
England to be the first decijdiei'er of Egyptian hieroglyphics on Rosetta 
stone. (See 1832, Champollion. ) 

1820 (May 20tli, ac. Ilaydn ; 27th, ac. Encyclo. Ri-it. ) Death of Sir Humphry Davy, 
celebrated English chemist; age 50 years, 5 months, 12 days. 

1820 December 18th. Death of J. B. P. A de Lamarck, celel.rated French naturalist; 
age 85 years, 4 months, 17 days. 

1830 (Hegira 124(5, June 22d) (R. L 3 102 ) (A. U. C. 2583) (A. M. 5834) (J. P. 6543) 

January 7th. Death of Sir Thomas Lawrence, celebrated English portrait 
painter; age 60 years, 8 months, 3 days. 

1830 Unconstitutional ordinances signed by Charles X., of France, July 25tli. Pub- 
lished July 26th. Three days' revolution in Paris: July 27, 28, and 20. 

1830 August 2d. Charles X. abdicates, and embarks for England, August 16th. 

1830 August 7th. Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, is declared king of France. He 
takes the oath August 0th. 

1830 First ■■strain railway, Liverpool and Manchester Railroad, is opened September 
15th. Begun October. 1826. (See 1825, September 27tb, and 1826.) 

1830 October l-5th. United States jiorts reopened to British commerce. 

1830 December 31st. Death of Comtesse de Genlis, celebrated French writer; age 
84 years, 11 mouths, (i days. 

1830 Worcester, American lexicographer, publishes his "Comprehensive Pronounc- 
ing and Explanatory Dictionary." (See 1828 and 1860.) 

379 



A. 1>. 

1831 (Ilpoira 1247, June lltli) (K. I. lio^, , a. T". C. 25S4) (A. M. 5835) (J. P. G544) 

January 2d. Death of Barthokl Georg Nieliulir, celebrated (Jcrnian histo- 
rian, of Danish birth; age 54 years, 4 months, 6 days. 

1831 Chloroform first discovered by Samuel Guthrie, American chemist; and also 
discovered the following year, 1832, by Liebig, German chemist. (See 1834 
and 1817.) 

1831 April 20tb. Death "f John Abernethy, celebrated E^nglish surgeon and phy- 
siologist; age 07 years, 17 days. 

1831 June 8th. Death of Sarah Sidditns, celebrated English tragic actress; age 75 
years, 1(1 months, 24 days. 

1831 July 4th, Independeuce Day. Death of James ^lonroe, fifth president of the 
I'nited States; age 73 years, 3 months, 2 days. 

1831 Tlie cholera rages in Europe, and ap])ears first in England at SHn(h'rlan(l, Oc- 
tober 2r)th. 

1831 Novemlier 14th. Death from cholera, of Georg W. F. Ilegel, celebrated Ger- 

man pantheistical philosopher; cause of much of the infidelity in Gennany. 

1832 (Hegira 1248, May 31st) ( R. I. 5-102) (a. u. C. 2585) (A. M. 5S3()) (J. P. 6545) 

January 27th. Death of Andrew Bell, Scotch educationist; founder of the 
^ladras schools, or monitorial system; age 80. (See Lancaster, 1838.) 

1832 March 4th. Death of J. F. Chami)ollion, celebrated French Egyptologist; 
claimed by I'rench and otlier authorities to be the first interpreter of Egy]j- 
tian hieroglyi)hics on Rosetta stone; age 41 years, 2 months, 11 days. (See 
Young, 182!». ) 

1832 March 22d. Death of Johanu A^'olfgang von (Toethe, famous (ierman ])oct aii<l 
nn\c]ist ; age 82 years, months, 24 days. 

1832 (April Kith, ac. Haydn; March 'Jth,ac. Encyclo. Brit.) Death of Muzio (;ie- 
menti, celebrated Italian musical composer and pianist; age 80. 

1832 May 13th. Death of Baron G. C. L. D. Cuvier, illustri(ms naturalist, states- 
man, and author; born of French ])arents, at Montbeliard, then in the Ger- 
man Empire, but later a department of France; age 62 years, 8 months, 20 
days. 

1832 :May 30th. Death of Sir James Mackintosh, celebrated Scotch statesman, ora- 
tor, and author; age 66 years, 7 months, 6 days. , 

1832 Ref(U'm Bill of England is finally passed, June 4th, and receives royal assent, 
June 7th. Royal assent is given for the Scotch Reform Bill, July 17th, and 
for the Irish Reform Bill, August 7th. 

1832 June 6th. Death of Jeremy Bentham, celelirated English jurist and utilitarian 
philosopher; age 84 years, 3 months, 21 days. 

1832 Abd-el-Kader, celebrated Arab emir, leads his forces against the I'rencb, in .M- 
geria. 

1832 The Asiatic cholera spreads over Western Europe, and rages with tei*rible fa- 
tality in United States. 

1832 The United States troops defeat several times, and force to surrender, the 
combined tribes of Indians: the Winnebngnes, the Sacs, and the Foxes, under 
tlieir chief, Black ITawk. 

380 ~~ 



A. 1). 

1832 September 21st. Deatli of Sir ^^'alter Scott, celebrated Scotch Dovelist and 

poet ; age Gl years, 1 month, (3 days. 

1833 (Hegira 1249, May 20th) (R. I. 6102) (A. V. C. 2586) (A. M. 5837) (J. P. 6516) 

March 1th. .Vudrew -Jackson, having been re-elected, enters his second term as 
president of United States. 

1833 May loth. Death of Edward Kean, celebrated English tragic actor; age 
45 years, 6 montiis, 11 days. 

1833 "Oxford Movement." Revs. John Keble, Edward B. Pusey, D. D., and John 
Henry Newman begin to write aiul pnblish "Tracts of the Times," in which 
thej' set forth and prove the true Apostolic doctrines and customs of the 
Holy Catholic Church. 

1833 July 29th. Deatli of William Wilberforce, illustrious English philanthropist 
and statesman ; age 73 years, 11 months, 5 days. 

1833 September 7th. Death of Hannah More, popular English writer and moral- 
ist ; age 88. 

1833 October 1st. The public funds, I)y order of President Jackson, are removed 

from the Bank of the United States, l>y Roger B. Taney, secretary, and 
placed in certain selected banks, in different parts of the country. 

1834 (Hegira 1250, May 9th) ( R. I. 7-i02) (A. U. C. 2587) (A. M. 5838) (J. P. 6547. ) 

Dumas, French chemist, determines the true composition of chloroform. (See 
1831 and 1847.) 

1834 May 20th. Death of ^Manpiis de La Fayette, illustrious French statesman and 
patriot ; age 76 yeans, S months, 14 days. (See 1781.) 

1834 July 25th. Death of Samuel T. Coleridge, eminent English poet, critic, etc. ; 
age 61 years, 9 months, 4 days. 

1834 August 1st. Death of Robert Morrison, eminent Englisli orientalist and mis- 
sionary; author of "Chinese Version of the Bible," completed 1818; "Gram- 
mar of the Chinese Language," 1815; and "Chinese Dictionary," 1821-23; 
age 52 years, 6 months, 26 days. 

1834 Act of 1833, for emancipation of slaves, in British West Indies, takes effect 
August 1st. 

1834 December 27th. Death of Charles Lamb, popular English essayist and poet; 

age 59 years, 10 months, 9 days. 

1835 (Hegira 1251, April 28th ) ( R. I. 8 102) ( a. U. C. 2588) (A. M. 5839) (J. P. 6548) 

April 8th. Deatli of Carl William von Humboldt, baron; celebrated Prus- 
sian statesman, pliilologist, philosoiihcr, and writer; age 67 years, 9 
months, 1(! days; brother of F. H. Alexander von Humboldt. (See 1859.) 

1835 ilay 16th. Death of Felicia Dorothea Hemans, popular English poetess; age 
40 years, 7 months, 21 days. 

1835 June IStli. Death of William Cobbett, Englisli political writer; age 73 years, 
3 nvinths, 9 days. 

1835 Septendier 21-24th. Death of Vincenzo Bellini, celebrated Sicilian musical 
composer; age 32 years, 10 months, 21 days. 

3S1 



A. 1). 

1835 November 21st. Death of James IIo<;o-, the "'Ettrick Shepherd," popuhir 
Scotch jKiet ; age 63 years. 

1S35 S. F. I>. 3Ior.se, an American, invents and constructs a recording electric tele- 
graph. (See 1837 and 1844.) 

1835 Decenilier inth. Great fire at New York, U. S. A. Loss estimated at .$20,- 
000,000. 

1835 December 28tli. Second war witli the Seminoles begins with tlie massacre of 
General Thompson and four friends, and Major Dade and his whole force of 
one bnndrod men, excepting four, Ity the Indians, led by Osceola. 

183(5 ( Hegira 1252, April 17th) ( R. I. 102 , ( a. U. C. 2589) (A. M. 5840) (J. V. 0549) 

A})ril 7th. Death of William (iodwin, English historian, political writer, and 
novelist ; age 80 years, 1 month, 4 days. 

183G The Texans, under General Houston, revolt against the Mexicans. The Mexi- 
cans are defeated at San Jacinto, April 21st, and their dictator, Santa 
Anna, is taken prisoner. The Republic of Texas is formed. Houston is 
chosen president. 

1S3G June loth. Arkansas, twenty-flftli State, is admitted into the Union. 

183G June 2Sth. Death of James Madison, eminent American statesman; fourth 
president of United States; age 85 years, 3 months, 12 days. 

1830 Death of Aaron Burr, American statesman; vice-president of United States; 
age 80 years. 

1830 July 28th. Death of Nathan Mayer, German Jew; celebrated financier and 
millionaire of London. (See 1812.) 

1830 Novend)er (ith. Death of Charles X., ex-king of France; age 79 years, 27 days. 
(See 1830.) 

1 837 ( Ilegira 1 253, April fith ) ( R. L 1 102 ) ( a. U. C. 2590 ) ( A. M. 5841 ) ( J. P. 0550 ) 

January 2(!th. Michigan, twenty-sixth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1837 l'"ebruary 12th. Death, from wounds received in a duel, of Alexander Pushkin, 
great national i>oet of Russia ; age 37 years, 8 months, 16 days. 

1837 March ItJi. .Mai'tin Van Buren is inaugurated eighth president of United 
States. 

1837 Punishment in the pillory is totally abolished in England, having been abol- 
ished in I'rance in 1832. / 

1837 I'Mnancial ])anic in the United States. J 

1837 June lOtb. ('liarles Wheatstone and AVilliam Fothergill Cooke, English elec- 
tricians, obtain a patent for their invention of the electric or magnetic 
needle telegrapli. ( See 1835 and 1844.) 

1837 June 20tb. Death of William IV.. of P^ngland. TTis niece, Victoria, age IS 
years, 26 days, is proclaimed (]ueen, as bis successor. Hanover is seiiarated 
from England,on account of Salic law excluding female heirs from the throne. 
Ei'nest Augustus, brother of ^^'illiam I^^, is ])r<H'Iaimed king of Hanover. 

1837 Electrotyi)ing, or galvano-jilastic is invented by IMoritz Hermann Jacobi, (Jer- 
nian i)hysicist ; and again improved 1838. 

382 




THE PILLORY. 
SEE 1837. 



383 



A. 1). 

1838 (Ilegira 1254, Mar. 2Gtli) (R.I. lliO- ) (A. U. C. 2591) (A. M. 5842 | (J. P. G551) 

Jaimary 13tli. Death of Jolin Scott, earl of Eklon; eminent English jurist, 
and lord chancellor ; age 8G rears, 7 months, 9 days. 

1838 May 17th. Death of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-P^rigord, commonly known 
simply as Talleyrand; celebrated French statesman, diijloraatist, and wit; 
age 81 years, 3 months, 4 days. He was bishop of Autuu, 1788; and was cre- 
ated prince of Benevento, by Napoleon, in 1806. 

1838 The "(Jreat A\'estern,"' a steamship, arrives at New York June 17th, from 
Bristol, being her first voyage, in eighteen days, ac. Haydn; fifteen days, ac. 
Blair. 

1838 June 28th. Coronati(m of Queen Victoria. (See 1837, June 20th.) 

1838 October 24th. Death of Joseph Lancaster, English educationist; founder of the 

Lancasterian schools, modeled on the monitorial system; age 67 years. (See 
Bell, 1832. ) 

1839 (ITegira 1255, Mar. 15th) (R.I. 12-102 ) (a. U. C. 2592) (A. M. 5843) (J. P. 6552) 

August 2Sth. Death of William Smith, known as the ''Father of English Geol- 
ogy" ; age 70 years. 
1839 Daguerre, French artist, announces his photographic invention, the daguerreo- 
type, a picture formed from nature, Ijy the action of light, on a chemically- 
prepared metallic plate. 

1839 AVilliam Henry Fox Talbot, of England, publishes his invention of the photo- 

graph, a picture formed by the action of light on chemically-prepared paper. 

1840 (Hegira 1256, Mar. 4th) (R. I. 13i02 ) (A. U. C. 2593) (A. M. 5844) (J. P. 6553) 

January 6th. Death of Mme. D'Arblay (formerly Miss Frances Burney), pop- 
ular English novelist; age 87 years, 6 months, 23 days. 

1840 January 10th. The low rate of penny postage commences in England. Stamped 
postage covers come into use May 6th. 

1840 January 22d. Death of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, celebrated German 
physiologist and comparative anatomist ; age 87 years, 8 months, 11 days. 

1840 Fel)ruary 10th. Marriage of Queen Victoria, of England, to Prince Albert, of 
Saxe-Goburg. 

1840 March 2d. Death of H. W. M. Gibers, celebrated German astronomer and phy- 
sician; age 81 years, 4 months, 21 days. (See 1802 and 1807.) 

1840 May 27th. Death of Niccolo Paganini, celebrated Italian violinist; age 56 

years, 3 months, 9 days. 

1841 (Hegira 1257,Feb. 21st) (R. I. 14-i02) (A. U. C. 2594) (A. M. 5845) (J. P. 6554) 

February 12th. Death of Sir Astley Paston Cooper, celebrated English sur- 
geon ; age 73 yeai's, 5 months, 19 days. 

1841 March 4th. Inauguration of William H. Harrison as ninth president of United 
States. He dies April 4th, and is succeeded by the vice-president, John 
Tyler, as tenth president. 

1841 Wooden pavements are tried in London. (Ac. Blair; 1839, ac. Haydn.) 

385 



A. J). 

1841 June 1st. Death of Sir David Wilkie, celebrated Scottish paiuter; age 55 

years, tj montlis, 13 days. 

1S42 ( Hesira li'uS, Feb. 10th) (K.I. IS^o^ ) (A. T'. 0. 2595) (A. M. 584G) (J. P. 6555) 

End of the war between United States and tlie Seminoles. 
1S42 April 27-28th. Death of Sir Charles Bell, eminent Scotch anatomist and phys- 
iologist ; discoverer of the distinction between nerves of motion and sensa- 
tion^ .Et. 08. 

1842 Treaty of Nanking, between Great Britain and China, signed August 9th. 

Hong-Kong is ceded to Great Britain; the commercial ports of Canton, 
Amoy, Foo-chow, Ningpo, and Shanghai are thrown open to British trade; 
and China agrees to pay to the British .f21,000,000. 

1843 (Hegira 1259. Jan. 30th) (R. 1. 1, 10:M Cycle) (A. U. C. 2596) (A. M. 5847) 

(J. P. 6556.) 

Death of George Guess, or Se-quoyah, half-breed Cherokee Indian, inventor of 
the Cherokee syllabic alphabet, consisting of eighty-five characters, repre- 
senting the syllables in use among the Cherokees. 

1843 Alarch 21st. Death of Eobert Southey, eminent English poet and historian; 
age 68 years, 7 months, 9 days. 

1843 March 25th. Thames tunnel is opened to the public. 

1843 July 22d. Ratification of the Treaty of Nanking. Commercial treaty publicly 

announced as finally adjusted, July 27th. Commercial ports of China are 
thrown open to the British. (See 1844.) 

1844 (flegira 1260, Jan. 19th) (R. I. 2103) (A. U. C. 2597) (A. M. 5848) (J. P. 6557) 

March 24tli. Death of Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen, celebrated Danish sculptor; 
age 73 years, 4 months, 5 days. 

1844 Electric telegraphic line completed and brought into successful operation be- 
tween Baltimore and Washington (first telegraphic line in United States), 
by S. F. B. Morse, American inventor of the telegraphic system. (See 1835 
and 1837.) First message is sent over the line from Baltimore to Washing- 
ton, May 24th. 

1844 June 15th. Death of Thomas Campbell, eminent Scotch poet; age 66 years, 10 
months, 18 days. 

1844 China concludes treaties with United States and France. (See 1843.) 

1844 August 14th. Abd-el-Kader, the celebrated Arab chief, totally defeated by the 

French, under .Marshal Bugeaud, at the battle of Isly. 

1845 (Hegira: 39th Cycle; 1261, Jan. Sth, and 1262, Dec. 28th) (R. I. 3103) 

(A. U. C. 2598) (A. M. 5849) (J. P. 6558) 

ilarch 1st. President Tyler signs the bill f(U- the admission of Texas into the 

T'nion. 
1845 March 3d. Florida admitted into the Union as twenty-seventh State. 
1845 March 4th. James K. Polk is inaugurated eleventh president of the United 

States. 

386 



A. U. 

1845 May 3d. Death of Tlionias Hood, celebrated English humorist and author; 

iX't. 47. 
1845 June 8th. Death of Andrew Jackson, seventh president of United States; age 

78 years, 2 months, 23 days. 
1845 Sei)tenil)er 10th. De^jth of Joseph Story, eminent American jurist; age 65 

years, 11 niouth.s, 22 days. He was appointed Justice of Supreme Court of 

United States at the age of 32. 
1845 December 8th. Hencke discovers the asteroid Astrtea. 
1845 December 14th. The Sikhs start an attack on the British, in India, and begin 

the first Sikh War. (See 1840, 1848, and 1849.) 

1845 Decembei- 21)tb. Te.xas admitted into the Union as twenty-eighth State. 

184G ( Uegiru 12(13, Dec. 18th) (R. I. 4 if^ , (A. U. C. 25t>9 ) (A. M. 5850) (J. P. 6559) 

l'>bruary 10th. Battle of Sobraon. The Sikhs are totally defeated by the Brit- 
ish. Sir Hugh Gough occupies the citadel of Lahore, and terminates the 
first Sikh War. ( See 1845, 1848, and 1849. ) 
184(! April 24-26th. Captain Thornton and his dragoons are attacked and captured 
by the Mexicans, who are aggrieved at the annexation into the Union of 
Texas, formerly belonging to Mexico. 

1846 May 8th. General Taylor defeats the Mexicans at Palo Alto. 

1846 jMay 9th. General Taylor defeats the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma. 

1846 ^May 11th. Congress declares that "by the act of the republic of Mexico, a state 
of war exists between that government and United States," Mexico having 
taken the first aggressive steps. 

1846 General Taylor crosses the Rio Grande, and takes Matamoras from the Mexi- 
cans, May 18th. 

1846 Treaty between United States and Great Britain, signed June 12th, settles the 
Oregon question, fixing the northwestern boundary of United States at the 
forty-ninth parallel of latitude, giving to the British possession of Vancou- 
ver's Island, and free navigation of the Columbia River. 

1846 July 22(1. Death of Frederick William Bessel, celebrated Prussian astrono- 
mer; age 61 years, 7 months, 25 days. 

1846 The use of ether as an anjesthetic is first introduced in Boston, Massachusetts, 
by Dr. William Thomas Green Morton, dentist and physician. The priority 
of the discovery is disputed by Dr. Charles Thomas Jackson, geologist and 
chemist, of Massachusetts. 

1846 August 22(1. United States troops, under Captain Kearney, take Santa F^, 
New Mexico. 

1846 September 23d. The planet Neptune is discovered by Dr. Galle, at Berlin, in 
conse(|uence of ^I. Leverrier's calculations. 

1846 September 24th. General Taylor takes IVIonterey. 

1846 December 28th. Iowa, twenty-ninth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1846 Elias Howe, of ^lassachusetts, obtains a patent for his invention of the first 
practical sewing machine. 

_ 



A. 1). 

1847 (Hegira 1264, Dec. 7th) (R. I. Sio^j (a. U. C. 2600) (A. M. 5851) (J. P. 6560) 

February 23d. General Taylor defeats the Mexicans, under Santa Anna, at 
Bueua Vista. 

1847 February 28th. Colonel Doniphan defeats the Mexicans at Sacramento. 

1847 Richard March Hoe, in New York, completes and brings to perfection the ma- 
chine begun by his father, and since known as "Hoe's Type-Revolving Print- 
ing-Press." 

1847 March. The ana?sthetic powers of cliloroform on animals is discovered by 
Floureus, at Paris; and in the following autumn, by Sir James Young Simp- 
son, Scotch chemist, of Edinburgh. (See 1831, 1834.) 

1847 ]\Iarch 29th. The Mexicans surrender Vera Cruz to General Scott. 

1847 April 18th. The Mexicans are defeated at Cerro (jordo h\ General Scott. 

1847 May 15th. Death of Daniel O'Connell, M. P., celebrated Irish orator and po- 
litical agitator; zealous advocate of Catholic emancipation; age 71 years, 9 
months, 9 days. 

1847 The fearful famine in Ireland. Parliament applies £10,000,000 for relief of the 
sufferers. 

1847 May 31st. Death of Thomas Chalmers, Scottish minister; celebrated natural 
philosopher, and pulpit orator; age 67 years, 2 months, 14 days. 

1847 Northwest passage is discovered by Sir John Franklin and his exploring party. 
He dies on the voyage, June 11th. 

1847 July 1st. Minor planet Hebe is discovered by K. C. Hencke. 

1847 Minor planets Iris, August 13th, and Flora, October 10-18th, are discovered by 
J. R. Hind. 

1847 August 20th. General Scott takes Contreras and Churubusco. 

1847 September 8tli. The Mexicans are defeated at Molino del Rey, by General Worth. 

1847 September 13th. The Americans defeat the Mexicans, at Chapultepec. 

1847 September 14th. General Scott takes the city of Mexico. 

1847 November 4th. Death of jMendelssobn-Bartholdy, celebrated German musical 
composer; age 38 years, 9 months, 1 day. 

1847 Tlie seven Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland, Lucerne, Uri, Schwytz, ITn- 

terwalden, Freiburg, Zug, and Valais, known as Sonderbuud League, resist 
the decree of Protestant Swiss Federal Diet, for the expulsion of the Jes- 
uits. The Sonderbuud is defeated at Freiburg, November 14th, and at 
Lucerne, November 23d. 

1848 (Hegira 1265, Nov. 2Gth) (R. I. 6i03) (A. U. C. 2601) (A. M. 5852) (J. P. 6561) 

January 9th. Death of Caroline Lucretia Herschel, celebrated female astrono- 
mer, sister of Sir Frederick William Herschel; age 97 years, 9 months, 
23 days. 
1848 January 24th. Gold mines are discovered in California by Marshall, near a 
mill on J. A. Sutter's land, later the site of Sacramento City. 

N. B. — Sutter was a Swiss military officer, who settled at California as a pio- 
neer. As soon as gold was discovered, his lands were so trespassed upon by 
fortune-seekers that he was unable to keep his possession, but was given by 
the State of California a pension of .f250 a month, and his lands soon became 
a mining town, and then the capital of California. 

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390 



A. D. 

1848 February I'd. Treaty between United ►States aud Mexie(j signed at Guadalupe, 
Hidalgo, by which New Mexico and California are ceded by INfexico to the 
I'nited states, and the Ignited States agrees to pay |15,000,000 to Mexico for 
acquired territory. Treaty is ratified May 19th. 

1S4S February 23d. Death of John Quincy Adams, celebrated American statesman, 
and orator, sixth president of the United States; age 80 years, 7 months, 12 
days. 

1S48 Second i'l'encli Revolution. ]Mobs and great acts of violence. Louis Philippe 
abdicates February 24th. l'>ance is declared a republic February 2Gth. 

1S4S Provisional Government in France, consisting of Dupont de I'Eure, Lamartine, 
Arago, Ledru-Rollin, Cremieux, Garnier-Pages, and Marie. 

1848 March ;id. The ex-king and (|ueen, having escaped from France, arrive at 
Newhaven, England. 

1848 March 29tii. Death of John Jacob Astor, the New York millionaire; native of 
Germany; founder of Astor Library, New York; age 84 years, 8 months, 12 
days. 

1848 April 21st. The Sikhs, \u India, murder .Mr. Agnew and Lieutenant Ander- 
son, which begins the second Sikh Mar. (See 1845, 184G, 1849.) 

1848 Ajiril 25th. The ninth minor planet, Metis, discovered by A. Graham. 

1848 May 7th. The National Assembly appoints an executive commission (consist- 
ing of Arago, Marie, Lamartine, Garnier-Pages, Ledru-Rollin, and others, 
who formed the Provisional Government), to govern France. 

1848 :\Iay 29th. Wisconsin, thirtieth State, admitted into the Union. 

1S4S July 4tli. Dcatli of b'rau(^'ois Auguste, vicomte de Chateaubriand, celebrated 
French autlior; age 79 years, 9 montlis, 20 days. 

1848 August 2d. Death of ( 'apt. Frederick Marryar, popular English novelist; age 
56 years, 22 days. 

1848 August 7th. Death of Johaii Jakob Rerzelius, celebrated Swedish chemist and 
physicist ; age 68 years, 11 mouths, 6 days. 

1848 November 16th. Insurrection at Rome. Pope Pius IX. escapes in disguise 
from R(une to Gaeta, November 24th. 

1848 December 20th. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I., is 

proclaimed president of France for four years. 

1849 (Hegira 1266, Nov. 15th) (R. I. 7103) (A. U. C. 2602) (A. M. .5853) (J. P. 0562. ) 

British Parliament passes an "Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- 
mals," due to the untiring efforts of the "Royal Ilumane Society," and its 
noble founder, Richard Martin. (See 1824, 1866, and 1872.) 

1849 January 13th. Lord Gough defeats the Sikhs, at Chill ian wallah. 

1849 January 22d. Unconditional surrender to the British of the citadel of the Mool- 
tan, by Moolraj. 

1849 February 8th. Roman National Assembly proclaims Rome a republic, and tlie 
pope divested of all temporal power. Roman triumvirate appointed, com- 
posed of Mazzini, Armellini, and Saffi, IVIarch 29th. 

1849 February 21st. Sir Hugh Gough finally defeats the Sikhs, at Guzerat. 

1849 Death of Johann Strauss, celebrated German musical composer; age 45. 

1849 March 4th. Inauguration of Gen. Zachars' Taylor, twelfth president of United 
States. 

391 



A. D. 

1849 March 14th. Unconditional surrender of the Sikhs to the Britisli. End of sec- 
ond Siivh War. Punjab is annexed to the British dominions in India, March 
29th. ( See 1845, 1846, 1848. ) 

1849 Penny postasje introduced into Prussia. (Ac. Blair.) 

1849 April iL'th. The tenth minor planet, Hygeia, is discovered by A. de Gasparis. 

1849 May 21st. Death of Maria Edueworth, popular English novelist and educa- 
tionalist ; a^e 82 years, 4 months, 20 days. 

1849 June 15th. Death of ex-President James K. Polk, American statesman; elev- 
enth president of United States ; age 53 years, 7 months, 13 days. 

1849 July 15th. The temporal power of the pope is restored at Kome by the French 
army. 

1849 August 1st. Lake ^Mgani, South Africa, is discovered by David Livingstone, 
Scotch missionary and geographer. 

1849 August. fJen. Narcisso Lopez, Spanish-American, notorious filibuster, con- 

ducts his first expedition against Tuba, aiming to unite that island to United 
States, in defiance of President Taylor's proclamation, issued August 11th, 
against this expedition. Lopez takes Cardenas. (See 1850 and 1851.) 

1850 (Degira 1207, Nov. 5th) (R. I. 8 103) ( a. U. C. 2G03) (A. M. 5854) (J. P. 0563) 

January 20th. Death of Adam G. (Ehlenschlager, popular Danish national 
poet ; age 70 years, 2 months, 6 days. 

1850 January 26tl). Death of Lord Francis Jeffrey, eminent Scotch lawyer, critic, 
and essayist ; one of the founders and editors of Edinburgh Review ; age 76 
years, 3 months, 3 days. 

1850 I\Iarch 31st. Death of John C. Calhoun, eminent American statesman, and ex- 
vice-president ; age 68 years, 13 days. 

1850 Clayton-Buhver treaty, between United States and England, respecting the 
proposed ship canal across Panama, is concluded April 19th, and ratifications 
exchanged at Washington, July 4th. 

1850 April 23d. Death of William Wordsworth, celebrated English poet ; age 80 
years, 16 days. 

1850 May. Lopez is defeated by the Spaniards. (See 1849 and 1851.) 

1850 The eleventh minor planet, Parthenope, is discovered by A. de Gasparis, May 
11th; Victoria, twelfth minor planet, by J. R. Hind, September 13th, and 
Egeria, thirteenth minor planet, by A. de Gasparis, November 2d. 

1850 May 24tli. Death of Jane Porter, English novelist; a4. 74. 

1850 July 2d. Death of Sir Robert Peel, celebrated English statesman ; age 62 
years, 4 months, 27 days. 

1850 July 9th. Death of President Taylor. Vice-President Millard Fillmore is in- 
augurated thirteenth president. July 10th. 

1850 The Taeping Rebellion (written also Taiping), in China, begins, headed by the 
pretender Tien-Kwoh ( Ilea vcnly King), usually written, and better known 
as Tien-Wang. 
N. B. — His name was formerly given by many authors as Tien-Teh (Heavenly 
Virtue). Tien-Teh, however, was another pretender, jiroclaimed as king by 
the rebels, only for a very short while, and was deserted as soon as Tien- 
Wang appeared and headed the rebellion. (See 1864 A. D.) 

392 "^ 



A. 1). 

1850 August IStli. Death (if Houor6 de Balzac, popular French novelist; age 51 
Tears, 2 months, 28 days. 

1850 Wcptenilier 9th. California, thirty-first State, is admitted into the Union. 

1850 September 0th. New Mexico and Utah are organized as territories of United 
States. 

1850 Septenilier ISth. Fugitive Slave Bill is passed by United States Congress, im- 
posing heavy fine and penalty on anyone harboring or aiding a runaway. 
Bill for suppression of slave trade in District of Columbia also passed, Sep- 
tember 18th. 

1850 Septeiidier 23-2Cth. Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London, commenced. 

1850 September 24tb. Papal bull issued, establishing a Roman Catholic hierarchy 
in England. 

1850 Roliert McClure, English navigator, having left England, January 20th, in 

search of Sir John Franklin, navigator, discovers the Northwest passage, 
by entering a strait, which he names Prince of Wales Strait, and passing over 
into Barrow Strait. He returns to England September, 1854, and receives 
£5,000 for his discovery, and is knighted, 1855. 

1851 (Ilegira 12G8, Oct. 25th) (R. I. O^OS) (a. U. C. 2604) (A. M. 5855) (J. P. (;564.) 

The ophthalmoscope, an apparatus for inspecting the interior of the eye, is in- 
vented by Prof. H. L. F. Ilelmholtz, Prussian physiologist and physicist. 
(See 1S&4.) 

1851 January 27th. Death of John James Audubon, cele])rated American ornitholo- 
gist ; author of "Birds of America"; age 70 years, S months, 23 days. 

1851 February 12th. E. H. Hargraves discovers gold in New South Wales, Australia. 

1851 May 1st. The great exhibition, or "World's Fair," in Crystal Palace, Hyde 
Park, London, is opened by Queen Victoria. 

1851 Fourteenth minor planet, Irene, is discovered by J. R. Hind, May 19th ; and Eu- 
nomia, fifteenth minor planet, by A. de ( Jasparis, July 29th. 

1851 Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, introduced by Lord John Russell, declaring the pa- 
pal bull, establishing Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, to be null and 
void, and imposing a fine of £100 on anyone endeavoring to carry it into ef- 
fect, is passed, July 24th and 29th. 

1851 August. Lopez conducts another expedition to Cuba. He is taken pris(Uier by 
the Spaniards, and garroted, September 1st. 

1851 September 14th. Death of J. Fenimore Cooper, popular American novelist; age 
61 years, 11 months, 29 days. 

1851 Sub-marine electric telegraph, or cable, projected by Thomas Brett, is success- 
fully laid between Calais, France, and Dover, England. It is coni])leted Sep- 
tember 25-27th, and opened to the public November 13th. 

1851 November 26th. Death of Marshal Soult, celebrated French general; age 82 
years, 7 months, 27 days. 

1851 November 28th. Death of Vincenz Priessnitz, founder of hydropathy, /. c, cold 
water cure ; age 52 years, 23 days. 

1851 December 2d. "Coup d etat" of Louis Napoleon. He dissolves the Legislative 
Assembly, establishes universal suffrage, proposes election of French presi- 
dent for ten years, and declares France to be in a state of siege. 



A. 1>. 

1851 December 19th. Death of J. M. W. Turner, eminent English landscape 
painter; asje 76 years, 7 months, 26 days. 

1851 December 21-22d. Voting throughout France. Louis Napoleon is re-elected 

president for a term of ten years, by a majority of more than 6,800,000 votes, 
i. e., 7,400,000, against 600,000, in round numbers. 

1852 (Hegira 1269, Oct. 11th ) (11. I. 10 lOS) (a. U. C. 2605) (A. M. 5856) (J. P. 6565) 

Jannary 1st. Louis Napoleon is installed as prince-president, in the Cathe- 
dral of Notre Dame. He takes up his residence at the Tuileries. 

1852 February 26th. Death of Sir Thomas Moore, celebrated Irish poet; age 72 
years, 8 months, 28 days. 

1852 The sixteenth minor planet, Psyche, discovered by A. de Gasparis, March 17th ; 
seventeenth minor planet, Thetis, by R. Luther, April 17th ; the eighteenth 
minor planet, Melpomene, June 21th, and nineteenth minor planet, Fortuna, 
August 22d, both by J. R. Hind ; the twentieth minor planet, Massilia, Sep- 
tember 19th, by A. de Gasparis; the twenty-first minor planet, Lutetia, by IL . 
Goldschmidt, November 15th ; the twenty-second minor planet, Calliope, 
November 16th, and twenty-third minor planet, Thalia, December 15th, both 
by J. R. nind. 

1852 June 29th. Death of Henry Clay, eminent American statesman and orator; 
age 75 years, 2 months, 17 days. 

1852 September 11th. Death of Arthur Wellesley, duke of Wellington; celebrated 
British general and statesman; age 83 years, 1 months, 13 days, ([^ee 1815, 
JunelSth.) 

1852 October 24th. Death of Daniel Webster, celebrated American statesman, jur- 
ist, and orator; age 70 years, 9 months, 6 days. 

1852 November 21st. A majority of more than 7,000,000 of the French people vote 
for restoration of the empire. Louis Napoleon is proclaimed emperor, as 
Napoleon III., December 2d. 

1852 December 18th. Death of Horatio Greenough, eminent American sculptor; 

age 47 years. 

1853 (Hegira 1270, Oct. 3d) (R. I. Ili03) (A. U. C. 2606) (A. M. 5857) (J. P. 6566) 

March 4th. Inauguration of Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president of United 
States. 

1853 Minor planets discovered : Twenty-fourth minor planet, Themis, by A. de Gas- 
paris, April 5th ; the twenty-fifth minor planet, Phoca^a, by M. Chacornac, 
April 6th; the twenty-sixth minor ])lanet, Proserpine, by R. Luther, IMay 
5th; and the twenty-seventh minor planet, Euterpe, by J. R. Hind, Novem- 
ber 8th. 

1853 July 14tli. Opening of the World's Fair at Cry.stal Palace, New York City. 

1853 October 2d. Death of Dominique Fran(^ois Arago, celebrated French physicist 
and astronomer; age 67 years, 7 months, 6 daj's. 

1853 October 5tli. Turkey declares war against Russia. Russo-Turkish War. 

394 



A. D. 

1854 (Hegira 1271, Sept. 23d) ( R. I. 12103 1 I A. V. (\ 2(i07 ) (A. M. oX:>S) (J.P.GoGT.) 

Minor plauets discovered: The twenty-eighth minor planet, Bellona, by 
R. Luther, March 1st; the twenty-ninth minor planet, Amphitrite, by 
Mr. ^larth, March l-3d ; the thirtieth minor jilancr, t'l'ania, by J. R. Rind, 
July 22d; the thirty-first minor planet, Euj^hrosyue, by J. I'-erguson, Hej)- 
tember 1st; the thirty-second minor planet, Pomona, by H. Goldschmidt, Oc- 
to1)er 2Gth ; and the thirty-third minor planet, Polyhymnia, by M. Chacor- 
nac, October 28th. 

1854 March 12th. Treaty of alliance signed between England, France, and Turkey. 

1854 March 2Sth. England and France declare war against Russia. Russo-Turkish, 
•or Crimean War. 

1854 March 81st. Commercial treaty concluded between United States and Japan, 
by Commodore Perry, at Japan. 

1854 May 30th. Kansas and Nebraska admitted as territories of the United States. 

1854 ''Missouri Compromise BilT'of 1820 is rejiealed by the passage of the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, May 31st, permitting slavery in those two territories. 

1854 June 7th. Reciprocity treaty ccmcluded between United States and Great 
Britain, respecting Newfoundland fishery, international trade, etc. Dispute 
began 1852. 

1854 The Crystal Palace, removed from Hyde Park to Sydenham, is opened by Queen 
Victoria, June 10th. 

1854 September 20th. Battle of Alma, Crimea. Allies defeat the Russians. 

1854 October 17th. The first bombardment of Sebastopol, Crimea, by the allies; 
the long siege commences. ( See 1855, September 8th. ) 

1854 October 25th. Battle of Balaklava, Crimea. Allies defeat the Russians. 

1854 November 5th. Battle of Inkerman. Russians are defeased by the allies. 

1854 December 10th. Pope Pius IX. promulgates a bull, declaring the dogma of the 

"Immaculate Conception" of Blessed Virgin ]\Iary to be an article of faifh 
in the Roman Catholic Church. 

1855 (Hegira 1272, Scjit. 12t]i) ( R. I. 13103, , v. U. C. 2(iOS i (A.M.585!)) ( J. I'.(;5(;8. 1 

The railway across Isthmus of Panama is completed; the first train runs across 
from ocean to ocean, January 28th. 

1855 Jan. 20th to Feb. l.st. Resignation of the Aberdeen ministry. Lord Palmers- 
ton succeeds as premier of England, and forms his ministry Feb. 5th to 12th. 

1855 Jlarch. Niagara sus])ension bridge, connecting the railways of New York and 
Canada, is completed and oi)ened. 

1855 March 31st. Death of Charlotte Bront('% popular English novelist; age 38 
years. 11 months, 10 days. 

1855 Minor planets discovered : The thirty-fourth minor planet, Circe, by M. Cha- 
cornac, April 6th ; the thirty-fifth minor planet, Leucothea, by R. Luther, 
April 19th; thirty-sixth minor planet, Atalanta, by Coldschmidt, April 
19th, or, ac. Blair, October 5th; and the thirty-seventh minor planet. Fides, 
by R. Luther, October 5tli. 

1855 Indu.strial Exhibition, at Paris, opens May 15th, and closes November 15th. 



1). 



1855 September 8th. Malakhoff tower, ou a hill near Sebastopol, assaulted and 

taken bv the allies. Fall of Sebastopol, September 8th, after a siege of 
nearly eleven months by the allies. (See 1854, October 17th.) 

1856 (Hegira 1273, Sept. 2d) (R. I. UioS) (a. U. C. 2609) (A. M. 5860) (J. P. 65G9) 

Minor planets discovered: The thirty-eighth minor planet, Leda, January 
12th, and the thirty-ninth minor planet, La^titia, February 8th, both by 
M. Chacornac; the fortieth minor planet, Harmonia, by R. Luther, March 
31st ; the forty-first minor planet. Daphne, by H. Goldschmidt, IMay 22d, and 
the forty-second minor planet, Isis, by Norman Pogson, May 23d. 

1856 Marcli 30th. Treaty of Paris, between Russia, Turkey, Great Britain, France, 
and Sardinia, terminating the Russo-Turkish, or Crimean War. 

1856 April 17th. Quebec is made tho seat of the Canadian government. 

1856 May 6th. Death of Sir William Hamilton, eminent Scotch metaphysician; age 

68 years, 1 month, 28 days. 

1857 (Hegira 1274, Aug. 22d) (R. I. 15 103 ) (a. U. C. 2610) (A. M. 5861) (JT. P. 6570) 

March 4th. Inauguration of James Buchanan, fifteenth president of United 
States. 

1857 Mutiny of the Sepoys against the British, in India, begins in March. 

1857 April 14th. Peace between England and Persia is ratified at Teheran. 

1857 May 1st. Death of L. C. A. de Musset, celebrated French poet ; age 46 years, 
5 months, 20 days. 

1857 May 25th and 27th. Total destruction of the Chinese fleet, by Commodore El- 
liot, and by Sir M. Seymour, and Commodore Keppel, June 1st. 

1857 June 8th. Death of Douglas William Jerrold, celebrated English dramatist, 
novelist, and journalist ; age 54 years, 5 months, 5 days. 

1857 June 26th. The town of Cawnporeis forced to surrender to the Indian rebel. 
Nana Sahib; all the British inhabitants are barbarouslv massacred, June 
28th, and July 15th. 

1857 General Havelock defeats the rebel Sepoys, under Nana Sahib, at Futtehpore, 
July 16th, and recaptures the town of Cawnpore, July 17th. 

1857 Aug-ust 24th. General financial panic in United States. 

1857 August 3l8t. ^^V)rk of excavation for Cenis Canal, through Mt. Cenis, in the 
Alps, is begun; to connect Savoy and Piedmont. (See 1871, September 13th 
and 17th, and 1868.) 

1857 Rebellion of the Mormons in Utah. They massacre one hundred and thirty-six 
emigrants at ^fountain Meadows, September 18th. 

1857 October 13th. Great commercial panic in New York. 

1857 Commercial panic in England. Suspension, November 12th, of Bank Charter 
of 1844. 

1857 George Peabody, American philanthropist, having settled in London, visits 
America, and gives 1300,000, or more, to found the Free Literary and Scien- 
tific Institute at Baltimore, Md. (See 1862, 1860, 1868, 1869.) ' 

1857 December 28th and 29th. Canton, China, is bombarded and taken by the Eng- 
lish and French. 



?,bH 




F. H. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT. 
SEE 1859, MAY 6TH. 



398 



J. D. 

1858 (He-iira 1275, Aug. 11th) (R. I. 1, l()4th Cycle) ( A. U. C. 2G11) (A. M. 5802) 
(J. P. G571) 

Januai-v otli. English and French enter Canton. 
1858 May 11th. Minnesota, thirty-second State, is admitted into the Union. 
1858 June. United States troops restore order in Utah. 
1858 June 15th. Massacre of some of the Christian inhabitants of Jedda, Arabia, by 

the jMohammedans. 
1858 August 1st. The laying of the first transatlantic cable is completed. The first 

two messages, from queen of England to president of United States, and his 

reply, are sent August 5th. Cable's power of transmission entirely fails, 

September 4th. 
1858 August 7th. Queen Victoria appoints Ottawa to I)e the capital of Canada. 

1858 November 1st. Queen Victoria is proclaimed sovereign throughout India ; 

Lord Canning is made viceroy. 

1859 (Hegira 1276, July 31st) (R. I. 2104) (a. U. C. 2612) (A. M. 5863) (J. P. 6572) 

January 28th. Death of "William Ilickling Prescott, eminent American histo- 
rian; age 62 years, 8 months, 24 days. 

1859 February 14th. Oregon, thirty-third State, is admitted into the Union. 

1859 May 3d. France declares war against Austria, for having invaded Sardinian 
territories. 

1859 May 6th. Death of Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, celebrated 
Prussian naturalist and traveler; age 89 years, 7 months, 22 days. 

1859 May 20th. Austrians are defeated by the allies (French and Sardinians), at 
the battle of Montebello, in Piedmont. 

1S59 May 30th and 31st. The allies defeat the Austrians, at the battle of Palestro. 

1859 June 4th. Austrians are again defeated at the battle of Magenta. 

1859 June 5th. Death of Prince Metternich, eminent Austrian statesman ; age 86 
years, 20 days. 

1859 Petroleum. is discovered in great abundance in United States. Artesian wells 
are sunk, and oil manufactories erected. 

1859 June 8th. Allies defeat the Austrians at Malegnano, near Milan. 

1859 June 24tli. Battle of Solferino, in Lombardy. Austrians are defeated by the 
allies. 

1859 July 11th. Treaty of Villafranca : Austria and France agree to an armistice. 

1859 July 12th. First street-car in Baltimore ('ity is drawn by horses, from Bal- 
timore and South Streets to Broadway market. 

1859 July 13th. Death of Rufus Choate, eminent American advocate, and United 
States senator; age 59 years, 9 months, 12 days. 

1859 Perseciition of the Greek Christians, in Candia (ancient Crete), by the Turks, 
begins July 31st. 

1859 September 7th. Schamyl, great Circassian leader, is forced to surrender to 
the Russians. Circassian tribes cease to resent the Roman power. 

1859 October 16th, at night. Insurrection of colored slaves at Harper's Ferry, Va. ; 
incited by John Brown, violent abolitionist. He seizes the arsenal, stops 
trains, and cuts telegraph wires. He is overpowered, October 17th, by Vir- 

399 



A. D. 

5;iiiia militia; most of his party arc Icilk'd in the engagement, and he himself 

wonnded. 
1S59 Noveml)er 2Stli. Death of Washington Irving, distinguished American anthor 

and hnmorist ; age 7(5 years, 7 months, 25 days. 
1850 December 2d. John Brown is executed. 
1859 December 8tli. Death of Thomas De Qnincey, eminent English anthor; age 74 

years; known as the "Opium Eater." 
1859 December 16th. Death of William Karl (Irimm, German author; brother of 

Jakob Ludwig Grimm; age 73 years, 9 months, 22 days. (See 1863.) 

1859 December 28th. Death of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, eminent Eng- 

lisli historian and critic; age 59 years. 2 months, 3 days. 

1800 ( llegira 1277, July 20th) ( E. I. 3 10^ ) (A. U. C. 2613) (A. M. 5864) (J. P. 6573) 

February 12th. Death of Sir William I'''. P. Napier, British general and histo- 
rian of "Peninsular AVar"; age 74 years, 1 month, 25 days. 

1860 March. Insurrection of the Maoris, or natives of New Zealand. (See March 

19th, 1861, and September, 1865.) 

1860 Alarch 17th. Deatli of Mrs. Anna Jameson, celebrated Irish authoress; age 62 
years, 9 months, 28 days. 

1860 March 26th. Definitive peace between Spain and Morocco is signed. 

1860 April 4-5th. Death of James K. Paulding, popular American novelist ; age 
80 years, 7 months, 12 days. 

1860 April 23d. National democratic convention meets at Charleston, S. C. They 
name Stephen A. Douglas as president of United States. The seceding mem- 
bers meet in Baltimore, June 18-22d, and nominate John C. Breckinridge. 

1860 May 9th. Deatli of Samuel G. Goodrich; author (under nam de plume of Pe- 
ter Parley) of many juvenile educational series; age 60 years, 8 months, 20 
days. 

18(!0 May 11 th. Garibaldi, Italian general, lands at Marsala, in Sicily, and assumes 
the office of dictator, in the name of Victor Emmanuel II., of Sardinia. 

1860 Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at Galatitimi, INIay 15th, and at Melazzo, 
July 20th. 

1860 Joseph "Worcester, American lexicographer, completes and publishes his "Dic- 
tionary of the English Language.'' (See 1830.) 

1860 ^May 16th. National republican convention assembles at Chicago, and elects 
Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, as iiresident of Fnited States. 

1860 :May 28th and June 21st. The Maronites, a Christian sect living in the East, 
are massacred by the Druses, a neighboring Mohammedan sect, dwelling 
among the mountains of Lebanon. 

1860 The steamship Great Eastern sails from England, June 17th, and arrives at 
New York, June 28th. 

1860 July 9-llth. Over 3,000 Christians are massacred, at Damascus, by the Mo- 
hammedans. IMany of the Christians are rescued by Abd-el-Kader. (See 
1832 and 1883.) 

1860 July 20th. Garibaldi defeats the Neapolitans at JNIelazzo. 

1860 July 27-30tli. Garibaldi enters Messina, and concludes a truce with the Nea- 
politans, who agree to evacuate Sicily, but retain the citadel of Messina. 

400 



A. D. 

1860 Auijiist 12tli. The second Chinese War begins; the Chinese are defeated by 
the allied French and English in a skirmish at Pei-ho. 

1860 Angnst 21st. Garibaldi takes possession of Reggio, Italy. 

1800 Angnst-Septeniber. Fuad Pasha, Turkish statesman, is appointed by the Pow- 
ers to avenge the massacred Christians. He executes more than 160 Moham- 
medans, including the Turkish governor. 

1860 Francis II., of the Two t>icilies (Naples and Sicily), retires from Naples to 
Gaeta, September 6th. Garibaldi enters Naples September 7th. 

1860 The allies (French and English) advance towards Pekiu, and defeat the Chi- 
nese at Chang-kia-wan, September ISth, and at Pa-li-chiau, September 21st. 

1860 September 20-bctober 20th. Prince of Wales visits United States. 

1860 September 21st. Death of Arthur Schopenhauer, celebrated German pessi- 
mist philosopher; xt. 73. 

1860 October 12th. Pekin, China, surrenders to the allies. 

1860 October 24th. Ratification of former treaty signed at Pekin, between China 
and the allies. 

1860 November 6th. Election of Abraham Lincoln, a republican, as sixteenth presi- 
dent of United States. The news creates intense excitement at Charleston, 
S. C, and in other Southern States. 

1860 November. South Carolina and Georgia prepare to take iip arms. 

1860 December 20th. South Carolina secedes from the Union. 

1860 The method of spectrum analysis is invented and introduced by Bunsen and 
Kirchhoff. 

1860 December 26th. Major Anderson, TTnited States army, withdraws from Fort 

IVIoultrie, to occupy Fort Sumter, S. C. 
18()0 December 28th. South Carolinians take possession of Castle Pinckney and 
Fort Moultrie. 

1861 (Hegira 1278, July 9th) (R. I. 4 loi ) (A. U. C. 2614) (A. M. 5865) (J. P. 6574.) 

Proclamation of President Buchanan, for the oliservance of January 4th as a 

day of fasting and i)raycr. 
1861 January Oth. Secession of Mississippi from the Union. 
1861 January lOth. Florida secedes. 
1861 .Tanuary 11th. Alabama secedes. 
1861 January 19th. Secession of Georgia. 
1861 January 26th. Louisiana secedes. 

1861 January 29th. Kansas, tliirty-fourtli State, is admitted into the Union. 
1861 February 1st. Texas secedes. 
1861 February 4th. Delegates from the seceding States assemlilc at Montgomery, 

and form a congress. They elect Jefferson Davis as pi'esident. 
1861 February 13th. Gaeta is surrendered to Victor Emnuinuers troops. (See 1860, 

May 11th. ) 
1861 February 18th. Jefferson Davis inaugurated president of Confederate States 

of America. 
1861 February 26th. Italian Parliament declares Victor Emmanuel king of Italy. 
1861 March 3d. Decree of the czar, Alexander II., proclaiming emancipation of 

serfs throughout Russia, to take effect two years from date, /. c, March 3d, 

1863. 

401 



A. 1). 

1861 March 1th. luaugiiration of Abraham Liuooln, sixteenth president of United 

States. 
1861 March 19th. End of first Maori War. (See 1860, March, and 1865, Septem- 
ber 2d. ) 
1861 Civil War begins. Confederates bombard Fort Sumter, Cliarleston, April 12th. 

Fort Sumter is surrendered April 13th. Major Anderson and l^nion soldiers 

evacuate the fort April 14th. 
1861 April ITtli. Secession of Virginia. 
1861 United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Va., is tired and destroyed, April 

18th, and the navy-yard at Gosport, near Norfolk, is destroyed April 21st, 

by the Federals, to prevent their falling into the hands of the Confederates. 
1861 A])ril 19th. Baltimoreans try to prevent the Massachusetts regiment from 

passing through Baltimore, but are fired upon by the Northern militia. 
1861 April 25th. Philip Eeis exhibits, at Frankford, the first electric telephone, 

which is partially articulate. (See 1873, 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1880.) 
1861 May 6th. Secession of Arkansas and Tennessee; ad(tpted by the Legislature 

in secret. Tennessee pul)licly secedes May 21st. 
1861 May 20th. Secession of North Carolina. 
1861 June 3d. Death of Hon. S. A. Douglas, <listinguisb('(l AmrricaM ])olitirian 

(sobriquet, "Little Giant") ; age 48 years. 
1861 June 20tli. West Virginia separates from X'irgiiiia, on acccmul of the latter's 

secession, and becomes another State. 
1861 July 21st. Battle of Bull Bun, Manassas Junction, Va. The Union army, 

under Brigadier-General McDowell, is defeated by the Confederates, under 

Generals Beauregard and Johnston. 
1861 August 10th. Union troops, under General Lyon, are defeated at ^Vilson 

Creek, near Springfield, Mo., by the Confederates. General Lyon is killed in 

battle. 
1861 August 2!)th. The Federals capture Forts Ilatteras and Clark, North Caro- 
lina. 
1861 September 20th. Confederates capture Lexington, Mo. 
1861 November 1st. General McClellan is ai)i)ointed commander-in-chief of LTnited 

States armies. General Scott having resigned. 
1861 December 14th. Death of Albert, prince consort of Queen Victoria; age 42 

years, 3 months, 18 days. 

1861 December 23d. Damibian principalities, Jloldavia and Wallachia, are united 

under the name of Roumania. 

1862 (Hegira 1279, June 29th) (K. I. S^o^ I ( A. U. C 2615) (A. M. 5866) (J. P. 6575) 

January 19th. Battle of Mill Springs, Ky. The Federals, under General 
Thomas, defeat the Confederates, under General Zollicoffci-, who is killed in 
battle. 

1862 March 7th and 8th. Confederates are defeated at Pea Ridge. 

1862 March 8th. Confederate iron-clad "Virginia," formerly the "Merrinmc," de- 
stroys the Union vessel "Cumberland," and captures the "Congress" in 
Hampton Roads. 

402 



A. I). 

1S(!1.* .Miirrh !ltli. Tlu* tirst contest between iron-clad ships. The Confederates' "Vir- 
ginia" ( "^Jerrimac") is repnlsed by the T'nion tioatini; battery "Monitor," 
constructed by J. Ericsson. ( See 1889. ) 

1S()2 Tlie fanums Gatlinc: ,!Xiin is invented by Dr. Kicliard Jordan (Jatlinji, of Hert- 
ford County, Xortli Carolina, U. S. A., and tirst used in battle this year 
( See 1903, February 2(itli. ) 

IS(;2 Ajjril 3d. Death of Sir James Clark Koss, British admiral, and Arctic and 
Antarctic lunipitor ; discoverer of Victoria Land, in Antarctic Ocean ; a<ie 62. 

1S(»2 A])ril (Ith. The first battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, near Corinth, 
Tenn. T'nionists, undei- (icneral CJraut, are attacked and forced to retire by 
the Confederates, tinder (ienerals Johnston and Beauregard. (Jeneral John- 
ston is killed in the battle. 

18(12 A])ril 7th. The second battle of Shiloh. The Conft^derates are forced to retire 
(in good order) to Corinth, by the T'nion troops, reinforced by (leneral 
BuelTs army. ^ 

isn2 April 7th. "Island Xo. Ten," in ^lississippi River, is captured by fh(> Feder- 
als. 

L802 April Ifith. Ccmgress passes an act abolishing slavi-ry in District of Cohunbia. 

18f>2 April 25th. The Federals take New Orleans. 

18r)2 May 1st. International E.xhibition, at London, is oi)ened by the Duke of (Jam- 
bridge. Closed November 15th. 

t8n2 .May 31st. Battle of Seven Bines and Fair Oaks, Va. The Unionists, under 
< leneral Casey, are attacked and driven back by the Confederates, under (Gen- 
eral Johnson. 

L'^fi2 June 1st. Battle of b'air Oaks renewed. Confederates re])ulsed. 

1802 June 25th-July 1st. "Seven Days' Battle," before Kichmond, Va. The Con- 
federates, under General Lee, force the Unionists, uTider (ieneral ]\[cClellan, 
to retreat. 

18(i2 Lan(lslK)rough, Stuart, and .McKinlay cross Australia tin's year, from sea to 
sea. La ndsborough crosses from North (o Soutli bci ween I'^ebniary and 
June; Stuart, from South to North, before August ; and .AfcKinlay, also from 
South to North, bef(U"e Si'iitember. 

1862 September 22d. President Lincoln proclaims enianci|iafi(in of all slaves in 
Confederate States, January 1st, 1863, if States continue until then in a state 
of rebellion. 

1862 Bevolutiou in (Jreece beuins. October 17th. (>llio 1. is deposed, f)ctober 23d. 
Prince Alfred of Great Britain is ])roclaimed king, Novend)er 22d. and again, 
by National Assembly, February 3d, 1863. (See ^farch, 1863.) 

1862 December 13th. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. The Fnionists are defeated 

by the Confederates. 

1863 ( Hegira 1280, June 18th ) ( K. I. 6 lO" i ( A. U. C. 2616) (A. M. 5867) (J. P. 6576 ) 

January 1st. President Lincoln declares all slaves in the Confederate States 
free, and under military protection of T'nited States. (See 1862, Septem- 
ber 22d. ) 

1863 January 17th. Death of J. E. Horace Vernet, celebrated French historic 
painter; age 73 years, 6 months, 17 days. 

1863 ]\Iar( h 10th. ]»larriage of Prince of Wales to I'rincess Alexandra, of Denmark. 

403 



A. D. 

18G3 The National Assembly offers the crt)\vn of Greece to Prince William of Schles- 
wig-Holstein, March ISth, and proclaims him king, as George I, March 30th. 
He accepts, Jnne 6th, and takes oath, at Athens, October 31st, 1803. 

1863 April 20th. West Virginia, thirty-fifth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1863 The T^iiion army of the Potomac, under General Hooker, crosses the Eajipa- 
hannock, April 29th. Battles of Cliancellorsville, Va., May 2-4th. The 
Federal army, under General Hooker, is totally defeated and driven back by 
the Confederates, under Generals Lee, Jackson, and Stuart. 

1863 May 2d. Gen. Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson is mortally wounded, by his own 
party firing on him by mistake. He dies May 10th. 
N. B. — The sobriquet of ''Stonewall" Avas given him at the battle of Bull Run, 
when, admiring the brave firmness with which he and his brigade stood their 
ground against the severe pressure of the enemy. General Bee ex- 
claimed, "There is Jackson standing like a stone Avail,'' July 21st, 18G1. 

1863 June 24th. Japanese ports are closed against European and American tra- 
ders. 

1863 July 1st. Slavery abolished in Dutch West Indies. 

1863 July l-3d. Battle of Gettysburg, Pa. Confederates, under General Lee, are 
defeated by Unionists, under General Meade. 

1863 July Ith. Confederate General PcTuberton is forced to surrender Vicksburg 
to General Grant, it having been besieged by the Unionists from May 18th, 
and bombarded July 3d. 

1863 July 7th. Death of William Mulready, celebrated Irish painter; age 77. 

1863 July 8th. Confederate General Gardiner surrenders Fort Hudson, on the Mis- 
sissippi, to Federal General Banks. 

1863 July 13-16th. Fierce riots in New York, opposing the conscription decree. 

1863 Meeting at Chicago of the first convention of the Fenians, a brotherhood in 
ITnited States and Ireland, united to liberate and regenerate Ireland. So 
called from the name of ancient Irish national militia. 

1863 September 19-20th. Battle of Chickamauga. The Unionists, under General 
Eosecrans, are defeated by the Confederates, under General Bragg, and 
driven back to Chattanooga. 

1863 September 20th. Death of Jakob Ludwig Grimm, German philologist and ju- 
rist ; author of "History of German Language," and, conjointly with his 
brother, William, he wrote "CJerman Dictionary" and collected "Fairy 
Tales" ; age 78 years, 8 months, 16 days. ( See 1859. ) 

1863 November 25th. General Bragg is defeated at Missionary Ridge, near Chatta- 
nooga, by General Grant. 

1863 December 8th. The Church of the Campania, Santiago, Chili, South America, 
catches on fire during a festive celebration, 7 p. ii.. in honor of Feast of Im- 
maculate Conception, and is burned down. Over 2,000 persons perish in the 
flames. 

1863 December 24th. Death of William Makepeace Thackeray, popular English 

novelist and humorist ; age 52 years. 

1864 (Hegira 1281, June 7th) (R. I. 710'*) (A. U. C. 2617) (A. M. 5868) (J. P. 6577) 

January 1st. Schleswig-Holstein War begins, between the Prussians allied 
with the Austrians, and the Danes. 

404 



.\. D. 

1S64 January 21st. Ilolsteiii is entered Iiy the tiernian troops, under General 
^^'ranJiel. 

1861 Feliruary 1st. The allies enter Schleswig. 

1861 I'ebruary 5th. The Danes liave to abandon the Dannewerke, a series of earth- 
worics of ancient construction, regarded as almost impregnable, built across 
Jutland, Schleswig, and Holstein. 

1864 I'\'bruary 20th. Union forces advance into Florida, and are defeated at Olus- 
tee. 

1864 March 12th. Gen. U. S. Grant is appointed commander-in-chief of the United 
States armies, in place of llalleck, in command since July 2Gtli, 1862. 

1864 March 14th. The Albert Xyauza, one of the sources of the ^^'hite Nile, is dis- 
covered by Samuel White Baker; knighted 1866. (See 1893.) 

1864 Jlarch 31st. The Russians gain a great victory over the Circassian tribes, who 
emigrate into Turkey. The Russians declare the war to be at an end, 
June 2d. 

1864 Tlie Russians completely suppress the Pcdish insurrection. 

1864 April 10th. Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, of Austria, accept,s the proffered 
imperial throne of Mexico, as Maximilian I. 

1864 April 12th. Confederates capture Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi. 

1864 3Iay .5th and 6th. Battle of the A^'ildel'ness, near Chancellorsville, Va., between 
Generals Grant and Lee. Severe, but indecisive. 

1864 May IDth. Death of Nathaniel Hawthorne, distinguished American novelist; 
age 59 years, 10 montlis, 15 days. 

18<ii July 18th. The Imperialists of China recover Nankin, and end the Taeping 
Rebellion, the rebel pretender, Tien- Wang (Heavenly King), having poison- 
ed liimself with gold leaf, June 30th, 1864. (See 1850.) 

1864 July 30th. General Grant orders the explosion of a mine under the fort at 
Petersburg, Va., thereby killing a large number of Confederates; but he is 
subsequently repulsed, with great slaughter. 

1864 September 2d. Atlanta, Ga., taken l)y the Federals, under General Sherman. 

1864 September 19th. Confederates, under General Early, are defeated at Win- 
chester, Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, liy Federals, under General Sheri- 
dan, with great loss on both sides. 

1864 October 30tli. Treaty of Vienna, in which Christian IX., of Denmark, gives 
up Schleswig-IIolstein, and Lauenburg, to the allies. 

1864 October 31st. Nevada, thirty-sixth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1864 November 11th. Hostilities between Brazil and Para.guay begin, the latter 

having seized a Brazilian steamer on the Paraguay River. 

1865 (Hegira 1282, May 27th) (R. I. 8io^) (A. U. C. 2618) (A. M. 5869) (J. P. 6578) 

January 15th. Fort Fisher, North Carolina, taken by the Unionists. 
1865 January 15th. Death of Edward Everett, distingTiished American statesman 

and di]»loni,atist ; age 70 years, 9 months, 4 days. 
1865 February 15th. Death of CardinaMYiseman, distinguished English scholar; 

age 62 years, 6 months, 13 days. 
1865 February 17th. C(dumbia, S. C, captured by the Federals, under General 

Sherman. 

405 



A. U. 

18G5 Febniarv IStli. Charleston, S. C, occupied hy the Federals. 

1865 February 22d. Wilmington, N. C, taken by the Federal General Schofield. 

1805 jMarch 4th. Inaugiiration of Abraham Lincoln, for a second term, as president 
of United States. 

18G5 March 31st-April 1st. Battle at Five Forks; Confederates, under General 
Lee, are defeated by General Sheridan. 

18(55 April 3d. The Federals, under General Grant, occupy Petersburg, and Rich- 
mond, Va. 

1865 April 9th. General Lee surrenders his army to Federal General Grant, at Ap- 
pomattox r(mrt-IIousc, upon condition that each and every oflhcer and man 
be allowed to return to his own home. 

1865 April lith, 10 :30 p. M. I'resident Lincoln is fatally shot in the head at Ford's 
Theatre, Washington, by J. Wilkes Booth. 

1865 April 11th. Secretary Seward and his son are wounded in their own house by 
Lewis Payne, accomplice of Booth. 

1865 April 15th, 7 :20 .\. m. President Lincoln dies from his shot wound ; Vice- 
President Andrew Jolinson succeeds, as seveuteeuth president of United 
States. 

1865 April 26th. G(mfederate (Jeneral Johnston surrenders his arnn- to General 
Sherman, on same terms as did General Lee. ( See April 9th.) 

1865 April. Lopez, president of Paraguay, declares war against, and invades, Ar- 
gentine Republic. 

1865 April 26th. J. ^^'ilkes Booth is tracked and shot, in Virginia. 

1865 ]\Iay 4tli. Confederate General Richard Taylor surrenders his army to Gen- 
eral Canby. 

1865 ;May 10th. Confederate President Jefferson Davis is captured near Irwinville, 
Georgia. End of Civil War. 

1865 Mf\y 13th. Seat of government of Italy transferred from Turin to I'lorence. 

1865 May 22d. President Johnson's proclamation, opening the Southern ports. 

1865 May 29th. President Johnson proclaims an amnesty, with certain exceptions. 

1865 May. Treaty of alliance signed between Argentine Republic, Brazil, and 
L^ruguay, against Paraguay. 

1865 July 7th, Payne, Atzerott, Harrold, and ]\Irs. Surratt, conspirators in Booth's 
assassination of Lincoln, are hung. 

18(55 July 29th. All Southern prisoners of war are released on parole, upon taking 
the oath of allegiance. 

1865 AugTist 14th. Treaty signed at Gasteiu, Austria, between Prussia and Austria, 
by their respective ministers, Bismarck and Blum, by which Prussia is 
given the temporan' government of Schleswig, and Austria that of Ilolstein. 
Lauenburg is ceded absolutely to Prussia, which pays Austria an equivalent 
in money. 

1865 August. Terri))le epidemic of cholera at Constantinople, and elsewhere. 

1865 End of the second Rebellion of the ^Maoris, or natives of New Zealand, begun 
January 25tli. Peace proclaimed by the governor, September 2d. (See 
March i9th, 1861.) 

1865 September 27-30th. Fenianism and Freemasonry condemned by the pope, 
Pius IX. 

' 406 



A. 1 1. 

1805 (Jctober 18th. Death of Lord Palmerston, prime niiuister of England; age 80 
years, 11 months, 28 days. 

lS(i5 November 2d. National thanksgiving in United States for peace. 

18(!5 November 12th. Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell, popular moral English au- 
thoress. 

1865 December 18th. Slavery in United States declared constitutionally abolished, 

by the Thirteenth Amendment. 

18G6 ( Ilegira 1283, May Ifith ) ( K. I. 104 | (a. U. C. 2619) (A. M. 5870) (J. P. 6579) 

February 23d. Peru joins Chili, and declares war against Spain. 

1866 Jlarch 31st. Spaniards, under Admiral Meudez Nunez, bombard Valparaiso, 

Chili. 

18()G April 2-3d. Proclamation of President Johnson, declaring the Civil War to 
be at an end. 

1866 April 9th. Civil Kights Bill is passed in Congress, over President Johnson's 
veto. 

1866 April lOtli. Inauguration of the "American Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals," U. S. A., accomplished by the brave and untiring en- 
ergy of Henry Rergh, secretary of Russian legation. (See 1824, 1849, and 
1872.) 

186(! ilay 2d. Admiral Nunez attempts to bombard Callao, Peru, but is defeated by 
the Peruvians, and retreats. 

1866 ^lay 12th. Treaty of alliance, between Prussia and Italy. 

186(! May 29th. Death of Wintield Scott, Amei'ican general, celebrated for his 
sen'ices in the war of 1812. Age 79 years, 11 mouths, 16 days. 

1866 June 17th. Death of Lewis Cass, American statesman and general; age 83 
years, 8 months, 8 days. 

1866 June 18th. Prussia declares war against Austria. 

1S()6 June 20th. Italy declares war against Austria. 

1866 July 3d. Battle of Sadowa, near Koniggriitz, Bohemia. The Austrians, under 
General Benedek, are totally defeated and routed by the Prussians, under 
King William I. 

1866 Laying of the Atlantic cable, between United States and England, success- 
fully completed July 27th, under supervision of Cyrus W. Field, and others. 
(See 1892.) 

1866 August 23d. Treaty of peace, between Prussia and Austria, signed at Prague. 

1866 The lost cable of 1865 is recovered September 2d, and its laying successfully 
completed at Newfoundland, September 8th. 

1866 October 3d. Treaty of peace, between Austria and Italy, signed at Vienna. 
Venetia is ceded to Italy. 

1866 December 13th. Act passed by Cimgress, giving suffrage in District of Colum- 

bia to the colored race. 

1867 (Ilegira 1284, May 5th) (R. I. lOiO'f) (A. U. C. 2620) (A. M. 5871) (J. P. 6580) 

January 13-14th. Death of Victor Cousin, celebrated French philosopher and 
metaphysician ; age 74 years, 1 month, 16 days. 
1867 IMarch 1st. Nebraska, thirty-seventh State, is admitted into the Union. 

407 



A. D. 

18G7 March 2d. Reconstruction Bill, ami Tenure-of-Office Bill are passed by Con- 
gress, over President Johnson's veto. 
1867 March 8-9th. Fatally destructive earthquake at Mitylene, JEgean Sea; 1,000 

lives lost. 
18GT March 13-20th. Russian America, or Alaska, purchased from Russia by 

United States, by treaty, for |7,200,000. Treaty is ratified by United States 

Senate, April-June. 
18(!7 JMarch 29t]i. Act passed uniting the British dominions in North America, 

viz., Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, under the name of Domin- 
ion of Canada. 
18G7 International Exhibition, on the Champ de ilars, Paris, opens April 1st. 

Closes November 3d. 
18G7 May 13th. Jefferson Davis, ex-Confederate president, is released on bail. 
1SG7 Maximilian besieged in Queretaro, ilexico. The place and emperor betrayed 

by General Lopez into the hands of the Juarists army, ^lay 15th. 
1867 June 19th. Maximilian and his statesmen, Miramon and Mejia, after trial, are 

shot. 
18G7 June 20-21st. City of Mexico surrenders to the Juarists, after a siege of more 

than three months. 
1867 August 2r)th. Death of Michael Faraday, eminent English chemist and natural 

philosopher; founder of the science of magneto-electricity; age 75 years, H 

months, 3 days. 
1867 The first bicycle in United States, bought at Paris, is brought to this country 

by an American merchant. 

1867 Octolx-r 29th. Terribly destructive hurricane at West Indies. At St. Thomas, 

Virgin Islands, nearly sixty vessels are wrecked, and from 500-1,000 lives 

lost. 

18G7 October 30th. City of Santo Domingo, TTayti, West Indies, nearly destroyed by 
a hurricane. 

1868 (Hegiral285, April 25th) (R. I.lliOM (A. U. C. 2G21} (A. M. 5872) (J. P. 6581) 

January 1st. The ports of Hiogo and Osaka, Japan, are opened to foreign 
commerce. 

1868 January 4th. British troops, under -Sir Robert Napier, arrive in Abyssinia, 
to fores the release of all the British subjects and missionaries, imprisoned 
in chains, at Magdala, by Theodore, of Abyssinia, since January 3d, 1864. 

1868 January. Civil war in Japan, between the Mikado and Tycoon, begins. The 
Mikado finally defeats the Tycoon, in July. 

1868 February 21st. President Johnson sends a message to the Seriate, announcing 
that he has removed Mr. Stanton from the office of Secretary of War, and 
placed General Thomas in his place until a successor be appointed. The 
Senate declares the president's act illegal. 

1868 February 24th. House of Representatives votes for an impeachment of Presi- 
dent Johnson, and so reports to the Senate, by Thaddeus Stevens and Bing- 
ham. 

1868 March 23d. Civil Marriage Bill is passed by the tapper House, Austria ; a vir- 
tual repeal of the Concordat. 

■lOS 



A. I). 

1808 Tlie II ijili Court of Impeafhmeut, organized by the Senate, and presided over 
by ex-Governor Chase, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of United States, 
opens, for the trial of President Johnson, Marcli '2^d. (See 1873, May 7th.) 

1868 Marcli 30th. Impeachment trial of eleven articles, against President Johnson, 
is opened by Cen. B. F. Butler, of Massachusetts, as prosecutor. 

1S68 April 10th. Sir Robert Napier defeats Theodore with great slaughter, at Mag- 
dala. (See 1890, and January, 18G8.) 

1868 April 13th. Magdala stormed and taken by Sir Robert Napier's forces. 
Death, by suicide, of Emperor Theodore, of Abyssinia. 

18(>8 :\[ay 10th. The eleventh article of impeachment is rejected by the Senate; C5 
Rei)ublicans vote for conviction, 12 Democrats and 7 Republicans for ac- 
quittal. Two-thirds majority required for conviction. 

1868 May 20th. The second and third articles of impeachment rejected; 35 votes 
for conviction, 1!) for ac(]uittal. The impeachment having thus failed, the 
court adjourns, "siwe die.'* 

1868 June 5th. The Chinese embassy (Burlingame, formerly Ignited States min- 
ister in Pekin, but now employed by Chinese government as special envoy, 
Chin Kaug, and Sun Chia Su) received at Washington by President John- 
son. 

1808 June 10-1 Itli. Bill jiasscd liy tlie Senate for the re-admission of the Southern 
States. 

1808 June 15th. The railway for locomotives across the Alps, over Mount Cenis, 
is opened for traffic. (See 1857 and 1871.) 

18(i8 June 20th. Bill passed by the Ilouse, for the re-admission of Arkansas, over 
the i)resident's veto. 

1808 July 4tli. Treaty between Chinese embassy and United States, authorizing 
* mutual immigration, signed at Washington. 

1868 July 22d. Bill passed by the House, organizing Wyoming as a territory of 
United States. 

1808 July 28th. Fourteenth Amendment declared by Congress to be part of tlie 
Constitution. 

1808 l'\'arful earthquakes in South America, August 13-15th. Many towns in Peru 
and Ecuador entirely destroyed; from 25,000 to 30,000 lives lost. 

1868 September 18th. Revolution against Queen Isabella, of Spain, begins with the 
fleet at Cadiz, under Admiral Topete, joined by General Prim. 

1808 September 27th. Battle of Alcolea. The Spanish Royalists, under Gen. Pavia 
y Lacy, marquis de Novaliches, are totally defeated by the Republicans, 
under Marshal Serrano, to whom the former, lieing severely wounded, sur- 
renders, September 28tli. 

1808 S(q3teml)er 29th. Deposition of Queen Isabella is officially declared at .Madrid. 

1868 October 5-8tli. Provisional government formed in Spain, under Marshal Ser- 
*rano, fJeneral Prim, and Olozaga. They make many important reforms. 

1808 Cornell University at Ithaca, N. Y., is founded by Ezra Cornell. 

1868 November 13th. Death of Gioacchino Rossini, celebrated Italian musical com- 
poser* age 70 years, 8 months, 14 days. He composed his celebrated opera 
"Guillaume Tell," 1829. 

1808 December 20th. Death of Augustus S. Mitchell, American geographer. 

409 



A. D. 

1S68 December 20tli. Death, at Richmond, Va., of Mosby Clark, a soldier of tlie 
Revolution ; age 121 years. 

IN(i!» ( H.-ira 12SG, April 14th) (R.I.12104 ) (A. V. C. 2G22 ) (A. M. 5873) (J. F. 6582) 

February 2Gth. Passage of the Fifteenth Article of Amendment to the Consti- 
tution of T'nited States. 

1809 I'ebruary 28th. Death of Alphonse de Lamartine, celebrated French poet, his- 
torian, and statesman; age "6 years, 4 months, 7 days. 

18(!!» .March 4th. (ien. U. S. (Jrant inaugurated, eighteenth president of United 
States. 

180!) ]May 12th. The Pacific railroad, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is opened. 

ISO!) The Cortes vote for a monarchy in Spain, May 21st, and elect Marshal Serrano 
as regent, June 15th. 

1809 The French Atlantic cable: the European end is laid at Rrest, France, June 
17th; the laying of the American end, at Du.xbury, Mass., is completed 
July 23d. 

1809 July 26th. The Irish Church Bill, for the disestablishment of the Irish Church, 
receives royal assent. 

1S09 October 8th. Death of ex-President Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president of 
United States; age 64 years, 10 months, 15 days. 

1S()9 November 17th. The Suez Canal, from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, is 
successfully opened for traffic. Ferdinand de Lesseps is the constructor. 
(See 1894.) 

18(59 December 8th. Opening of the council in the Vatican, Rome, summoned by an 
encyclical letter, Septemlter 8th, and counted l)y Ronuin Church as Twenty- 
first CEcumenical Council. 

1870 (Megira 1287, April 3d ) ( R. I. 13^4) (A. U. C. 2623) (A. M. 5874) (J. P. 6583) 

March 1st. The Brazilians defeat the Paraguayans, under President F. S. 
Lopez, who is killed in battle, at A(]ui(laban. 

1870 March 30th. Tlie Fifteenth Amendment proclaimed part of the Constitution of 
tlie T'nited States. 

1870 June 9th. Death of Charles Dicken.5, celebrated Englisji novelist ; age 58 years, 
4 months, 2 days. 

1870 June 20th. Treaty of peace, between Brazil and Paraguay, is signed. 

1S70 June 25th. Isabella II., of Spain, abdicates in favor of her son, Alfonso. 

1870 July 5-Oth. Prince Leopold, of nohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a province of 
Prussia, having lieen nominated by the Cortes, accepts the candidature for 
(he Spanish throne. 

1870 July 5-Oth. The French government, jeabms of the increasing power of Prus- 
sia, denounces Prince Leopold's acceptance. Due de Grammont, the for- 
eign minister, makes threatening speeches in the French chamber. 

1870 July 12th. Prince Leopold, with consent of king of Prussia, declines the prof- 
fered crown of Spain. 

1870 b'rench government, not satisfied, demands a guarantee from William I., of 
Prussia, against future acceptance of the Spanish crown. This demand is in- 

-iio 



A. D. 

diguautly refused by William I., who decliues to receive Count Benedetti, 
the French minister, July 13th. 

1870 July 15th. Naixilcon III. declares war against Prussia, sanctioned by the ma- 
jority of the chambers. 
Declaration' delivered in Berlin, July 19th. 

1870 July 18th. The "Infallibility of the Pope," as head of the Roman branch of the 
Church, is affirmed as a dogma by the Vatican Council, after much discussion 
and opposition, many bishops having withdrawn from the discussion. The 
cimncil adjourns until November 11th. 

1870 July l!)th. Meeting of the North-Cierman Parliament, which votes to support 
Prussia. 

1870 July 27th. Day of general prayer observed in Prussia. 

1870 July 30th. Austria declares its concordat with Rome to be suspended, not ac- 
cepting the infalliltility of the pope as a dogma. 

1870 August 2d. Saarbrtick bombarded and taken from the Prussians by the French, 
under General Frossard. 

1870 August 4th. The French, under Geueral Frossard, are defeated by Frederick 
"\Mlliam, crown-prince of Prussia, at ^Mssembourg. 

1870 August 0th. Battle of Wdorth. Crown-Prince of Prussia defeats Marshal Mac- 
Malion. 

1870 August 14th. Battle of Courcelles, near ]\Ietz. First Prussian army, under 
Von Steinmetz, defeats the French. 

1870 August 14th. Death of David G. Farragut, distinguished United States ad- 
miral ; age G9 years, 1 month, days. 

1870 August Ifith. Battle of :\Iars-la-Tou"r, or of Vionville, near Metz. The French, 
under Bazaine, are defeated by the second Prussian army, \inder Prince Fred- 
crick Charles. 

1870 August 18th. Battle of (Jravelotte, or Rezonville, near Metz. I^irst and second 
armies combined, commanded by King William, of Prussia, defeat the 
Frencli, under Marshal Bazaine. 

1870 Bazaine and army (Muleavor to esca])e from Jletz, but after a fierce battle, from 
August 31st, A. SI., to September 1st, no(m, they are forced by part of Prince 
Frederick Charles' army, under General Manteuti'el, to again retreat into 
:\Ietz. 

1870 September 1st. Battle of Sedan, France, begins, between 4 and 5 a. yi. Mac- 
Mahon's entire army is totally defeated by the combined armies, under King 
William, of Prussia, the crown-prince of Prussia, and tlie crown-prince of 
Saxony. :MacMahon is wounded, ."> :30 r. M. General de Wimptfen takes 
command, and rejects terms off ereil by King William. Napoleon III. wit- 
nesses the defeat. French army retreats into Sedan; 25,000 French taken 
prisoners in battle, and 14,000 killed and wounded. 

1870 September 2d. Napoleon III. surreiulers to King William I., with the city of 
Sedan, and whole army there: 83,000 troops, 70 mitrailleuses, 400 field pieces, 
and 150 fortress guns. 

1S70 Sei)tember 4th, 3 :35 a. m. Surrender of MacMahon's army is announced to the 
Legislative Assembly at Paris. 

1870 September 4th. Thiers proposes a commission of government and national de- 
fense, which the chamber accordingly appoints, 3:10 P. M. 

411 



A. 1). 

The citizens demand a republic. The de]>osition of the imperial dynasty, and 
establishment of a republic is proclaimed by Gambetta and others. The Sen- 
ate at its last meetinj? declares its adhesion to the emperor. "Government of 
Defense" pr(!claimed: General Trochu as president. Other ministers of the 
government are: Leon Gambetta, Jules Simon, Jules Favre, Cremieux, Jules 
Picard, General Le Flo, Fourichon, jMognin, Dorian, Etienne Araj-o, and 
Keratry, September 4th. 

1870 September 8th. Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy, writes a conciliatory letter to 
the pope, stating that the occupation of Rome by Italian troops is necessary 
to preserve order. 

1870 September 11th. The king's offer of sovereignty of Leonine City, and retention 
of his income, is refused by the pope. 

1870 September 12th. Italian troops enter the papal territories. 

1870 Sei)tember 15-19th. Siege of Paris begins. 

1870 September 19th. Versailles, near Paris, and the French troops there, surren- 
dered to the Germans. It is entered and occupied by crown-prince of Prus- 
sia, September 20th. 

1870 September 20tli. Italian troops enter Rome, after short resistance from i)apal 
trooi)s, stojiped by order of the pope, to avoid bloodshed. 

1870 Death of Alexander Dumas, celebrated French novelist and dramatist; a't. 07. 
( Father of Alexander Dumas, Jr. ; see 1895. ) 

1870 Sejitember 23d. Toul, France, with its garrison of 3,000 men, surrendered to 
the Germans. 

1870 September 27th, 2 A. M. Capitulation of Strasburg by General Uhrich, after 
courageous resistance. Formally surrendered to the Germans, Septemlter 
28th. They enter September 30th, the anniversary of its seizure by Louis 
XIV., 1081. 

1870 October 12th. Death of Robert E. Lee, distinguished general in Confederate 
army during Civil War in LTnited States; age 63 years, 8 months, 23 days. 

1870 October 20th. Encyclical letter issued by the pope, adjourning meeting of the 
council; to have been resumed November 11th. 

1870 October 27th. Marshal Bazaine is compelled, by famine, to surrender to the 
Germans, under Prince Frederick Charles, the city of Metz, with his whole 
army, including Jlarshals Canrobert and Le Boeuf, 66 generals, about 6,000 
ofHcers, and 173,000 men. 

1870 November 16th. Spanish Cortes elect Amadeus, second son of Victor Emman- 
uel, as king of S])ain. He is proclaimed king November 17th, and accepts the 
crown, at Florence, from a deputation of the Cortes, December 4th. 

1870 December 5th. Rome declared to be the capital of Italy. 

1870 December 27th. General Prim, of Spain (see 1868), while riding in his car- 

riage, is fired upon by six men, who escape. He dies of his wounds Decem- 
ber 30th ; age 56 years, 24 days. 

1871 (Ilegira 1288, Mar. 23d) (R. I. 14104) (A. jT. C. 2624) (A. M. 5875) (J. P. 6584) 

January 2d. Amadeus enters Madrid, and takes the oath as king of Spain. 
1871 Conference meets in London, January 17th, and a treaty is signed, by which the 
neutralization of the Black Sea is abrogated, March 13th. 

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January 18th. King William, of Prussia, is proclaiiiKMl cmporor of Germany, 

at Versailles. 
January 28th. Capitulation of Paris. Favre and Bismarclc sisn an armistice. 
Election of a National Assembly in France, February Sth. Grevy is elected 

president of the Assembly, February 16-17th. 
February ISth. The National Assembly of France appoints M. Thiers as chief 

of executive power. 
Preliminary treaty of peace, between France and Germany, is signed at ^'er- 
sailles, February 26th: France to cede ports of Alsace and Lorraine, includ- 
ing Jletz and Strasburg, and to pay a large sum of money to Germany. 

1871 February 27tli. Commissioners for the settling of fishery disputes, and claims 
for damages done by steamship Alabama, etc., meet at Washington. Earl de 
Grey, 8ir Stafford Northcote, and others, for the British; Secretary Fish, 
General Schenck, etc., for United States. Anglo-American treaty is signed 
at Washing-ton, May Sth. 

1871 March 1st. Treaty of Versailles is ratified b^y National Assembly. I'all of the 
French empire confirmed. German trooi)s enter Paris Marcli 1st. 

1871 March 18th. Insurrection at Paris of the (%)mmunists, or Socialists. The Na- 
tional Guards soon join the insurgents. 

1871 March 21st. New Imperial Diet opens at Berlin. 

1871 March 22d. The title of Prince is bestowed upon Bismarck. 

1871 First Annual International Exhibition at South Kensington, opens May 1st. 
Closed September 30th. 

1871 May 10th. Treaty of peace, between France and Germany, is signed at Frank- 
fort, and ratified by the French Assembly, May 18th. 

1871 31ay 11th. Death of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, eminent English as- 
tronomer and philosoiiher (son of Sir ^^'illiam Herschel; see 1822) ; age 79 
years, 2 mouths, 4 dajs. 

1871 May 12-13th. Death of Daniel Franrois 10s])ril .Kuiicr, cmiuent French musi- 
cal composer; age 87 years, 3 months, 13 days. 

1871 May 21th. Public buildings burned, and Archbishop Darboy, and many other 
hostages, massacred in the prison of La Kocpiette, by the French insurgents. 

1871 .May 28th. Work of the French insurgents is finally ended by the army, under 
Macilahon. Nearly all the Communists" leaders are killed or captured. 

1S71 June ISth. Death of (!e(U'ge (irote, eminent JCnglish historian of Greece; age 
77 years. 

1871 July 3d. Kome iimugurated as the capital of Italy. 

1871 July 30th. Steamer ^^■est field explodes, causing the death of 100 per-sons. 

1871 August 27th. Explosion, at Mobile, of steamer Ocean Wave; 60 lives lost. 

1871 August 31st. Thiers' term of office prolonged by the Assembly, which nominates 
him jiresident of the French Republic. 

1871 September 14th. Disarmament of the National Guard, on account of its disloy- 
alty during the insurrection, begins. Large numbers of Communists are exe- 
cuted, and others imprisoned. 

1871 September 17th. Formal opening of Mont Cenis Canal. (See 1857, August 
31st ; and 1868. ) 

415 



A. D. 



(Hegira 1281), Mar.l2tli) (K. I. 15-i"M (A. U. C. 2625) (A. M. 5876) (J. P. 6585) 



February 8tli. Lord Mayo, viceroy of India, is assassinated at Port Blair, liy 
Shere Ali, one of the convicts. 

1872 Api'il 20tli. Insurrection of tlie Carlists, in Navarre, Spain, supporting Don 
Carlos, duke of Madrid, calling himself Carlos VII. They are guilty of great 
cruelty in their warfare. The government troops, under Marshal Serrano, 
march against them. 

1872 April 2:j(l-i\Iay 3d. Severe eruption of Vesuvius. 

1872 C(»ntinued battles and skirmishes between the four parties in Spain: Govern- 
ment troops, Intransigentes, Communists, and Carlists, till 1875. 

1872 May 4th. Don Carlos is totally defeated by government troops, at Oroquieta. 

1872 June. Great labor strike in New York; 100,000 men quit working. 

1872 June 28th. Incorporation of the "Maryland Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals of Baltimore City," United States, America. (See 1824, 
1849, and 1866.) 

1872 German Parliament passes a bill for the expulsion of the Jesuits from Ger- 
many. The law is published July 5tli. 
Disputes between Eoman Catholic clergy and government, respecting papal in- 
fallibility. The salary of the bishop of Ermeland is ordered to be suspended 
from October 1st, he having excommunicated several persons for non-accept- 
ance of the Roman dogma of papal infallibility. 

1872 July loth. Bill providing for the use of the ballot-box for elections in Great 
Britain and colonies, passed by Parliament, receives royal assent. 

1872 September 14th. Final meeting of the Arbitration Tribunal at Geneva, for set- 
tling Alabama question between Great Britain and United States. Damages 
awarded to United States for injuries done by the steamships Alabama, Flor- 
ida, and Shenandoah, including interest, amounting to about £3,220,1 (!6, 
13s., 4d. Arbitrators are Count Frederick Sclopis, Italy; Baron Staemptli, 
Switzerland; Viscount d'ltajuba, Brazil; Mr. C. F. Adams, United States; 
and Alexander E. Cockburn, England. 

1872 September 28tli. The Senate of Brazil passes the "Gradual Slave-Emancipa- 
tion Bill." 

1872 Modoc Indian War, with United States government, begins in the autumn. 

1872 October 11th. Insurrection of the Republicans in Spain. Insurgents are de- 
feated Octc^ber 17th. 

1872 October. M. Favre begins the construction of St. Gothard tunnel through the 
Alps, Switzerland; being part of a railroad .system, to connect the North Sea 
and the ilediterrauean. (See 1881, December 23d, and 1882, May 23d, and 
July 1st.) 

1872 October 21st. Emperor William, of Germany, arbitrator for the San Juan 
boundary question, between Great Britain and United States, awards the is- 
land to the United States. 

1872 November 9th, 10th, and 11th. Great fire in Boston, Mass. Loss about !if70,- 
000,000 ; 959 houses burned. 

1872 NovembcT- 29th. Death of Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal Republican 
candidate for the presidency for 1873, but defeated by President Grant; age 

416 




THE CRATER OF VESUVIUS. 
SEE 1631, DECEMBER 17TH. 




^^ 








A GREAT ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS. 
SEE 1872, APRIL 23RD; ALSO 1631 A. D. 



417 



A. D. 

Gl years, 9 months, 20 days. Greeley fDunded, iu 1841, the ''New York Trib- 
une" newspaper. 

1873 (Hegira 1290, March 2d) (R. I. 1, lOoth Cycle) (A. U. C. 2626) (A. M. 5877) 

(J. P. 6586.) 
January 9th. Death, at Chiselhurst, of Napoleon III., ex-emperor of France; 
age 64 years, 8 months, 19 days. 

1873 January 17th. The Modoc Indians defeat the troops, sent by government to 
expel them from lands south of Oregon. 

1873 January 18th. Death of Edward G. E. Bulwer, Lord Lytton, popular English 
novelist ; age 66 years, 7 months. 

1873 iSt. I'aul's, the tirst American Catholic (or Episcopal) Church in Rome, is 
begun January 25th. (See 1874, October 25th.) 

1873 February 11th. Abdication of Amadeus, king of Spain, because of the contin- 
ual warfare and disputes throughout his realm. The sovereign Cortes of 
Spain votes for a republic. 

1873 February 12th. New ministry formed in Spain by the Cortes, with Figueras as 
its president. 

1873 March 4th. U. S. Grant enters upon his second term as president of United 
States. 

1873 March 22-23d. Slavery in Porto Rico abolished. 

1873 April 2d. Resignation of M. Grevy, president of the National Assembly of 
France. The vacancy is filled by M. Buffet, April 4th. 

1873 April 11th. Captain Jack and other Modoc Indians decoy General ('anby. 
Commissioner Thomas, and Mr. Meacham, murder the two former, and wound 
the latter. 

1873 May 1st. Opening, by the emperor of Austria, of the Great International Exhi- 
bition at Vienna. 

1873 May 7th. Death of S. P. Chase, eminent American statesman and chief justice ; 
age 65 years, 3 months, 24 days. ( See 1868, March 23d. ) 

1873 May 8th. Death of John Stuart Mill, eminent English philosopher and econo- 
mist; age 66 years, 11 mouths, 18 days. 

1873 May 22d. Death of Alessandro Manzoni, celebrated Italian novelist and poet; 
age 89 years, 2 months, 14 days. 

1873 May 24th. Thiers, president of the French Republic, and his ministry, resign. 
Marshal MacMahon is elected in his stead, on the same day. 

1873 June 1st. Captain Jack is captured; end of Modoc War. 

1873 June 5th. Death of Urbano Rattazzi, Italian statesman; age 62 years, 11 
months, 6 days. 

1873 June 8th. Federal Republic is proclaimed in Spain, by the Cortes. 

1873 Russian expedition, under General Kaufmann, against Khiva, a khanate in 
Turkestan, to redress outrages committed there. The capital, Khiva, is sur- 
rendered June 10th. 

1873 June 11th. Pi y Margall is appointed president of the Spanish ministry. Fig- 
ueras leaves Spain. 

1873 June 25th. Law passed for the expulsion of the Jesuits from Italy. 

1873 June 27th. Death of Hiram Powers, eminent American sculptor; he 
made statues of "Eve," "Greek Slave," etc. ; age 67 years, 10 months, 28 days. 

419 



A. U. 

1873 Eeis' telephone is improved by Elislia Gmy. (See 1861, 1877, 1878, 1879, and 
1880.) 

1873 July 18-19tli. Pi y Margall compelled to resign. New Spanish ministry form- 
ed, under Salmeron. 

1873 August 8th. About seventy lives lost on the steamer Wawasset, which catches 
on fire on the Potomac. 

1873 Castelar elected by the Cortes, August 26th, enters the presidency September 
7th. 

1873 Sejitember 19th. Great financial panic in New York begins. 

1873 October 31st. The Spanish gunboat Tornado captures the American schooner 
Virginius, carrying men and arms from New York to the insurgents in Cuba. 
More than ninety insurgents and sailors on board, some American and Brit- 
ish, are tried, and the majority shot, Novemlier 4-7th. The Virginius is sur- 
rendered back to the Americans December 16-19th. 

1873 November 19-20th. The Septe7inaJ (French for septennial), or prolonged term 
of seven years' power to Marshal MacJIahon as president of French Repub- 
lic, is decreed by the National Assembly. 

1873 December 14th. Death of Louis Agassiz, eminent Swiss naturalist; age 66 
years, 6 numths, 16 days. 

1873 December 21th. Death of Johns Hopkins, a philanthropist of Baltimore, Md., 

IT. S. A. He leaves .f 3,500,000 for the founding and endowment, in Baltimore, 
of the Johns Hopkins University, which in a few years becomes one of the 
great seats' of learning. (See 1889.) 

1874 (Hegira 1291, Feb. 19th) (R. I. 2105) (a. U. C. 2627) (A. M. 5878) (J. P. 6587) 

February 17th. Resignation of Gladstone and ministry'. The Disraeli ministry 

is formed, February 21st. 
1874 March 8th. Death of Millard Fillmore, ex-president (thirteenth) of United 

States ; age 74 years, 2 months, 1 day. 
1874 March 11th. Death of Charles Sumner, distinguished United States senator; 

age 63 years, 2 months, 5 days. 
1874 Pullman palace cars are first introduced on the Midland R. R., United States, 

America, by George M. Pullman, March 21st. Opened to the public June 1st. 
1874 September 9th. Death of F. P. G. Guizot, distinguished French statesman and 

historian ; age 86 years, 11 months, 8 days. 
1874 First Euglish-Catholic Church within the walls of Rome is opened October 25th. 

( See 1873, January 25th. ) 
1874 Death of William Kaulbach, eminent German painter; age 68. 
1874 Annexation of the Fiji Isles, in South Pacific Ocean, to Great Britain, an- 
nounced by Sir H. Robinson, October 25th. 

1874 Alfonso, son of Isabella, ex-queen, is proclaimed king of Spain, as Alfonso XII., 

by the army and navy, December 29th and 30th. Proclaimed at Madrid De- 
cember 31st. Royal ministry formed, under Antonio Cauovas del Castillo, 
December 31st. 

1875 (Hegira 1292, Feb. 8th) (R. I. 3105) (A. U. C. 2628) (A. M. 5879) (J. P. 6588) 

Girls' Friendly Society founded in England. ( See 1877. ) 
1875 January 25th. Passage of the Civil Marriage Bill by the German Parliament. 

420 



A. It. 

1875 February. Civil Eights Bill, in favor of the negroes, passed by United States 

Congress. 
1875 Death of Bir Charles Lyell, eminent Scotch geologist; set. 77. 
1875 Death of Ilaus Christian Andersen, celebrated Danish novelist, and author of 

"Fairy Tales"; age 70 years. (Born April 2d, 1805.) 
1875 July 31st. Death of Andrew Johnson, ex-president (seventeenth) of United 

States ; age 66 years, 7 months. 2 days. 
1875 John McClosky, Roman Catholic archbishop of New York, the first American 

ever made cardinal, is received at Rome, September 30th. 

1875 October 26th. Virginia City, Nevada, U. S. A., nearly destroyed by fire. 

1876 (Hegira 1293, Jan. 28th) (R. I. 1-105) (a. U. C. 2629) (A. M. 5880) (J. P. 6589) 

January 28-29th. Death of Francis Deak, Hungarian patriot, orator, and 
statesman ; iet. 73. 

1876 Title of "Empress of India" conferred by English Parliament on Queen Victo- 
ria, who assumes the title April 28th or May 1st. 

1876 May. Atrocious massacre of the Bulgarians — men, women, and children — by 
the Turkish soldiers; reported to the Great Pt>wers of Europe by their respec- 
tive ministers. 

1876 Centennial Exposition, or World's Fair, at Philadelphia, Pa., to commemorate 
the centenary of American independence, opens Maj' 10th. Closes Noven>' 
ber 10th. 

1876 June 8th. Death of Mme. Dudevant {)ioni dc plume, George Sand), celebrated 
]'''rench novelist. Iler maiden name was Amantine Lucille Aurore Dupin ; 
age 71 year.s, 11 months, 7 days. 

1876 June 25th. Massacre of General Custer and his entire command, by the Sioux 
Indians, under Sitting Bull. 

1876 June 27th. Death of Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, celebrated German natu- 
ralist and microscopist; age 81 years, 2 months, 8 days. 

1876 June 30th. Public opening of the first railway in China, from Shanghai to 
Oussoon. 

1876 August 1st. Colorado, thirty-eighth State, is admitted into the Union. 

1876 September 24th. The blasting of the reefs at Hell Gate, New York harbor. 

1876 About three hundred' lives lost by the burning of the Brooklyn Theatre, New 
York. 

1876 The Six Great Powers of Europe mediate with Turkey, in behalf of Servia and 
Bulgaria. 

1876 December 23d. Opening of the Conference, at Constantinople, of the represent- 

atives of the Six Great Powers of Europe: Great Britain, Jlaniuis of Salis- 
bury; Russia, General Ignatieff; France, Chaudordy; Austria, Zichy; Ger- 
many, Von Werther; Italy, Corti. (See January 18th and 20th, 1877.) 

1877 (Hegira 1291, Jan. 17th) (R. I. .5-^05) (a. U. C. 2630) (A. M. 5881) (J. P. 6590) 

January 18th. National Council of Turkey rejects the propositions of the Coc- 
ference of the Great Powers. ( See 1876, December 23d. ) 
1877 January 20th. Conference at Constantinople closes. (See 1876, December 23d. 
1877 March 1st. Peace between Turkey and Servia signed. 

421 



A. D. 

1877 March 5tb, Monday. Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth presi- 
dent of United States, his election having been disputed by the Democrats, in 
favor of Samuel J. Tilden, but confirmed by an electoral commission, March 
1st, and declared by Congress, March 2d. 
The electoral commission was composed of five members of the Senate, five 
members of the House of Representatives, and five Associate Justices of the 
Supreme Court. 

1877 April 12th. Annexation of the Transvaal Republic, South Africa, to the British 
dominions, for protection, proclaimed by Sir T. Shepstone. 

1877 April 24th. Russia declares war against Turkey. The Russian armies enter 
Roumania, Armenia, Bulgaria, etc., in Turkish dominions. 
Second Russo-Turkish War. 

1877 Slay 29th. Death of John Lothrop Motle.y, eminent American historian; age 
G3 years, 1 month, 14 days. 

1877 July 16th-August. Great labor strike of employees of the B. & O. R. R., in 
United States, America. 

1877 September 3d. Death of Louis Adolphe Thiers, eminent French historian and 
statesman; ex-president of France; age 80 years, 4 months, 17 days. 

1877 September 23d. Death of Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier, eminent French as- 
tronomer; age 66 years, 6 months, 12 days. 

1877 October 14th and 15th. Battle of Aladja Dagh, near Kars, Armenia. The 
Turks, under Ahmed Mukhtar, are totally defeated by the Russians, under 
(irand Duke Michael, and Generals Melikoff, Lazaretf, and Heimann. 

1877 November 17th, 8 p. M., to 18th, 8 A. M. Kars stormed and taken by the Rus- 
sians; 10,000 Turkish prisoners, and 300 guns captured; and about 5,000 
Turks killed and wounded. 

1877 December 12-14th. Servia declares war against Turkey. 

1877 Girls' Friendly Society of America founded at Lowell, Mass., by Miss Edson. 
(See 1875.)' 

1877 Elevated street railways erected in New York, between this year and 1878. 

1878 (Hegira: 40th Cycle; 1295, Jan. 6th, and 1296, Dec. 26th) (R. L 6i05) 

(A. U. C. 2631) (A. M. 5882) (J. P. 6591) 

January 9th. Death of Victor Emmanuel IL, king of Italy. He is succeeded 

by his son, Humbert. 
1878 January 9th. Turkish army captured in the Shipka Pass, by the Russians, 

under Generals Skobeleff and Radetzky. 
1878 January 20th. Adrianople occupied by the Russians. 

1878 January 31st. Armistice, between Russia and Turkey, is signed at Adrianople. 
1878 February 7th. Death of Pope Pius IX. Cardinal Pecchi is elected pope, as 

Leo XIII., February 20th. (See 1903.) 
1878 February 13th. British fleet passes the Dardanelles, and enters the Sea of 

Marmora, without permission of the Porte, for i^rotection of British life and 

property. 
1878 March 3d. Treaty of peace, between Russia and Turkey, is signed at San Ste- 

fano, and ratified at St. Petersburg, March 17th. European powers are dis- 
satisfied. 

422 



S*3. , 







THIERS. 
SEE 1871, 1873, AND 1877. 



423 



A. L). 

1878 March 'Jtli. The ship Sphinx is burned at sea, near Cape St. Elie, Austria; 500 
lives lost. 

1878 A^'reok, on Currituck beach, North Carolina, of the steamer Metropolis, from 
Philadelphia, bound for Brazil; 100 lives lost. 

1878 March 2-4th. British training ship capsizes in the English Channel; over 300 
lives lost. 

1878 International Exhibition at Paris opens May 1st, and closes November 10th. 

1878 The steamer Princess Alice sinks in the Thames; G50 lives lost. 

1878 May 11th. Emperor William, of Germany, is fired at in Berlin, while in his 
carriage, by Emil Hodel, a socialist, who misses his aim, and is arrested, and 
executed August 16th. 

1878 May 31st. The German iron-claJ Grosser Kurfurst is sunk by a collision v ith 
theKonig Wilhelm, in the English Channel, off Folkestone; 300 lives lost. 

1878 June 2d. Doctor Edward Nobeling fires upon Emperor ^Villiam, of Germany, 
at Berlin, and inflicts thirty buckshot wounds. 

1878 June 12th. Death of William Culleu Bryant, eminent American poet; age 83 
years, 7 months, 1> days. 

1878 June 13tli. Opening of the Berlin Congress, to settle the Eastern question : the 
Eusso-Turkish War. Representatives from Germany, Russia, Turkey, Great 
Britain, Austria, France, and Italy. 

1878 June. Russian embassy, under Rtolietoff, favorably received at Cabul, by 
Shere Ali, ameer of Afghanistan, Central Asia, who signs a treaty with Rus- 
sia in August. 

1878 July 13th. Treaty of Berlin signed. By this treaty Bulgaria is created a Chris- 
tian ]irincipality, tributary to the sultan; Roumania, Servia, and Mcnitenegro 
are declared independent principalities; Roumania loses part of Bessarabia, 
in exchange for the Dobrudja ; and the frontiers of Servia and Montene- 
gro are extended, and Antivari is annexed to the latter. New province of 
Eastern Roumelia is created, to be ruled by a Christian governor, under the 
sultan; Bosnia and Herzegovina to be occupied and administered by Austria ; 
Ardahan, Kars, Batoum, and part of Bessarabia, are ceded to Russia. The 
Porte promises legal reforms, and religious liberty to all. 

1878 July 23d. Death of the dwarf, Minnie AVarren. 

1878 August 3d. Ratification of Treaty of Berlin. 

1878 August 30th. Lord Lytton, viceroy of India, sends an envoy to Shere Ali, to de- 
mand the admission of a British embassy at Cabul. 

1878 September 22d. The Afghans refuse to allow the British embassy, under Sir 
Neville Chamberlain, to pass Ft. Ali Musjid, in the Kliyber Pass. 

1878 October 28th-Novendier 2d. Lord Lytton .sends an ultimatum to Shere Ali, re- 
quiring an answer before November 20tli. 

1878 November 21st. The ameer having failed to reply to the ultimatum, the Brit- 
ish forces, under General Browne, enter Afghanistan. 

1878 November 22d. Ft. Ali Musjid is taken from the Afghans, by stcu-ni, by the 
British, under General Browne. 

1878 Decem])er 2d. The British, under General Roberts, gain a victory over the 
Afghans, at Peiwar Pass. 

1878 December 13tb. Flight of Shere Ali from Cabul to Balkh. Russian embassy 
withdraws. 

425 



A. I). 

1878 Decemlier 19th. Death of Bayard Tavloi', United States minister to Germany; 
distingiiished American traveler and author; age 53 years, 11 months. 

1878 December 20th. Jellalabad is occupied by the British, under General Browne. 

1879 (Hegira 1297, Dee. 14th) ( R. I. 7-'^^^) (A. U. C. 2632) (A. M. 5883) (J. P. 6592) 

January 2d. Death of Caleb Gushing, distinguished American jurist and 
politician; age 78 years, 11 months, 15 days. 

1879 January 11th. A great part of the Birmingham Free Library, England, is de- 
stroyed by fire. About 80,000 volumes lost. 

1879 January 30th. Macilahon, president of France, resigns. F. P. J. Grevy is 
elected to succeed him. 

1879 January 31st. Gambetta is elected president of the French Chamber of Depu- 
ties. 

1879 February 8th. Definitive treaty of peace signed between Eussia and Turkey. 

1879 February 21st. Death of Shere AH, ameer of Afghanistan; he is succeeded by 
his son, Yakoob Khan. 

1879 April. Peru and Bolivia declare war against Chili. 

1879 May 21-23d. The Peruvian iron-clads, Huascar and Independencia, attack the 
Chilian wooden war vessels Esmeralda and Covadonga, which are blockading 
I(|ui([ue, Peru. The Huascar sinks the Esmeralda; but the Independencia 
strikes a shoal, and is lost, while chasing the Covadonga. 

1879 ]\Iay 26th. Treaty of peace, between British and Afghans, signed at Gandamak. 

1879 May 30th. Proposed canon against ritual in the American-Catholic, or Episco- 
pal Church, is defeated in the Maryland Convention. 

1879 June 1st. Prince Louis Napoleon is killed by the natives in Zululand, South- 
east Africa. 

1879 June 3d. Death of Baron L. M. de Rothschild, English Jewish financier, and 
member of Parliament ; age 70 years, 6 months, 11 days. Son of M. A. Roths- 
child. (See 1812.) 

1879 June 11th. AMlliam I., emperor of Geruiauy, celebrates his golden wedding. 

1879 .Inly 4th. The Zulus are totally defeated by the British, under Lord (^helms- 
ford, at Ulundi. 

1879 The Northeast passage, from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean, is discovered by Profes- 
sor Nordenskjold, who passes East Cape, Behring Strait, enters Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, and Pacific Ocean, July 20th, and reaches Yokohama, Japan, Sep- 
tember 2d. 
July 24th. British embassy, under Sir Louis Cavagnari, eflter Cabul. 
Aug-ust 28th. Cetywayo, king of Zululand, is captured, and retained a prisoner 

by the British. 
September 3-4th. Sir L. Cavagnari, the British embassy, and other British res- 
idents, are massacred by the Afghans. 
British forces, under General Roberts, arrive before Cabul September 28th ; en- 
ter October 12th. General Roberts proclaims British occupation of Cabul 
October 30th. Cabul is evacuated by the Afghans, and reoccupied by the 
British, December 26th. 

1879 October 8th. The Peruvian iron-clad Huascar is captured by the Chilians. 

426 



18- 


■9 


18- 


■9 


18" 


■9 


18' 


'9 



A. I). 

1S79 October 13th. Death of Heury C. Carey, emineut American political econo- 
mist; age 85 years, 9 months, 28 days. 

1879 October 14-19th. Terrible inundations in Sjiain, caused by heavy rains. About 
1,000 lives lost. 

1879 November 2d. Pisacpia bombarded and captured by the Chilians. 

1879 November 23d. The Chilians defeat the united Peruvian and Bolivian armies, 
and capture Iquique. 

1879 November 27th. The combined armies of Peru and Bolivia are again defeated 
by the Chilians, at Tarapaca. 

1879 December 9th. The Campos ministry, in Spain, resigns, and is succeeded by 

the Canovas del Castillo ministry. 

1880 (Hegira 1298, Dec. 4th) (R. I. S-i^S) (A. U. C. 2633) (A. M. 5884) (J. P. fi593) 

•January 20th. Death of Jules Favre, distinguished French advocate and 
politician ; age 70 years, 9 months, 19 days. 

1880 February 10th. Death of Isaac Adolphe Cremieux, French ]Kiliti(ian and jurist ; 
age 83 years. 

1880 February 18th. The Spanish Cortes promulgates the law for the gradual aboli- 
tion of slavery in Cuba. 

1880 April 22d. Lord Beaconsfield, premier of England, and ministry resign. 

1880 April 24th. Hon. ( Jladstone becomes premier of England, and forms his min- 
istry, April 29th. 

1880 June 12th. The steamer carrying the obelisk, known as "Cleopatra's Needle," 
destined for United States, sails from Alexandria, Egypt; it arrives at New 
York harbor July 19-20th. The obelisk is landed on Staten Island, Septem- 
ber (Jth. Laying of the corner stone of the foundation for the obelisk, in Cen- 
tral Park, New York, October 9th. 

1880 June 30th. The expulsion of the Jesuits, and other orders, from France, be- 
gins. 

1880 Augiist 14th. The new cathedral, at Cologne, is completed. Solemnly opened 
by the emperor of (iennany, and others, October 15th. 

1880 December 14th. The Greeks having taken up arms, the sultan of Turkey sends 
a note to the I'owers. 

1880 December 23d. Death of Marian Evans, popular English novelist, under nam 
(?e p?w/»c of "George Eliot"; age 61. Maiden name was Marian Evans; she 
was first married to G. H. Lewes, Esq., and again married, May 26th, 1880, to 

J. ^^". Cross. 

1880 December 24th. The Powers issue a circular, recommending arbitration, in re- 

ply to the sultan's note. 

1881 (Hegira 1299, Nov. 23d) (R. I. 9-105) (a. U. C. 2634) (A. M. 5885) (J. P. 6594) 

January. Arbitration recommended by the Powers, 1880, is declined by Tur- 
key and Greece. 

1881 January 17th. The Chilians having defeated the Peruvians, capture and enter 
Lima. 

1881 January 22d. The Egyptian obelisk, known as Cleopatra's Needle, is erected in 
Central Park, New York. ( See 1880. June 12th.) 

427 



A. 1). 

ISSl Fehniai'v 5tli. Death, at London, of Thomas Carlyle, distinguished Scottish 
autlior and philosopher; age 85 years, 2 months, 1 day. 

1881 February. Cauovas del Castillo is succeeded by Sagasta, as head of the minis- 
try in Spain. 

1881 February 27th. The Boers, of the Transvaal, totally rout the British, under Sir 
George P. Colley, at ilajuba Hill. British losses are very heavy. General Jou- 
bert, commander-in-chief, and Gen. P. A. Cronje, second in command, share 
the honors of the victory. (See 1900, February 27th; and Note W.) 

1881 Slarch 4th. Inauguration of James A. Garfield, twentieth president of United 
States. 

1 881 March 13th, 2 p. M. Emilianoff and three other Nihilist assassins, each armed 
with a bomb, stand fifteen paces apart on the quay of Catherine Canal, to 
murder Ale.xander II., czar of Russia, as he passes. The second bomb kills 
the czar, and also the assassin who casts it. Alexander III. succeeds liis 
father, as czar of Russia. Alexander II. 's age was 62 years, 10 months, 14 
days. 

1881 March 21st. The Boers, in Transvaal, South Africa, agree to British terms, on 
basis of autonomy of Transvaal. Peace proclaimed March 24th. (See 
Note W.) 

1881 IMarcli 30th. The Powers and Turkey agree at a conference, at Constantinople, 
and refer proposals to Greece. 

1881 April 3d. Severe earthquake in island of Scio, Asiatic Turkey, killing 4,000 
inhabitants. 

1881 April 15th. Risakoff, and other Nihilist assassins are executed at St. Peters- 
burg, Russia. Five other attempts had been made to kill the czar, Alexander 
II. : 1866, 1867, 1879, 1879 again, and 1880. 

1881 April 19th, 5:30 A. M. Death of Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, ex- 
prime minister of England; distinguished statesman and author; age 75 
years, 3 months, 28 days. 

1881 April. Treaty of peace, between Russia and China. 

1881 May 20th. Revised edition of the New Testament is published in America. 

1881 June 23d. Dr. Charles G. Hill, of Arlington, Md., discovers a comet, 3:15 A. M. 

1881 July 2d. Charles J. Guiteau, a fanatic of Illinois, fires two shots at President 
Garfield, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, Washington, D. C, 
Saturday, 9 :30 a. m. The first shot fatally wounds the president. 

1881 July 2d. Signing, at Constantinople, of the Turco-Greek Convention, ceding 
Thessaly to Greece, and settling frontiers, etc. 

1881 July 12th. Griscom, in Chicago, completes a fast of forty-five days from food, 
but drinking water. 

1881 August 16th. Final passage of the Irish Land Bill, by British Parliament. Bill 
receives royal assent August 22d. 

1881 September 19th, 10 :30 p. M^ Death of President Garfield (age 49 years, 10 
months), from effects of the bullet Avound infiicted by Guiteau. Chester A. Ar- 
thur, vice-president, succeeds him, as twenty-first president of TTnited States. 
He is sworn in office at his house, in New York, September 20th, 2:15 A. M., 
by Judge Brady, of Supreme Court of New York State. He takes the oath 
again September 22d, 12 si., in the ]\Iarlile room, at the Capitol at Wnshiiig- 
ton. 

428 



A. D. 

1S81 September 25tli. Gunpowder waterworks are eoiiipleted, for the permanent 

supply of Baltimore City. 
1881 September 21)tli. Underground telegraph system in Germany completed. 
1881 October 10-12th. Baltimore Oriole Festival of Processions, etc., for three days, 

to celebrate completion of Guni^owder waterworks. 
1881 December 7th. First regular line steamship, under Chinese flag, arrives in 

Thames River, England, with 8,00!) tons of tea. 
1881 December 9th. Land end of a new ocean cable is laid at Penzance. 

1881 December 23d. St. Gothard's tunnel, through the Alps, Switzerland, success- 

fully completed. First completed 1880, but with defective vaulting. (See 
1872, and 1882, May 23d, and July 1st.) 

1882 (Hegira 1300, Nov. 13th) (R. I. lO^Oo) (A. U. C. 2G3o) (A. M. 5880) (J. P. 6595) 

January 3d. Death, in London, of ^^'il!ian^ Harrison Ainsworth, English nov- 
elist ; age 76 years, 10 months, 29 days. 

1882 January 20th. Abolition of corporal punishment of negroes in Cuba. 

1882 January 21st. Mr. Enoch Pratt, of Baltimoi-e (Mty, Md., U. S. A., writes to the 
Mayor and City Council, offering to erect on his lot, on Mulberry street, a 
tire-proof building, at the cost of about -f 225,000, for a free circulating library, 
and to give the city the sum of .f 833,333.33 i^, provided City Council agrees 
to give an annuity forever of |50,000 per annum, for the erection of four 
branches, and the furnishing with books, and the support and maintenance of 
library and branches, (lift in all,-fl,058,333.33 I/3. It is aceeiited by the city, 
and Maryland Legislature, and the library is founded. 

1882 February 8th. Death'of Berthold Auerbach, popular German novelist; age 
69 years, 11 months, 10 days. 

1882 February 14th. Death of Henri Auguste Barbier, popular French satiric poet ; 
fet. 77. 

1882 March 23d. Colonel Barnaby crosses; the British Channel in a balloon, from 
Dover, England, to Boulogne, France. 

1882 March 24th. Death of Henry Wadswortli Longfellow, at his home, Cambridge, 
Mass. ; eminent American poet and prose writer; age 75 years, 27 days. 

1882 March 31st. Act of Assembly, reducing the fare on all street cars in Baltimore 
City, from 6 to 5 cents, finally passed. Approved by the governor 5 p. m., 
April 3d. Reduced rates begin on the cars iVpril 4th, a. m. 

1882 April 1st. International Art Exhibition, in Vienna, is opened by the emperor 
of Austria. 

1882 April 10th. Juml)o, the largest elephant in the world, arrives in New York. 

1882 April 20th. Death of Charles R. Darwin, eminent English naturalist and 
geologist ; age 73 years, 2 months, 8 days. He is buried in Westminster Abbey, 
beside Sir Isaac Newton. 

1882 April 27th. Death, at Boston, Mass., of Ralph Waldo Emerson, popular .Ameri- 
can essayist, poet, and philosopher; projector of transcendentalism; age 78 
years, 11 months, 2 days. 

1882 April 2Sth. Earl Cowper resigns his office of lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and is 
succeeded by Earl Spencer. 

429 



A. D. 

1882 Mav 10th. Arabi Pasha, formerly Arabi-Bey, prime minister, heads a minis- 
terial revolt against the khedive of Egypt. 

1882 ^lay 23d. St. Gothard's tunnel, through the Alps, Switzerland, is opened to the 
public. ( See 1872, 1881, December 23d, and 1882, July 1st. ) 

1882 May 26th. Ultimatum of England and France is accepted by the khedive, but 
rejected by the Egyptian ministers. 

1882 May 30tli. English war vessels are ordered to Alexandria, to quell Arabi Pasha's 
revolt, and restore order in Egypt. 

1882 June 1st. Brush electric light first used in Baltimore, to light the city at night. 

1882 June 2d. Death of (jiuseppe Garibaldi, celebrated Italian patriot and gen- 
eral ; age 71 years, 10 months, 28 days. 

1882 June 17th. Destructive tornado in Iowa, United States; 69 people killed, 500 
wounded, 300 houses destroyed, and 1,500 people rendered homeless and des- 
titute. 

1882 June 30th. Charles J. Guiteau, assassin of President Garfield, is executed at 
Washington jail-yard, 12 :40 p. M. ( See 1881, July 2d. ) 

1882 July 1st. St. Gothard Railroad, in the tunnel through the Alps (part of a sys- 
tem to connect the North Sea and the Mediterranean), is opened for traflflc 
with regular trains. (See 1872, 1881, and 1882, May 23d. ) 

1882 July 11th, 6 x. M. British fleet, under Admiral Seymour, begins bombardment 
of Ale.xandria, Egypt, occupied by rebels, under Arabi Pasha, and silences 
Egyptian batteries at 12 M. 

1882 July 12th. Arabi's forces in Alexandria release the convicts from prison, mas- 
sacre and plunder Europeans, set the city on fire, and evacuate. Admiral Sey- 
mour lands a detachment, takes possession of Alexandria. Sixty United 
States marines and other neutral forces aid in restoring order and support- 
ing the khedive. 

1882 July 23d. Decree signed by the khedive, dismissing Arabi Pasha from oi3Sce, 
and declaring him to be a rebel. 

1882 August 3d. Cetewayo, ex-king of Zulu, arrives in England. 

1882 August 5th. English troops land at Suez, Egypt, and occupy the canal. 

1882 September 13th. General Wolseley attacks the rebels at Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt, 
and totally defeats them. 

1882 September 14th. British occupy Cairo, take Arabi Pasha prisoner, and end 
the Egyptian Civil War. 

1882 September 17th. Death of Rev. E. B. Pusey, D. D., learned English theologian 
and tractarian; one of the great supporters of orthodox doctrines in the 
Anglo-Catholic Church; age 82. 

1882 December 3d. End of Arabi Pasha's trial, at Cairo, Egypt. Having i)leaded 
guilty to the charge of rebellion, he is sentenced to death. The khedive com- 
mutes his sentence to exile for life. 

1882 December 6th. Death of J. J. Louis Blanc, celebrated French journalist and 
historian ; age 69 years, 1 month, 8 days. 

1882 December 6th. Death of Anthony Trollope, popular English novelist; age 67 
years. 

1882 December 18th. Opening of the Baltimore and Ohio telegraph line from Balti- 
more to New York. 

430 



A. 1). 

1883 (Hegira 1301, Nov. 2d) (R. I. 11-^05 j ( a. U. C. 2636) (A. M. 5887) (J. P. 6596) 

Jamiary lltli. At Washingtou, D. C. Death of Clark :\[ill8, distinguished 

American sculptor; age 68 years. 
18S3 January 23d. At Paris, France. Death of Paul (lustave Dore, French artist; 
" celebrated as illustrator of the Bible, Dante's works. La Fontaine's "Fables," 

etc. ; age 50 years. 
1883 January 31st. Cetewayo reinstated as king of Zululand. 
1883 February 13th. At \'enice, Italy. Death of Eicliard Wagner, distinguished 

German musical composer; age 69 years, 8 months, 21 days. 
1S83 May 6th. Total eclipse of the sun, lasting six minutes; observed by scientists 

stationed on Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean. 
1883 May 13th. Town of Orango, Missouri, demolished by a cyclone. 
1883 May 24th. Great East River suspension bridge, connecting New York and 

Brooklyn, is formally opened. 
1883 May 26th. At Damascus. Death of Abd-el-Kader, famous Arab emir; age 76. 

('See 1832 and 1860.) 
1883 May 27th. The new emperor of Russia, Alexander III., is crowned at Moscow. 
1883 May 29th. Celebration, in Baltimore, of the one hundredth anniversary of the 

organization of the Anglo-Catholic (or Episcopal) diocese of Maryland. (See 

1783.) 
1883 July 15th. At Middleboro, Mass. Death of C. II. Ir^tratton, the dwarf, generally 

known as Gen. Tom Thumb ; age 45. 
1883 July 22d. Telephone line opened between Baltimore and Washington, U. S. A. 
1883 July 28th. Destruction of the town of Cassmiccioal, Islands of Ischia, near 

Naples, by an earthquake; 1,990 persons killed, and 374 injured. 
1883 August 1st. Southern Exposition, at Louisville, Ivy., is opened by President 

Arthur. 
1883 August 21st. Town of Rochester, Minnesota, is wrecked by a cyclone. 
1883 August 24th. At I'rohsdorf, Austria. Death of Menri Charles Ferdinand, 

Comte de Chambord, or Due de Bordeaux, grandson of Charles X., of h^ance, 

recognized by the Bourbonists as heir to throne of France, and by them 

styled Henry V. ; age 62 years, 10 months, 25 days. 
1883 August 27tli. Destructive volcanic eruptions on Island of Krakatoa, Sunda 

Strait. 
1883 September 8th. Northern Pacific Railroad, United States, America, completed, 

and opened for traffic. 
1883 October 1st. Reduction of letter postage, in United States, America, from 3 

cents to 2 cents, goes into effect. 

1883 I)ecend)er lltli. At Rome, Italy. Death of (Jiuseppe Mario, celebrated tenor 

singer ; age 75 years. 

1884 (Hegira 1302, Oct. 22d) (R. I. 12i05) (A. U. C. 2637) (A. M. 5888) (J. P. 6597) 

February 4th. Egyptian army, under Baker Pasha, defeated with heavy loss, 
near Tokar, in the Soudan, Africa, near Red Sea, by Osman Digna. 

1884 February 9th. Death of Cetewayo, king of the Zulus. 

1884 February 29th. The British, under General Graham, defeat the rebels, under 
Osman Digna, near Tokar, in the Soudan, Africa. 

431 



A. D. 

1881 Alaroli 1st. Treaty of peace, between Chili and Peru, ratified at Peru. 

1884 March 13th. Briti.'ih, uuder General (Jrahani, again rout Osman Digna's forces, 
near Suakin, on tlie Ked Sea, Africa. 

1881: March 24th. Death of Francois Auguste JIarie Mignet, French historian; age 
87 years, 10 months, W days. 

1884 March 27th. African rebels are again defeated, by General Graham, near Ta- 
manieb, in Soudan. 

1884 April 11th. Death of Charles Reade, popular English novelist; a?t. 70 years. 

1884 April 11th. Death of Jean Baptiste Dumas, eminent French scientist; age 83 
years, S months, 27 days. 

1884 May 6th. At Philadelphia, Pa. Death of Prof. Samuel D. Gross, eminent 
American surgeon ; a^t. 79. 

1884 President Arthur signs the bill, passed by United States Senate, reducing post- 
age on newspapers to 1 cent for four ounces. 

1884 June 7th. Death of Charles Fenno Hoffman, popular American poet and nov- 
elist ; :et. 78. 

1884 June 23d. Chinese troops attack French forces, at Lang-Son, for which France 
demands from China a heavy indemnity. 

1884 July. Death of Karl Richard Lepsius, distinguished German philologist and 
antiquary; age 70 years, (> months. 

1884 August 23d. China not having complied M'ith France's demand for indemnity, 

the French, under Admiral A. P. Courbet, l)ombard and destroy Foo-Chow 
arsenal, nine Chinese gunboats, and twelve junks (Chinese ships). French 
lose seven killed. Cliinese loss estimated at 1,000 killed, and 3,000 wounded. 

1885 (Hegira 1303, Oct. Uth ) | R. I. 13105) (A. U. C. 2638) (A. M. 5889) (J. P. 6598) 

January 1st. Destructive earthquakes in Spain. Towns and villages demol- 
ished. 

1885 January 13th. Death of Schuyler Colfax, American statesman, and ex-vice- 
president of United States; age 61 years, 9 months, 20 days. 

1885 January 17th. British are victorious over the rebels in the Soudan, at Abu- 
Klea. 

1885 January 26th. The rebels, under Mahdi, capture Khartoum, in the Soudan, 
from the British, under General Gordon, age 54, who is killed before Gen- 
eral Wolseley's forces can come to his rescue. 

1885 February 10th. General Earle, in British army, is killed by the rebels, at Birti, 
Africa. 

1885 February 14th. French capture Lang-Son from the Chinese. 

1885 February 21st. Dedication of Washington's monument, at Washington, D. C, 
Ihiited States, America. 

1885 March 4th. Grover Cleveland is inaugurated twenty-second president of 
United States. 

1885 March 27th. Chinese defeat the French, at Lang-Son. 

1885 April 7th. Peace concluded, between France and China. Treaty signed June 9. 

1885 "Slay 11th. Half-breed insurgents in Canada, led by Louis D. Kiel, are defeated 
l)y the Canadian troops, at Batouche. 

432 




433 



A. D. 

1885 May 15th. Louis D. Kiel is captured near Batouche, Manitoba. (See preceding 
item, and November 16th.) 

1885 ilay 22d. At I'aris. Death of Vicorate Marie Victor Hugo, celebrated French 
poet and novelist ; age 83 years, 2 months, 20 days. 

1885 May 29th. Death of Alfred Meissner, Austrian poet; a-t. G3. 

1885 June 5th. Death of Julius Benedict, German musician and composer; age 79 
years, 6 months, 8 days. 

1885 June 9th. (iladstoue ministry resigns. Marquis of Salisbury succeeds as 
premier. 

1885 June. Ten thousand persons drowned during the month by the great floods 
in China. 

1885 Mahdi, leader of the rebels in Africa, dies of small-pox, about July 20th. 

1885 July 23d. Death of Gen. Ulysses Simpson Grant, ex-president of United 
States, at Mt. Mc(Jregor, New York; age 63 years, 2 months, 26 days. 

1885 July 2Slli. Death of Sir Moses Montefiore, English Hebrew philanthropist and 
centenarian; aet. 101. 

1885 August 10th. Railway cars run by electricity, from Baltimore, Md., to the vil- 
lage of Hampden. First electric railway cars run in America. 

1885 August 11th. Death of Lord Houghton (Kichard Monckton Milnes), English 
poet and miscellaneous writer; age 76 years, 1 month, 22 days. 

1885 August 18tli. Death of William John Thoms, English anti(iuarian; age 81 
years, 9 months, 2 days. 

1885 Death of Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh earl of Shaftesbury; English phil- 
anthropist ; fet. 84. 

1885 October 1st. Special mail delivery service in United States begins. 

1885 October 14th. Death of Henry W. Shaw, American humorist, under noin dc 
plume of Josh Billings; u't. 67. 

1885 November 7th. Canadian Pacific Railroad completed, and opened. 

1885 November 10th. Death of William Benjamin Carpenter, M. D. ; eminent Eng- 
lish physiologist; a^t. 72. 

1885 November 10th. Opening of the New Orleans Exposition. 

1885 November 13th. News received in London that an invasion of Burmah had been 
ordered by Lord Dufterin, viceroy of India. 

1885 Servia having declared war against Bulgaria, the Servian army crosses the Bul- 
garian frontier, November 14th. 

1885 November 16th. Execution of Louis David Riel, the Canadian half-breed insur- 
gent leader. (See May 11th.) 

1885 November 25th. At Madrid. Death of Alfonso XII., of Spain, age 28. Chris- 
tina, his widow, is regent of Spain. 

1885 November 20th. Death of Marshal Francisco Serrano, ex-regent of Spain ; 
a?t. 75. 

1885 November 28th. Servian army having been repulsed, an armistice is con- 
cluded between Servia and Bulgaria. 

1885 November 28th. Mandalay, capital of Burmah, is occupied by British troops. 
King Theebaw surrenders. 

435 



A. D. 

1886 (Hej-ira 1304, Sept. 30th) (R.I. 11 105, ^^^_ i^ e 2G39) (A. M. 5890) (J. P. 6599) 

January 1st. Proelamation of the annexatiou of IJiii'inah, Southeast Asia, to 
the British Empire. 

1886 January Itli. Inauguration of Enoch Pratt Free Library, in Baltimore City, 
MaryJand. (See 1882, January 21st.) 

1886 Tlie Great PoAvers summon Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece, to disarm. 

1886 February 5th. United States Senate passes a bill, to admit Dakota into the 
Union, as thirty-ninth State. (See 18S9, February 22d, and November 2d.) 

1886 February 9th. At Governor's Island, New York. Death of Winfield Scott Han- 
cock, U. S. A.; distinguished American general; ;et. 62. 

1886 March 2d. Treaty of peace, between Servia and Bulgaria. 

1886 March 28th. Death of Sir Henry Taylor, English essayist and dramatist ; 

iT3t. 86. 

1886 April 1st. News received at Paris of the massacre of 412 Christians in Anam, 
Southeast Asia. 

1886 April 10th. United States Senate passes a bill, to admit AA'ashington Terri- 
tory. (See 1889, February 22d, and November 11th.) 

1886 Ajjril 27th. Death of Eugene Louis Gabriel Isabey, eminent French painter; 
fPt. 82. 

1886 May 17th. Christina, queen regent of Spain, gives birth to a son, Alfonso XIII. 

1886 May 23d. Death of Leopold von Ranke, eminent German historian; age 90 
years, 5 months, 2 days. 

1886 June 7th. At Florence, Italy. Death of Col. Richard March Hoe, an American; 
inventor of Hoe's type-revolving printing-press; ret. 74. (See 1847.) 

1886 June 7th. Archbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, Md., is created cardinal, being 
the second American bishop to receive the red hat. Invested at Baltimore 
Cathedral, June 30th. (See 1875, September 30th.) 

1886 June 13th. Death of Ludwig II., king of Bavaria, at Berg Castle. Succeeded 
by his brother, Otho II., whose uncle. Prince Luitpold, governs as regent. 

1886 June Kith. At Boston, Mass. Death of Edwin Percy Whipple, distinguished 
American essayist and critic ; a-t. 67. 

1886 June 21st. United States Senate ratifies treaties with Japan and Mexico. 

1886 June 23d. Decree of French government, expelling the Orleans and Bona- 
parte princes from the French Republic. 

1886 July 14th. Extradition treaty, between United States and Great Britain, is 
announced. 

1886 July 31st. Death of Franz Liszt, Hungarian musical composer, and celebrated 
pianist; age 74 years, 9 months, 9 days. 

1886 August 4th. At Yonkers, N. Y^ Death of Samuel J. Tilden. distinguished 
American Democratic statesman; iiet. 72. 

1886 Aug-ust 31st. Terrible earthquake in Charleston, S. C. Great loss of life and 
property. 

1886 September 1st. News reaches London of terrible massacres of Christians in 
China. 

1886 September 27th. In Virginia. Death of John Esten Cooke, American poet and 
novelist; set. 56. 

1886 October 7th. Decree for liberating slaves in Cuba is signed by Queen Chris- 
tina, of Spain. 

436 



A. II. 

1886 Octolicr 7th. Taniai. a stronnliold of Osman Di-^iia, the African rebel chief, is 

taken by natives, friendly to the British. (See 1884.) 
1886 October 24th. Death of Count Frederick Ferdinand von Benst, distinguished 

German statesmau ; age 77 years, months, 11 days. 
1886 November 7th. The Tnrnbull long-distance telephone is tested at New York 

and Washington. 
1886 November 18th. At New York. Death of Chester Alan Arthur, ex-president of 

United States; cTt. 56. 
1886 November 30th. Conclusion of commercial treaty, between France and 

IMexico. 
1886 The clavier, or dumb-piano, for practicing scales, exercises, etc., is invented by 

Virgil, of New York. (See 1892.) 
1886 December 8th. At Philadelphia, Pa. Death of Isaac Lea, distinguished Amer- 
ican scientist ; tet. 94. 
1886 December 10th. At Rome, Italy. Death of Marco Minghetti, eminent Italian 

statesman ; set. 68. 

1886 December 26th. At Washington, D. C. Death of Senator John A. Logan, emi- 

nent American statesman and general; ret. 60. 

1 SS7 ( Hegira 1305, Sept. 19th ) ( R. 1. 1 5 lo^ ) ( a. U. C. 2640 ) ( A. M. 5891 ) ( J. I'. 6600 ) 

January 15th. At Vienna. Deatli of Frederick Amerling, eminent Austrian 
painter; set. 84. 

1887 January 18th. Heavy volcanic eruption from Manna Loa, Hawaii. 

1887 January 20th. Kapunda, a British emigrant ship, collides with another vessel 
oft' the coast of Brazil, and is sunk; over 300 persons drowned. 

1887 February 4th. Services held in Lambeth Palace, London, to commemorate 
the centennial of the consecration of Bishops White and Provoost, the first 
Anglo-Catholic bishops consecrated in England for the American Church; 
Bishop Seabury (the first bishop consecrated for the American Catholic, or 
Episcopal, Church) having been consecrated in Aberdeen, Scotland. (See 
Februai"y 4th, 1787, and November 14th, 1784. ) 

1887 March 8th. At Brooklyn, N. Y. Death of Henry Ward Beecher, popular Amer- 
ican pulpit orator and lecturer; age 74 years, 1 month, 14 days. 

1887 31arcli 3Ist. At Albany, N. Y. Death of John Godfreys Saxe, popular American 
humorous poet, of Vermont; a^t. 71. 

1887 April 5tli. Interstate Commerce Law goes into operation, having passed in 
United States Senate January 14th, and in Ignited States House of Repre- 
sentatives January 21st, and been signed by President Cleveland Feb- 
ruary 4tli. 

1887 April 22d. Coast of Western Australia is swept by a hurricane, causing 550 
deaths. 

1887 May 0th. Death of James Grant, Scottish novelist ; tet. 65. 

1887 June 21st. Semi-centennial of Queen Victoria's coronation is celebrated in 
England. 

1887 August 19th. At Wood's IToll, Mass. Death of Prof. Spencer Fullerton Baird, 
eminent American naturalist; a^t. 64. 

1887 October 13th. Death of ]\Irs. Dinah ]\Iaria Muloch Craik (better known as 
Miss ]\Iuln(b), popular Englisli authoress; ;vt. 61. 

437 



A. I). 

1887 NdvciulKT 2(1. Deatli of .Mrs. Jenny Lind (loklsclimidt, famous Swedish so- 
prano vocalist, IvHown on the staiji' as Jenny Lind, hefore her marriage to 
(loldschniidt, the pianist. 

1887 November 3d. Openinij, hy tlie Prince of Wales, of the Trnro ("atliedral; tlie 
first catliedral of tlie Estalilished (Mnii-ch of England built since tlie Kefor- 
mation. 

1887 Decendier 2d. Grevy resigns his office, of president of the French IJepublic, and 
M. Sadi-Carnot is elected to till his place, December 3d. 

1887 The construction of the Manch("<ter Shi]) Canal begins. 

1887 Construction of the canal to connect the North Sea with the Baltic is begun by 

Ihe (Sei'inan government. 

18S8 (llegira 1300, Sept. 8th) (K. 1. 1, lUGth Cycle) ( A. U. C. 2(i41 1 (A.M. 5892) 
(J. P. 6601) 

January 1st. Konie, Italy. Pope Leo XIII. celebrates his golden jubilee. 

1888 Fel)ruary 1st. Death of Prof. Asa Gray, eminent American botanist; age 77 

years, 2 nujuths. 
1888 February 2d. At Home. Death of .Mary llowitt, popular English authoress; 

set. 84. 
18SS February ir)th. WashingtoTi, D. C. Signing of the Fisheries Treaty, between 

United States and (ireat Britain. 
1888 February 2-tth. Death of William ^^■. Corcoran, the philanthropist of Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; founder of the Louise Home, etc. ;fet. 89. 
1888 ^larch 4th. Death of Amos Bronson Alcott, American author of educational 

and jthilosophic works; father of Louisa ^1. Alcott; iet. 89. 
1888 March (ith. At Boston, .Mass. Deatii of Louisa May Alcott, popular American 

authoress ; iet. 55. 
1888 March 9th. Death of William L, emperor of ( ierniany ; age 90 years, 11 months, 

17 days. Succeeded by his son, Frederick III. 
1888 March 12th. At New York. Death of Henry Bergh, founder of the American 

Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (See 1866.) 
1888 April 15th. Death of Matthew Arnold, English poet ; age 65 j'ears, 3 months, 

21 days. 
1888 Ai)ril 19th. Bill passed by T'^nited States Senate, to admit South Dakota into 

the rni(m. (See 1889, February 22d, and November 2d. I 
1888 May 7tli. United States Senate ratifies the amended Chinese treaty. 
1888 May 8th. ()])ening of the International Exhibition at Glasgow, Scotland. 
1888 May 9th. International Copyright P.ill passed by T'nited States Senate. 
1888 June 15th. Death of Frederick III., em])eror of (Sermany; age 56 years, 7 

months, 27 days. Succeeded by his son, ^^■i]liam II. 
1888 October 13th. United States ganbo;it Petrel is launched, at Baltimore. (See 

1898.) 
1888 Opening of the Trans-Caspian I\ailr;>ad, as far as Samarkand. 
1888 December 20tli. British and Egyptian forces, under General Grenfell, defeat 

and rout the insurgents, under Osman Digna, near Suakin, Africa. Digna 

loses 400 men. 

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439 



A. I). 

ISSt) ( I legira 1307, Aug. 28th ) (R.I. 2-iofi ) ( A. U. C. 2042 ) ( A. M. 5893 ) ( J. P. 6002 ) 

February 22d. President Cleveland sigus the bills, admitting North Dakota, 
South Dakota, Montana, and Wasliington into United States, as thirty-ninth, 
fortieth, forty-first, and forty-second States. (See 1886, 1888; and Novem- 
ber 2d, Sth, and 11th, 1889.) 

1889 IMaroh ith. Washington, D. C. Inangniration of Benjamin J. Harrison,' 
twenty-third president of United States. 

1889 March 0th. Abdication of Milan, king of Servia, in favor of his son, Alex- 
ander. 

1889 March 8th. At New York. Death of Capt. John Ericsson, eminent Swedish me- 
chanician and inventor; a't. Si'>. (See 1802.) 

1889 March 27th. Death of John Bright, celebrated English orator and statesman; 
age 77 years, 1 months, 11 days. 

1889 April 9th. Death of Michel Eugene Chevreul, distinguished French chemist; 
age 102 years, 7 months, 8 days. 

1889 April lltlu Town of Lamberton, Ala., U. S. A., totally destroyed by fire. 

1889 April 21th. The great di-y dock, at Newport News, Va., formally opened. 

1889 May 0th. Opening of the Paris Exhildtion. 

1889 May 7tli. Opening of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md., U. S. A.; 
Hopkins having given in his lifetime .|1,500,000 for the founding and endow- 
ment of this charity. ( See 1873. ) 

1889 May 31st. Disastrous flood at Johnstown, Pa., caused by the bursting of a dam, 
ten miles northwest of, and at a great height above, Johnstown. The dam, 
built in 1887, I)y the South Fork Fi.shing Club, was 1,000 feet long, 70 feet 
high, 50 feet tliick at top, and 300 feet at bottom. Over fifty square miles 
of land drained into the dam ; and, owing to the constant heavy rains dur- 
ing the month, the water had risen many feet. Dam breaks 3 p. M., and by 
1:15 p. M. precipitates about 480,000,000 cubic feet of water upon the fated 
town. Between 5,000 and 0,000 persons perish between 4:15 and 5:15 p. m. 

1889 Extradition treaty, between England and United States. 

1889 June 2d. Creat lioods in China!^ More than 0,000 lives lost. 

1889 ^yin'k on Nicaragua Canal begun, June 3d; stopped, an<l recommenced Octo- 
])er 22d. 

1889 June 28th. At Lynn, Mass. Death of :Miss :\laria Mitchell, disting-uished Amer- 
ican astronomer; a't. 71. 

1889 August 1st. Death of Evaristo Carazo, president of Nicaragua. 

1889 August 3d. British, under General Grenfell, defeat the dervishes, in ITppor 
Egypt, killing 1,500, and their leader. 

1889 xVugust 19tb. Disastrous floods and landslides in Japan; 10,000 lives lost. 

1889 September 23d. Death of William Wilkie Collins, popular English novelist; 
a't. 05. 

1889 September 25th. Death of Eliza Cook, popular English poetess; a't. 72. 

1889 October 11th. Death of James Prescott Joule, eminent English experimental 
philoso]ilHT ; age 70 years, 9 Tuontlis, 17 days. 

1889 October 1 9th. Death of ] )om Luis I., king of Portugal ; age 50 years, 1 1 months. 
18 days. Succeeded by his son, Carlos I., age 20; proclaimed king Decem- 
ber 28th. 

441 



A. 1). 

18S9 Oftolier l.'2(:l. At Tai-is, France. Death of Dr. Philippe Ricord, celebrated 
French physician; born in Baltimore, Md., U. S. A.; ret. 89. 

1889 October 25th. Death of Eniile Augier, French dramatist and poet; age 69 
years, 1 mouth, 8 days. 

1889 November 2d. I'roclamations issued, admitting North and 8outh Dakota, as 
thirty-ninth and fortieth States in the Union. (See February 22d, 1889; 
and 1880, and 1888. ) 

1889 Xovemljer 8th. Proclamation, admitting Montana as forty-first State in the 
Union. ( See February 22d, 1889. ) 

1889 November 11th. Proclanuition, admitting Washington as forty-second State 
in the Union. ( See February 22d, 1889 ; and 1886. ) 

1889 November 15th. The empire of Brazil is changed into a repul)lic (T'nited States 
of Brazil ), withimt struggle or bloodshed, by a coup d'etat, supported by 
army and navy. Dom Pedro II., the emperor, yields to the inevitable, and 
peacefully sails from Rio Janeiro, November 17th, reaching Lisbon, Portu- 
gal, Decend)er 7th. 

1889 November 2Sth. Disastrous fire at Boston, Mass. Loss estimated at |5,000,000. 

1889 November 29th. Death of Martin Farquhar Tupper, popular English poet 
and novelist ; ict. 79. 

1889 December r.tli, 12:15 .\. M. At New Orleans, La. Death of Hon. Jefferson 
Davis, ex-i)resident of Southern Confederacy, in United States of America; 
age 81 years, (> months, 3 days. 

1889 December 12th. At Venice, Italy. Death of Robert Browning, popular English 

poet ; vet. 77. 

1890 (Hegira 1308, Aug. 18th) (R. I. 3-106) (a. U. C. 2643) (A. M. 5891) (J. P. 6603) 

January lltli. Death of Lord Robert Napier, of Magdala fame; celebrated 
British general ; age 79 years, 1 month, 8 days. ( See 1868, April 10, and 13.) 

1890 February isth. Death of Count Julius Andrassy, Hungarian statesman; age 
6(! years, 8 m(^nths, 20 days. 

1890 Marcii 4th. Opening of the railroad bridge over Firth of Forth, Scotland. 

1890 March 7th. Doctor Raimondo Palacio is elected president of Venezuela. 

1890 March 13th. Bill passed by House of Representatives, for the organization of 
Oklalioma Territory. 

1890 :\Iarch 18th. Prince Bismarck, chancellor of German Empire, resigns his of- 
fice, and is succeeded by General Von Caprivi. 

1890 :\Iarcb 19th. Cruiser Newark is launched, at Philadelphia, Pa. 

1890 :\larcli 24th. Death of Prof. Richard Owen, eminent English anatomist and 
zoologist ; a't. 86. 

1890 April 12th. Death of Marquis Tseng, Chinese statesman and diplomatist; 
a^t. 62. 

1890 June 20th. Turks massacre Armenian Christians, at Erzeroum. 

1890 June 30th. Treaty signed, between ICngland and Germany, for a partition of 
Eastern Africa, and cession of Heligoland to Germany. 

1890 July 3d. President Harrison signs the bill, admitting Idaho, forty-third State, 
into the Union. 

18<»0 July 4th. Canovas del Castillo succeeds Sagasta, as premier of Spain. 

"■^ 442 



A. I>. 

1890 July lOtli. President Harrison signs the bill, admitting ^V.V()mi^g•, forty-fourth 
State, into the Union. 

1890 August 6th. Cehuan, president of Argentine Republic, is forced to resign, and 
is succeeded by Dr. Pellegrini. 

1890 August 2r)th. Completion of St. Clair Piver tunnel, from Port Huron, Jlirli., 
to Sarnia, Canada. 

1890 August 28th. Signing of the treaty of peace, between Cuatemala and Salvador. 

1890 Septendicr 4th. Twelve thousand h(mses destroyed by a great tire at Salonica, 
Turkey. 

1890 October 1st. Death of Jean Baptiste Ali)honse Karr, pojtular French novel- 
ist ; :vt. 82. 

1890 October 20th. At Trieste, Italy. Death of Sir Pichard Francis Burton, cele- 
brated English traveler and explorer of Africa ; fet. 69. 

1890 October 29th. William III., king of Holland, is declared incapable of reign- 
ing. <2ueen Emma takes oath as regent, Novendjer 20th. 

1890 November 6th. Professor Koch makes known, in Berlin, his discovery of a 
lymph cure for consunqdion. 

1890 Novend)er 18th. United States armored cruiser Maine is launched, at Brook- 
lyn navy-yard. (See February 15th, 1898.) 

1890 November 23d. Death of AVilliam III., king of Holland ; age 73 years, 9 months, 
4 days. His daughter, \\'illielmina, succeeds, with Queen Emma as regent. 

1890 December 11th. Dr. Welti is elected president of Switzerland. 

1890 December 20th. New York. Signor Succi com])letes a fast of forty-five day.s, 
during which time he consumed 291 ounces of croton water, 798 of mineral 
A\ater, 64 of ice, and 710 di'ops of an eli.xir containing moi-phine. 

1890 December 22d. At Copenhagen, Denmark. Death of Neils W. (lade, eminent 
Danish musical comjioser; vet. 73 

1890 December 29th. Wounded Knee Creek, Nebraska. Skirmish betweeri United 
States troops and Indians. Capt. (}. D. Wallace and 25 soldiers are killed, 
and Lieut. II. Krautzerg and three privates fatally wounded ; 250 Indians are 
killed. 

1890 December 29th. Death of Octave Feuillet, French novelist and dramatist ; 

s-t. 68. 

1891 (Hegira 1309, Aug. 7th) (P. I. 4-^06) (A. U. C. 2644) (A. M. 5895) (J. P. 0604) 

January 2d. Death t)f Alexander William Kinglake, Engli-sh historian; 
let. 89. 

1891 January 17tli. At Washington, D. C. Death of George Bancroft, distinguished 
American statesman and historian ; age 90 years, 3 months, 14 days. 

1891 January 20th. Death of David Kalakaua, king of Hawaiian Islands; tet. 55. 

1891 January 31st. Death of Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, celebrated French 
painter; age about 78. 

1891 February 13th. Death of David Dixon Porter, admiral of United States navy; 
age 76 years, 7 months, 5 days. • • 

1891 February 14th. At New York. Death of Uen. William T. Sherman, distin- 
guished American general ; age 71 years, 6 days. 

1891 February. Egv'ptians totally defeat Osman Digna, near Suakin, Africa. 

Ti3 



A. 1). 

1891 Marcli 4tli. Iiiternatioual Copyright Bill is passed by United States Congress. 

1891 March 17th. Death of Prince Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napo- 
leon 1. ; age 08 years, months, 8 days. 

1891 April 20th. Reciprocity treaty concluded, between United States and Spain. 

1891 April 21th. Death of Connt Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke, distinguish- 
ed Prussian field marshal; set. 91. 

1 891 Death of Pedro II., ex-emperor of Brazil ; set. G6. ( See 1889, November 15th. ) 

]891 May. Construction of the great Trans-Siberian Eailroad is begun by the Rus- 
sian government. (See January, 1898.) 

1891 June 30th. First passenger train runs on the railroad to the summit of Pike's 
Peak, Colorado, 14,147 feet above sea level, the lower terminus of the line 
being 6,400 feet aboAe sea level. 

1891 August 12th. At Cambridge, Mass. Death of James Russell Lowell, distin- 
guished American poet and critic ; age 72 years, 5 months, 20 days. 

1891 August 28th. The Congressional party, in Chili, liaving revolted against their 
president, Balmaceda, totally vanquish his army, near Valparaiso. Balma- 
ceda commits suicide, September 19th. 

1891 October fi-7th. Death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish leader; a?t. 45. 

1891 October 16th. The Chilians attack the .sailors of the United States cruiser 
"Baltimore," for which United States government demands reparation from 
Chili. (See 1892.) 

1891 October 17th. At Newport, Mass. Death of James Parton, popular American 
biographer; born at Canterbury, England, but having resided from early 
manhood in New York, U. S. A. ; a-t. 69. 

1891 October 2Sth. United States cruiser Detroit is launched, at Baltimore. 

1891 November 4th. The Chilians elect Admiral Jorge Montt for their president, to 
succeed Balmaceda. 

1891 November 23d. Marshal I'^'onseca, elected president of Brazil in February, hav- 
ing attempted to usurp dictatorial powers, is forced, by a revolutionary move- 
ment, to resign, and is succeeded by the vice-president, Peixoto. 

1891 December 2d. United States armored cruiser New York is launched, at Phila- 
delphia. 

1891 December 5th. United States cruiser Montgomery, built by the Columbian Iron 

Works, is launched at Baltimore. 

1892 ( ITegira 1310, July 26th) ( R. I. 5-i06) (A. U. C. 2645) (A. M. 5896) (J. P. 6605) 

January 4th. ^\.t London. Death of George B. Airy, English astronomer; age 

90 years, 5 months, 7 days. 
1892 January 7th. At (^airo. Death of Tewfik Pasha, khedive of Egypt, at his i»a]- 

ace; age 39 years, 1 month, IS days. Succeeded by his son, Al)bas Pasha. 
1892 January 31st. Death of Alexander Tiliizos Rhangabe, eminent Greek poet and 

statesman ; age 82. 
1892 February 29th. Behring Sea arbitration treaty, between United States and 

Great Britain, is signed at Washington, and ratified March 29th. 
1892 March 6th. Death of Etienne Arago, French dramatist and politician; age 

89 years, 29 days. 
1892 March lOtli. Death of Edward Augiistus Freeman, English historian ; fet. 69. 

444 




GOETHE. 
SEE 1832. 



445 



A. D. 

1892 April 23(:1. Death of General Deodoro de Fouseca, ex-president of Brazil, (i^ec 
1891, November 23d.) 

1892 May 6tli. Death of August Willielm Ilofmann, eminent German chemist; 
age 74. 

1892 May 12th. Memphis, Teuu. Opening of the bridge over the Mississippi Kiver, 
where De Soto cros.sed. (See 15 il.) 

1892 June 17th. VoUanie eruption on Sangir Islands, in Malay Archipelago, kill- 
ing over 1,000 iidiabitauts. 

1892 June 28th. United States battle-ship Texas is launched, at Gosport navyyari, 
Virginia. 

1892 July 12th, 9 :30 \. m. At Ardsley Park, N. Y. Death of Cyrus AV. Field, origi- 
nator of transatlantic cable; age 72 years, 7 mouths, 12 days. (See 18G(), 
July 27th.) 

1892 September 7th. At Hampton P'alls, X. H. Death of John Greenleaf Whittier, 
distinguished American [)oet ; age 84 year.s, 8 mouths. 20 days. 

1892 October Gth, 1 :35 \. M. Death of Lord Alfred Tennyson, celebrated poet-lau- 
reate of England; age 83 year.s, 2 months. ITis body is interred in Westmin- 
ster Abbey, October 12th. 

1892 October 17th. The revised hymnal is adopted by the General Convention of 
the Episcopal Church of America. 

1892 October 18th. Opening of the long-distance telephone, between New York and 
Chicago, 950 miles. 

1892 October 21st. Dedication of the World's Fair buildings, for tlie Columbian 
Exposition, at Chicago, Illinois, the ])resideut having proclaimed October 
21st to be the actual anniversary day of the discovery of America, counting 
for the difference between Old and New Style, although Columbus discov- 
ered San Salvador 1492, October 12th. (See 1582, Octtiber 5tli ; and 1492. 
October 12th ; and Note M. ) 

1892 November lOtli. United States cruiser Cincinnati is launched, at Brooklyn, 
New York. 

1892 The clavier, or dumb-piano, is improved by its inventor, Virgil. (See 1886.) 

1892 December 12th. Africa and Brazil are connected by cable. 

1892 December 22d. French Chamber ratifies Commercial Convention, between 

Ignited States and France. 

1893 (Ilegira 1311, July 15th) (R. I. (3i06) (A. U. C. 2046) (A. M. 5897) (J. P. GGOG) 

January 11th. The Montmorency Falls, Quebec, Canada, frozen solid; the 
first time ever known. 

1893 January 12tli. I'art of the Niagara Falls, New York, known as the Big Kettle, 
is frozen over; the first time in a century. Mercury 39° below zero. 

1893 January 17th. At Fremont, Ohio. Death of Butherford Birchard Ilayes, ex- 
president (nineteenth) of United States of America; set. 71. 

1893 Jauuary 20th. Death of Don Jose Zorilla y Moral, eminent Spanish poet and 
dramatist ; age 75 years, 10 months, 29 days. 

1893 Feliruary 4th. A provisional government of the Hawaiian Islands announces 
to the secretary of state, at Washington, the deposal of Queen Liliuokalani, 
January 15th, and asks for annexation to United States. 

447 



A. 1). 

18113 February 9th. United States Minister Stevens establishes a protectorate over 
Hawaii. 

1893 March 4th. Grover Cleveland is again inaugurated president of United States. 
( See 1885. ) 

1893 Marcli 9th. Queen Liliuokalani, having issued a protest against her dethrone- 
ment, President Cleveland withdraws from the Senate the United States an- 
nexation treaty with Hawaii. 

1893 The telautograph, a wonderful machine for transmitting handwriting, is com- 
pleted in March by the inventor, Professor Elisha, and exhibited at the 
^^'orld's Fair, Chicago. The invention was begun in 1887. 

1893 April 21st. Extradition treaty, between United States of America and Russia, 
is ratified by both countries. 

1893 ilay 1st. President Cleveland opens the AYorld's Columbian Exposition, at 
Chicago, 111. ( See October 30th. ) 

1893 May 6th. Opening of the Lake Roland elevated electric railroad, from Lake 
Roland to Baltimore City Hall. The first elevated railroad in the world op- 
erated by the overhead trolley. The Intro-Mural railroad, on the ground of 
Columbian Exposition, Chicago, is the first electric elevated railroad in the 
world operated by the third-rail trolley system. 

1893 May 18tii. Treaty of commerce, between Spain and Germany, is concluded. 

1893 June 7tli, 1 :15 .\. M. At New York. Death of Edwin Booth, popular American 
tragic actor; age 59 years, 6 months, 24 days; born in Harford County, 25 
miles from Baltimore, Md. Son of Junius Brutus Booth, celebrated English 
actor. 

1893 June 20th. The great Ferris wheel, one of the wonders at the Columbian Expo- 
sition, makes its first revolution. Designed by G. W. G. Ferris ; highest point 
of wheel is 264 feet ; diameter 250 feet. 

1893 June 22d. British battle-ship Victoria collides with battle-ship Camperdown, 
and is sunk off Tripoli, Syria; 358 lives lost, including Admiral Tryon and 21 
other officers. 

1893 July 5th. Town of Pomeroy is destroyed, and 100 lives lost, by a tornado in 
Iowa. 

1893 August 12th. United States' new cruiser, Minneapolis, is launched at Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

1893 August 15th. Behring Sea Court of Arbitration, between United States and 
Great Britain, announces its decision at Paris. 

1893 October 30th. Closing of the Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, 111. (See 

Ratifications of extradition treaty, between United States and 

Death of John Tyndall, distinguished Irish physicist ; age 78. 
Death of Sir Samuel White Baker, successful English explorer 
in Africa; age 72 years, 6 months, 22 days. 

1894 (Hegira 1312, July 5th) (R. I. 7-106) (A. U. C. 2647) (A. M. 5898) (J. P. 6607) 
January 1st. England. Opening of the Manchester ship canal. 

448 





May 1st.) 


1893 


November 9th. 




Norway. 


1893 


December 4th. 


1893 


December 30th 



Marcli ll^tli. The insurgent fleet at Rio Janeiro, under command of Admiral 

Da Gama, suiTenders to Peixoto, president of Brazil. 
3Iarch 20th. Death of Louis Kossuth, Hungarian patriot and statesman; age 

91 years, G months, 4 days. 
April 10th. Ilerr Dowe, a Mannheim tailor, having invented a bullet-proof 

cloth, successful cxjieriments are made by shooting at Dowe, incased in his 

invention. Cloth and tailor stand the test. German government offers him 

3,000,000 marks for the invention. 
April 14th. Brazilian insurgents, under Admiral De Mello, surrender to the 

authorities of I'rugiiay. 
May 5th. King Leopold opens the World's Fair, at Antwerp, Belgium. 
]May 14th. Death of Henry Morley, English biographer; set. 72. 
May 20th. Death of Edmund Hodgson Yates, English novelist; age G2. 
June 1st. Free transfer system introduced by the Baltimore Traction Company. 
June 7th. Death of Muley Hassan, sultan of Morocco ; cot. (iS. Succeeded by his 

son, Abdul Aziz. 
June 13th. Troojjs are sent by Japan, to protect her interests at Corea. 
June 24th. Lyons, France, 9 :25 P. m. Assassination t)f Marie Francois Sadi- 

Carnot, president of the French Republic, by Cesare Giovanni Santo, an 

Italian. 
July 5th. Death of Sir Austen Henry Layard, English statesman and archa!0l- 

ogist ; age 77 years, 4 months. 
July 23d. Bombardment of Corean ports is begun by Japanese gunboats. 
July 27th. Declaration of war, between Japan and China. 
September 3d. Spanish government cancels reciprocity treaty, between United 

States and Cuba. 
Sei)teniber 8th. Death of Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz, eminent 

German physicist and physiologist; age 73 years, 7 days. 
September 17tli. Battle of Ping Yang, between Japanese and Chine.'^e armies. 

The Chinese are totally defeated, and many captured by the Japanese. 
September 19th. The Japanese gain a signal naval victory over the Chinese 

fleet in the Gulf of Corea. 
Gctober 7th. At Boston, Mass. Death of Oliver Wendell Holmes, distinguished 

American poet, essayist, and physiologist ; age 85 years, 1 month, 8 days. 
October 20th, 0:30 .\. ii. At London. Death of James Anthony Froude, emi- 
nent English historian ; age 7G years, 5 months, 27 days. 
November 1st. Death of Alexander III., czar of Russia ; age 49 years, 7 months, 

21 days. Succeeded by his son, Nicholas II., age 2G. 
November 1st. Death of empress of China. 
November 3d. The Mullah of Powindah incites the Waziri tribesmen to attack 

Col. A. H. Turner, British commissioner, at his camp at Wano, near Indo- 

Afghan frontier. About 43 British, and over 250 tribesmen are killed. (See 

1897, June 11th, and July 27th; and 1902, December 22d.) 
December 7th. Death of Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomatist and engi- 
neer ; constructor of Suez Canal. ( See 18G9. ) 
Decembei- 27th. Death of Francis II., ex-king of Two Sicilies; age 58 years, 11 

months, 11 days. 



A. 1). 

18!)5 ( Ih'gira 1313, June 24th) (R. I. 8i06 | (A. U. C. 2US) (A. M. 5899) (J. P. 6608) 

Febniarv 13tli. riiincsc flert ami forts at Wei-Hai-Wci are surrendered by 

Admiral Ting, to the Japanese comman(h'r. 
1895 February 2(ith. Spaniards proclaim martial law in Cuba, to (piell the revolu- 
tionary uprisinji'. 
1895 March lltli. Death of Cesare Cantu, popular Italian historian; age 87 yearSj 3 

months, 6 days. 
1S95 A])ril 15th. The plenipotentiaries of China and Japan sign a treaty of peace, 

at Schimoneseki. 
1895 June 12th. Proclamation against violation of neutrality, in Spanish-Cuban 

conflict, is issued by Crover Cleveland, president of United States. 
1895 June 29th. Death of Thomas Henry Huxley, eminent English physiologist 

and naturalist; a»t. 70. 
1895 September 27th. Tananarivo, capital of [Madagascar, is captured by the French. 
1895 Septend)er 2St]i. Death of Louis Pasteur, distinguished French chemist, who 

introduced a tiratment of inoculation, for the ])revention or cure of the germ 

of hydroi)hobia ; age 72 years, 9 months, 1 da.y. 
1895 October 2(;th. ^ladagascar accepts the protectorate of France. 
1895 Novend)er 27th. Death of Alexander Dumas, Jr., ])opular French novelist and 

dramatist; age 71 years, 3 months, 29 days. Son of Alexander Dumas. (See 

1870.) 

1895 December 23d. Death of John Russell Hind, eminent English astronomer; age 

72 years, 7 months, 11 days. 

189G ( liegira 1314, June 12th ) (R. 1. 9-io«) (A. U. C. 2649) (A. M. 5900) (J. P. 6609) 

Jammry 4th. Proclamation, by President Cleveland, admitting T'tah into 
the Union, as the forty-tifth State. 

1896 iM'bniary lOtli, 9:30 .v. M. Explosion of an immense aerolite just over Madrid, 

Spain, jirobably about twenty miles above the earth, causes a panic through- 
out the city, and does much damage in shattering glass, and cracking wall^-. 

1896 March. Sir Herbert Kitchener, British general, commanding British and 
Egyi)tian coiubiiied troops, begins a forward movement, to i-escue the Egyp- 
tian Soudan, Africa, from the Khalifa. 

1896 :March 22d. Death of Thomas Hughes, well-known English writer; author of 
"Tom Brown's School Days"; age 72 years, 5 months, 2 days. 

1896 yiay 1st. First cavalry skirmish between Kitchener and the dervishes, near 
Akashe. 

1896 May 15tli. Town of Sherman. Xortliern Texas, swept by a tornado; 100 lives 
lost. 

1896 May 26th. Moscow, Russia. Cm-cmation of Czar Nicholas II., age 27, and his 
consort. Czarina Alix. 

189(» June 7th. Kitchener's troops drive the dervishes out of Firket, and pursue 
them to Suarda. 

1896 June 8th. Death of Jules Simon, French philosopher and statesman; fet. 82. 

1896 July 1st. Death of Mrs. Harriett Beecher Stowe, of Connecticut, American 
novelist ; author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ; age 84 years, 17 days. 

4.50 



'I'fc-,. 











O uj 

< en 




HI 

< 
I- 
_i 
o 
> 



451 



A. I). 

ISlXi August 13tli. Doctor Fridjof Nansen returns from his successful Arctic ex- 
l)e(lition, and lands a^ain on Norwegian soil. Nansen's expedition sailed 
from Christiana, Norway, with a party of eleven, in the "Fram," June 24th, 
1893, and stopped, 1895, March 3d, at north latitude 84°, 40", the highest 
northern latitude ever before reached by man. Nansen and one companion 
left the ship, and on foot reached north latitude S<!°, 14', 240 miles from 
north pole. No land seen north of latitude 82° : only ice. 

189f) Se]>tember 23d. Dongola, Egyptian Soudan, is occupied by the Anglo-Egyp- 
tian troops, under Kitcliener. (See 1897, October 2r)th. ) 

1897 (riegira 1315, June 2d ) ( R. I. lOio^) (A. U. C. 2050) (A. M. 5901) (J. P. (iOlO) 

January 10th. Death of Joel Tyler Ileadh'y, American historian; age 82. 

1897 March 1st. Monastery of 8t. Bernard, in Swiss Alps, is demolished by an 
avalanche. 

1897 Mai-cb 4th. Inauguration of William McKinley, as twenty-fourth president of 
T'nited States. (See 1901.) 

1897 A])ril 30th. Battle at Velestino, between a Greek brigade, under General Smo- 
Icnski, and a Turkish force. The latter is repulsed with very heavy losses. 
The ( I reeks, however, less fortunate in other engagements, are greatly dis- 
couraged by the results of the long war. 

1897 May 0th. Renewal, for six years, of the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria, 
and Italy. 

1897 May 17tli. Opening of the street railway postal-car service in Baltimore, Md. 

1897 June-Augnst. Reports of vast gold fields in the Klondike create great excite- 
ment throughout United States. Thousands from Western, and even East- 
ern States, start for the Yukon region of Alaska. 

1897 June 11th. British officers and regiment of Sikhs are treacherously surprised 
and attacked in British India by hostile natives, incited by the Mullah of 
Powindah, a fanatical heathen priest of India, previously expelled from Brit- 
ish territory for former rebellion. Colonel Bunny, two otlier British officers, 
and twenty-tive privates are killed, and two officers and twenty-five men 
w(mnded. (See 1894, November 3d; 1897, July 27th; aTul 1902, Decem- 
ber 22(1. ) 

1897 June 20th, 11 a. .m. Ciueen Victoria begins the jubilee celebration of her six- 
tieth year on the throne of England, with a service of thanksgiving, at St. 
George's Chapel, ^^'indsor. 

1897 July 1st. Insurrections and riots begin among the luitives in British India, 
against the British rule. 

1897 J)ily 23d. Turkey at last accei)ts the frontier line between Turkey and Greece, 
drawn by the military attaches of the Powei's. The Turkish troops begin to 
evacuate Thessaly. 

1897 July 27th. "Mad Mullah" having mustered 40,000 tribesmen of the Afridis, for 
a "Holy War" against the British, begins an attack at the North Camp, at 
ilalakand, 8:30 p. M. Thirteen Sepoys are killed, and forty wounded on 
British side. The Punjab infantry, under Lieutenant Clime, drives the 
tribesmen back, killing ninety. The P.ritisli abandon North Camp, and con- 
centrate on Kotali. (See 1894, November 3d; 1897, June 11th; and 1902, 
December 22d. ) 

4.". 3 



A. II. 

18!t7 August Tth. Abu Hamed, British India, is occupied bv Colonel Hunter, of Kit- 
chener's army. (See 1890, ]\Iarch, ]\Iay 1st, June Tth, and September 23d. ) 

1897 August 8th. Canovas del Castillo, prime minister of Spain, is shot and killed 
by Michele Angiolillo, an Italian anarchist, who is garroted August 20th, 11 
.\. M. 

1897 August 19th. Lake's sub-marine boat, "Argonaut," is first launched at Colum- 
bian Iron Works, Locust Point, Baltimore, Md. (See December Kith. ) 

1897 August 2()th. (Jeneral Azcarraga, minister of war, is appointed to succeed 
Canovas, as premier of Sjiain. 

1897 August 21th. Fort Lundi, Kotali, e.\;trcme end of Khyber I*ass, leading from 
Afghanistan into India, is attacked and burned. The entire pass is uo\\ in 
the hands of the insurgent tribesmen, under "Mad Mullah." (See 1891. 1 

1897 August 2r)th. Juan Idiarte Borda, president of Uruguay, is assassinated in 
^Montevideo by Aveliuo Arredonilo, during the celebration of the independ- 
ence of the republic. 

1897 August 29th, Sunday night. The Afridis attack and burn the Shimwari and 
Kahi, British police posts on the Samana Range, forcing the garrisons to 
evacuate. 

1897 August 30th. A strong force of Afridis take Kohat Pass, and hold it and 
Khyber Pass against the British. 

1897 August 31st, 3 p. M. At New York. Death of Mrs. John Drew, celebrated ac- 
tress; born in London, England, 1820, January 10th, but having lived in 
America since 7 years old; age 77 years, 7 months, 21 days. 

1897 September 17th. Engagement in British India, between Second Brigade, 
under General Blood, and the insurgent Momunds. British forces, at first 
victorious, are driven back by superior forces of the natives. (Jeneral Blood 
and two other British officers wounded, and 110 men on British side killed 
and wounded. 

1897 September 18th. Treaty of peace signed, between Turkey and Greece. 

1897 Seiitember 19tli. (ieneral ^yoodford, United States minister to Spain, has an 
interview with I>uke of Tetuan, to insist upon the necessity of a siieedy 
termination of the Cuban War, stating that if the Avar be not ended by end 
of October, United States will feel justified in taking steps to secure the in- 
dependence of Cuba. 

1897 September 22d. British capture Badmanai Pass, British India, held by Had- 
dah Mullah, instigator and leader of the tribesmen's rebellion, who takes to 
tiight before the British. 

1897 October Oth. Death of Sir John Gilbert, English historical painter; n-t. 80. 

1897 October Oth. Sjianish government, at a Cabinet council, at night, decides to 
grant Cuba autonomy, under Spanish suzerainty. 

1897 October 20th, 12-3 P. M. Storming and recapture of Dargai Ridge, British In- 
dia, by the British, led by the gallant Gordon Highlanders, under Colonel 
Mathias, and inspired by the music of the brave piper, Findlater, who con- 
tinues to play although shot through both legs. (See Note V.) 

1897 October 2r)tli. Kitchener's troops take Metemme, a stronghold of the Khalifa. 
(See 1890, :March, May 1st, June 7th, an<l September 23d. ) 

■154 



A. I). 

18!)7 DecL'iiiliL'i" ]Cth. Mr. 8. Lake, of Baltimore, makes a successful test trip, in 
the depths of the Patapsco River, in the sub-marine boat, "Arji'onaut," of 
which he is the inventor. ( See August 19th. ) 

1897 December 28th. Kevolting tribesmen, in British India, under '"^lad Mullah," 

are finally subdued, and the Anglo-Indian A\'ar practically ended. 

1898 (Ilegira 1310, May 22d ) ( I{. I. ll-io«MA. F. ('. 2051 ) i A. M. r)902) |.I. P. (•.(ill i 

January. Official statistics show the existing horrors of Spanish rule in 
Cuba. In the province of ^latanzas alone 59,000 rect)ncentrados died from 
starvation in 1897, and 98,000 are reported at this date to be starving. 

1808 January. Great Trans-Siberian railroad completed; trains running across 
Siberia, from Khmtchi in the west, to Khabarovka in the east. (See 1891, 
.May. I 

1898 January 12th. Riots in Havana, Cuba, between Cubans and Si)aniards. 

1898 January Kith, 10 a. m. North Atlantic scpuidron, under Admiral Sicard, leaves 
Hampton Roads, Old Point, Va., and sails for Dry Tortugas Islands, off 
Florida, in (iulf of Mexico, to be near in case of being needed at Havana, 
to protect American interests there. 

1898 January 2od, 10 A. M. The Fnited States battle-ships, under Admiral Sicard, 
the New York, Indiana, Massachusetts, Iowa, and Texas, arrive off the l)ar 
at Key West, Florida, and are joined by the Maine, .Montgomery, and De- 
troit, and torpedo-boats Cushingand Dupont. 

1898 January 24-25th. Fnited States steamship .Elaine arrives at Havana, Cul»a, to 
protect, if necessary, Cousul-General Lee, and .\merican interests, against 
the rioters in Havana. 

1898 January 25-26th, a. m. Fnited States N(U'th .\tlantic s(|uadron ancliors at 
Dry Tortugas, Florida. 

1898 February 7-23d. Trial of M. Zola, celebi'ated I'rench novelist, for publisliing 
in the "Aurore" a letter, in December, 1897, accusing I'reuch Minister of 
War, and other high officials, of i)crjnry, injustice, etc., in the Dreyfus case 
and Esterhazy court-martial. Great sensation and excitement at I'aris. 
French masses are against Zola. He is sentenced to one year's imi)rison- 
nient, and a fine of 3,000 francs. 

1898 February 8th. Rear-Admiral Sicard is temporarily relieved of command of 
North Atlantic squadron, by his request, being ill. Capt. William T. Samp- 
son, of the Iowa, as senior officer, takes command of the sciuadron. 

1898 February 8th, 8 P. M. Gen. Jose Maria Reina Barrios, president of Guatemala, 
fatally shot, near his palace. The assassin is killed by the president's statT. 

1898 I'ebruary loth, 9 :10 P. M. Sudden explosion of Fnited States cruiser [Maine, in 
Havana harbor, Cuba, lying about 500 yards from the arsenal, and 200 yards 
from the floating dock, in time of peace, startles and horrifies the nation. 
Whole city of Havana shaken by the shock of the explosion; 2(;(i men lost 
in the disaster, and many injured. Captain Sigsbee and all the officers es- 
cape, excepting two. Lieutenant Jenkins and .\ssistant Engineer Merritt, who 
are killed by the explosion. Captain Sigsbee orders the 2,500 tons of gun- 
cotton on board to be flooded. The men obey orders, but are themselves 
killed by the second explosion, which occurs after a short interval. 

450 



A. I). 

1898 February 21st. The nienibers of the Naval Court of Inquiry, appointed hy the 
Navy Department, at Washington, assemble at Havana, to begin their work 
of investigation as to the cause of explosion of United States steamship 
Maine. Lieutenant-Commander ^larix is appointed Judge-Advocate of the 
Court. Divers are put to work on the wreck. 

1898 February 21st. The sub-marine torpedo-boat, the "Plunger," is completed and 
ready for ti-ial. Plan invented and constructed by John P. riolland, native 
of Ireland, age 55. The "Plunger"' was built by Columbian Iron Works, 
Baltimore, for the United States navy. The sub-marine vessel is designed to 
dive 20 feet under water in 20 seconds, and fire torpedoes into the hull of 
an enemy's warship. 

1898 March 21st, 1 :30 i\ m. The full report of the Court of Inquiry into the Maine 
disaster is delivered to Judge-Advocate Marix, by Captain Sampson, presi- 
dent of the Court. Marix goes to Key AVest and delivers it to Rear- Admiral 
Sicard. 

1898 March 25th. The Court of Inquiry having decided that the Maine disaster was 
due to an external explosion, the State Department, at Washington, cables 
to United States Minister Woodford, at Madrid, to notify the Spanish gov- 
ernment of this decision. Spanish government cables back to AA'ashington 
that its naval commission holds the cause of the Maine disaster to have been 
of internal origin. A Spanish flotilla is reported, at this date, to be on its 
way from the Canaries to Porto Rico. 

1898 JMarch 28th. The full report of the Court of Inquiry is made public, througli 
the newspapers. The court deduces from technical details of the wreckage, 
that a mine was exploded under the ship on the port side, and that the ex- 
plosion of the mine caused the explosion of the two magazines on board the 
Maine ; but the court cannot find evidence to fix the responsibility of the 
catastrojdie. 

1898 March 30th, 11 :43 p. Ji. Severe earthquake at San Francisco, California. 

1898 March 31st. Spain's official reply to President McKinley's demands for Cuba 
is received at the AA'hite House, Washington, D. C, at night. He denmnded 
immediate cessation from war and cruelty in Cuba. Spain's reply is unsatis- 
factory. 

1898 April 9th. C<insnl-General Lee and all other Americans leave Havana, Cuba, 
in the United States vessels sent to convey them to Key West, Florida. 

1898 April 11th. President McKinley sends his Cuban message to CongTess. 

1898 April 13th. Cable from IMadrid, reporting that Don Carlos has issued a mani- 
festo, to the effect that the Spanish government must fight the United States, 
or else the Carlists. 

1898 April 20th, Wednesday. Cuban resolutions, passed by Congress, April 18- 
19th, are signed at the White House, 11 :24 a. m.. by President McKinley, 
having first affixed his signature to the ultimatum, requiring Spain to evacu- 
ate the Island of Cuba, and her fleet to be withdrawn from Cuban waters. 
Ultimatum forwarded at once to Spain, addressed to ^Minister A^'oodfonl, to 
be by him delivered to the Spanish government. Spain given until Satur- 
day, at midnight, to reply. A copy of ultimatum served on Luis Polo de Ber- 
nabe, Spanish minister at Washington, who requests his passports, which 

456 




TOMB OF DANTE 
SEE 1321 A. D. 



457 



A. U. 

are at once given him. He leaves Washington at 7 p. m., and starts for 
Spain bv way of Cana(hi, intrusting Spanish interests to the French ambas- 
sador, and Austro-IIungarian ministers. 

1898 April 21st. Premier Sagasta sends word to Minister Woodford, that friendly 
relations between Spain and Ignited States have ceased, Itefore the latter 
has the opportunity of presenting the ultimatum to the Spanish govern- 
ment. 

1898 A])ril 21st. Spain having tlins ileclared war, United States government orders 
the North Atlantic S(juadron, under Captain Sampson, to sail south, and 
blockade Havana. 

1898 A])ril 21st, i'. m. Ocneral Woodford, United States minister to Spain, leaves 
Madrid, and starts for Paris, placing American legation in charge of the 
British minister. 

1898 A])ril 22d. [United States gunbont Nasliville, UTider romniander W. ]\laynard. 
of Sampson's fleet, overhauls the Spanish merchant ship Puena Ventura, 
takes her captive, and tows her to Key "\A'est. First prize of the war. 

1898 April 22d, 5:15 a. .m. Captain Sampson's fleet sails from Key West, Floridn, 
for Havana, Cuba. 

1898 April 22d. Secretary Long announces that Captain Sampson, of North Atlan- 
tic S(|uadron, has been appointed acting rear-admiral. 

1898 Ai)ril 22d, P. M. Admiral Sampson's fleet,, lined off (Aiba, blockades Havana, 
and other ports. 

1898 April 22d. American sqimdron, under Commodore Dewey, sails fnmi Hong 
Kong, to attack Manila, Philippine Islands. 

1898 April 22d, (J i>. m. Admiral Sampson's flag-ship New York ca])tures the Span- 
ish freigliter Pedro, which arrives at Key West, in charge of the Hornet, 7 
A. M., April 23d. 

1898 April 23d, 5-6 P. M. Spaniards tire tlicir first siiot, from masked batteries at 
^latanzas, at the United States torpedo-boat Foote, wiiile taking soundings, 
in ^latanzas harbor, 300 yards fr(mi shore. Their shots fly wide of the mark. 

1898 April 21th. Spain formally declares war against United States. 

1898 April 21tli, 12 m. Third war prize. United States torpedo-boat P(n-ter cajttures 
schooner Mathilde, off Havana, and sends her to Key West, in tow of di- 
spatch boat Dauntless. 

1898 April 21th. Fourth war prize. Spanisli fishing smack is captured under tlie 
guns of Morro Castle, by United States torpedo-boat Ericsson. 

1898 April 21th. Fifth war prize. Spanish steamer :Miguel Jover is captured I>y 
United States gunboat Helena. 

1898 April 21th. Sixth war prize. Spanish steamer Catalina, of Cadiz, is cajitured 
by United States cruiser Detroit, 7 a. m. 

1898 April 24th. Seventh prize. Candida, Spanish schooner, is captured l)y Unified 
States gunboat Wilmington, of Sampson's fleet. 

1898 April 21th, 1 p. m. Eightli prize. Revenue cutter Winoma captures Spanish 
steamer Saturnina, at Ship Island, Mississippi, wliile in (juarantine. 

1898 April 21th. Spain's Cadiz fleet rests at Cape Verde Islands. 

1898 April 25th. President McKinley sends his message to Congress, recommend- 
ing a declaration that war against Spain exists, and has existed since April 
21st, inclusive. The bill is jtassel by the House in 1 minute, 41 seconds, 

4.".9 



A. 1). 

without a dissenting voice, and goes into the Senate, 3 p. :\i. Signed by Presi- 
dent jMcKinley, 6:18 v. M. 

18'JS April 25th, before dawn. Lieutenant Rowan, Nineteenth Infantry, U. S. A., 
under orders from the War Department, lands on Cuban coast, west of San- 
tiago, and is guided by Cubans to insurgents' camp, to confer with Gen. Ca- 
lixto (larcia. 

1S98 April 25th, 5:45 p. M. The liglit liouse tender Mangrove, under Lieutenant- 
Commander William II. Everett, sights the large Spanish auxiliary cruiser 
Panama, and after tiring three shots across her bow, demands her surrender. 
The Panama, carrying two 12-pounders, and a crew of seventy-two, surren- 
ders witlKmt returning fire, the captain having locked himself in his cabin. 
The Mangrove tows the priy.e into Key West harbor, April 2Gth, a. m. 

1898 April 26th. United States guid)oat Newport, under Capt. B. F. Tilley, cap- 
tures Spanish schooner Pireneo, and sloop Pacpiete. 

1898 April 26th. Hon. John Sherman, Secretary of State, having resigned, on ac- 
count of age and ill health, is succeeded in office by Judge Day. 

1898 April 2Tth, 4 a. m. United States monitor Terror, under Capt. N. Ludlow, cap- 
tures the big Spanish steamer Ciuido, bound for ITavana from Corunna, car- 
rying money and provisions for the Spanish soldiers. 

1898 April 27th, 12:45-1:15 p. m. The flag-ship New York, the Puritan, and Cin- 
cinnati, of Admiral Sampson's fleet, bombard the forts at Matanzas, Cuba, to 
ascertain position and strength of Siianish coast defences. The forts return 
fire, but do no damage to Americans. Spanish forts are nearly demolished 
by the shells from United States ships. 

1898 April 2Tth, p. m. Ignited States Asiatic squadron, under Commodore Dewey, 
leaves Mirs Bay, China, for Manila, capital of Philippines. 

1898 April 29th, 9 a. m. First-class warships of Spanish fleet, including cruisers 
Maria Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristobal Colon; and tor- 
pedo-boat destroyers Pluton, Terror, and Furor, leave Cape Verde Islands, 
and sail Avestwardly, towards Cuba. Spanish torpedo-boats Azor, Kayo, 
and Ariete; and transports San Francisco, and Ciudad de Cadiz, sail, 9:30 
a. jr., northwardly, towards Canary Islands. 

1898 May 1st. (Jreat battle of ^Maniln. T'nited States Asiatic scpiadron, under 
Commodore Dewey, in the darkness of the night, steams ])ast the fortifica- 
tions at Cavite and Corregidor, and enters ]Manila Bay shortly after mid- 
night. A gun at the fort on Corregidor Island booms out the alarm, which 
throws Manila into a panic. Spanish fleet, under Admiral Montojo, steams 
from Cavite, seven miles from Manila, u]) the bay, to meet United States 
squadron. The Spaniards explode two mines, 5:06 A. M., in ]\Ianila harbor, 
just ahead of Dewey's squadron, but do no harm. Dewey's ships turn to face 
Spanish fleet, with forts at Cavite and on Corregidor Island, and battery on 
Caballo Island, and with battery of Manila in rear. First battle, 5:06-7:35 
A. M. vSecond battle, 11 :16 a. M.-12 :50 p. m. Dewey's S(iuadron demolishes 
the entire Spanish fleet, under Montojo, comprising eleven vessels, cruisers 
Peina Maria Christina (flag-ship), Castilla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Don 
Juan de Austria, Yelasco, Isla de Cuba, Isla de Luzon; gunboats General 
Lezo El Correo, and Mar(|uis del Duero ; a despatch gunboat ; and Isla de ]\[in- 
danao, an armored transjK)rt ; also water battery at Cavite. Dewey captures 

460 



A. I). 

also store ship Manila, valued at .|5()0,0()0, and nunierons small steamers. 
About 300 l>])aniards killed and 400 wnnnded. Not a man killed on American 
side, and only two offieers, Lieut. F. W. Kello<i<;- and Ensign N. E. Irwin, and 
three oox.swains, on cruiser Baltimore, sli<ilitly wounded; and not a vessel 
seriously injured; only the Baltimore si ijilitly damai^ed. United States ves- 
sels engaged were: Ulympia (flagship), flrst-class; Baltimore, second- 
rate; Boston, second-rate; Raleigh, second-class; Concord, third-rate; Pet- 
rel, fourth-rate; ^Icfulloh, revenue-cutter; Manshan, collier; and Zatiro, 
supply vessel. 

1898 May 1st. Lieutenant Rowan leaves Cuba in safety, having accomplished his 
dangerous mission of conferring with (ieneral (Tarcia, the Cuban comman- 
der, at Bayamo, and having secured valuable iufornmtion for General Miles. 

1898 Jlay 1st. Dewey takes possession of the naval station at Cavite, and destroys 
fortifications at the bay entrance. 

1898 May 2d. Commodore Dewey has the cable at Manila cut, to prevent commu- 
nication between Philippines and Spain. 

1898 ^[ay 4th. President JMcKinley receives, at AVashington, a communication from 
President Dole, dated Honolulu. Ajjril 27tli, otfering to transfer the Ha- 
waiian Islands to the United States for the pur])ose of its war with Spain, and 
to furnish the American ships of war in Pacific waters with large quantities 
of ammunition, coal, and supplies 

1898 May 7th. Commodore Dewey's report of liattles of Manila and Cavite are re- 
ceived at Washington. He is forthwith appointed acting admiral, in recog- 
nition of his bravery, and substantial services rendered United States by his 
victories. 

1898 May 11th, 2:05-3 p. m. Torpedo-boat Winslow, and gunboats Wilmington and 
Hudson attack Spanish gunboats and batteries in harbor of Cardenas, (Adia. 
A shell from the Spaniards bursts on the Winslow, killing Ensign Bagley 
and four seamen, and wounding Lieutenant Bernadou and four seamen. 
First loss on American side. Americans destroy part of the town of Car- 
denas, and one Spanish gunboat, etc. 

1898 Jlay 11th, 2-3 p. m. United States gunboat Machias bombards Diana City, 
twelve miles from Cardenas, Cul)a, couipletely destroying its battery and 
barracks. Ensign Willard goes ashore with an armed l)oat's crew, and hoists 
United States flags over the ruins. 

1898 Miry 12tli, 5:15-8:15 a. m. Admiral Sampson's squadron bond)ards San Juan, 
Porto Rico, and silences the guns at Morro Castle, reducing the fort to ruins. 
Spanish losses not known. American casualties are, one man killed and 
seven slightly wounded. 

1898 May 12th. Spanish steamer Rita is captured by United States auxiliary 
cruiser Yale. 

1898 May 12th. Spanish warship engaged and destroyed by ITnited States gunboat 
Concord, after a fight of two hours. 

1898 :\Iay 13th. Official news is received at Washington that the Spanish Cape Verde 
fleet, under Admiral Cervera, has t)een siglited off :Martinique, Windward Is- 
lands, aliout 000 miles south of San Juan, Porto Rico. Secretary Long 
thereupon orders Commodore Schley to put to sea at once with his Flying 
Squadron, at Hami)ton Roads, off Fortress Monroe, Va. Vessels of Schley's 



A. 1>. 

Flying Squadron are : Cruisers Brooklyn (flag-ship), Minneapolis, New Or- 
leans, St. Paul; battleships Massachusetts, Texas; and gunboat KSeorpion. 

1898 May 18th. Cables from Santiago de Cuba and San Juan de Porto Rico are cut 
by the Americans. 

1898 May 19th, 5 A. m. Death of Hon. William Ewart Ciladstone, celebrated Eng- 
lish statesman, politician, and writer, at his home, Hawarden Castle; age 
88 years, i months, 20 days. 

1898 May 19th. Spanish fleet reported to be at Santiago de Cuba. 

1898 May 20th. Commodore Schley, with his Flying S(|uadron, joins Admiral Samp- 
son's fleet. 

1898 May 23d. United States battle-ship Oregon arrives at Key West, and joins 
Eear-Admiral Sampson's fleet, otf Santiago de Cuba, May 29th. 

1898 May 29th. After much uncertainty as to the whereabouts of the Spanish fleet, 
Schley discovers it in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, where it is bottled 
and corked up by Schley's sliips. 

1898 June 1st, 1 roO v. M. The Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, at 
Omaha, Nel)raska, is formally opened by President McKinley touching an 
electric button at the White House, Washington, D. C. 

1898 June 3d, 4 a. m. Lieut. R. P. llobson, U. S. N., with a crew of seven, at the 
imminent risk of his life, ex])lodes and sinks the T'nited States steamship 
Merrinuic, a collier, across tlie narrow harbor entrance of Santiago de 
Cuba, to block in the Spanish fleet there. The expedition was suggested and 
planned by Hobson. His crew were six picked volunteers : Montague, chief 
master-at-arms of the New York, age 29 ; George Charette, gunner's mate of 
the New York, age 31; J. C. Murphy, coxswain of the Iowa; Oscar Deignan, 
coxswain of the Merrimac, age 24; J. B. Phillips, machinist of the Merrimac, 
age 3(5; John Kelly, water-tender, age 35, and H. Clausen, coxswain of New 
York, who stowed away on the Merrimac, without orders, longing to take 
part in the brave, hazardous deed. They all escape death, but are forced to 
surrender to Admiral Cervera, and are taken as prisoners to ^Nlorro T'astle. 
The Spaniards, admiring their bravery, treat them kindly. 

1898 June 14th. Ignited States marines take a Spanish camp, at Guantanamo har- 
bor; 100 S])aniards killed, 200 wounded, 18 taken prisoners; 100 Mauser 
rifles and 10,000 rounds of ammunition are captured. 

1898 June 15th, 2 p. si. Three Ignited States steamships of Sampson's fleet, the Texas, 
Suwanee, and Marblehead, bondiard and destroy Caimanera fort, the only 
Spanish fcu't in Guantanamo Bay. 

1898 June 20th. United States steamship Charleston, of Dewey's fleet, under Captain 
Glass, arrives at Ladrone Islands, in Pacific Ocean, and demands their sur- 
render. Ignited States marines land June 21st, hoist United States flag, and 
carry oi¥ to Manila, as prisoners, the governor, fifty-four soldiers, two of- 
ficers, and civil oflicers and natives. 

1898 July 1st, 7 a. m.-9 p. m. City of Santiago de Cuba attacked by I'nited States 
forces, by land and sea. ITnited States fleet bombards Morro Castle and 
other forts. Spanish fleet fires on Major-General Shafter's troops, which ad- 
vance by sundown within three-quarters of a mile of city of Santiago. Span- 
ish outer earthworks are taken. Brigadier-General Lawton's division, aided 
by Brigadier-General Bates' brigade, after hard fighting all day, takes El 

462 




LE CHATEAU DE FONTAI NEBLEAU, FRANCE. 
SEE 1814, APRIL 11TH. 




ST. CLOUD, NEAR PARIS. 



463 



A. D. 

Caney, about 5 p. m. American loss is estimated at 150 killed ami over 850 
wounded. Spanisli loss about 2,000 killed and wounded. :Major-Geueral 
Hhafter, in his official report, gives Brigadier-General Lawton full credit 
of leading- the attack on and taking El Caney. Roosevelt's Rough Riders, 
with First and Tenth Infantry, take San Juan, near Santiago. American 
casualties in battle before Santiago in the actions at El Caney and San 
Juan, on July 1st, 2d, and 3d, are 21 officers and 205 men killed, and 77 
officers and 1,197 men wounded, and 81 men missing. 

1898 July 3d, 9 :30 A. M. Cervera's fleet attempts to escape from Santiago, but is 
overtaken by Commodore Schley, on United States steamship Brooklyn (Cap- 
tain Cooke), soon joined by others of Acting Rear- Admiral Sampson's fleet: 
the Oregon (Cajitain Clark), the Gloucester ( Lieutenant-Commander Wain- 
wright), the Iowa (Captain Evans), the Indiana (Captain Taylor), the 
Texas (Captain Philip), and the Vixen. The United States fleet, under com- 
mand of Commodore Schley (Admiral Sampson, on flag-ship New York, be- 
ing absent, seven miles away, at the tinu% and Commodore Watson, on his 
flagship, Newark, coaling at Guantauamo), destroys Admiral Cervera's en- 
tire fleet, excepting cruiser Cristobal Colon, which surrenders to the Brook- 
lyn and Oregon, under Commodore Schley. The Spanish ships destroyed 
are: Cruisers Almiraute Oqueudo, Infanta Maria Teresa, Vizcaya; tor- 
pedo-boat destroyers Furor and Pluton ; and a gunboat, seven in all, includ- 
ing Cristobal Colon. Three hundi'ed and fifty Spaniards are killed or 
drowned, 100 wounded, and 1,000 taken prisoners, including Admiral Cer- 
vera and 70 officers. Rear-Admiral Sampson, on the New York, arrives 
upon the scene soon after the fight is over; but both he and Commodore 
Watson, in their official reports, forget to mention Commodore Schley's 
name. No American vessel injured, and only one man, chief yeoman of the 
Brooklyn, killed, and two others wounded. 

1898 July 1th, 5 a. m. Sixty miles south of Sable Island, in a dense fog, collision 
of the Cromartyshire, iron sailing ship, and La Bourgogne, a French liner 
from New York, bound for Havre, France, with 725 souls on board, passen- 
gers and crew, of whom only 163 are saved, and taken on board the Cromar- 
tyshire, while 5G2 are drowned. Every child and woman lost, saA'e one, as 
the French sailors beat off the weaker and more helpless passengers who 
tried to get into the life-boats, or on the rafts. 

1898 July Otli. Resolutions for annexation of Hawaii to United States pass United 
States Senate: 42 for, and 21 against. 

1S98 July nth. Lieut. R. P. Ilobson and his seven seamen are exchanged by the 
Spanish military authorities for Spanish juMsoners taken by United States 
forces. The heroes return to the American lines amid enthusiastic cheers 
from the troops. 

1898 July nth. Cruiser Alfonso XII. is sunk while attempting to leave Havana har- 
bor, and cruiser Reina Marcedes is sunk in Santiago harbor by the Texas. 

1898 July fith. Spanish government orders Camara and his fleet, at Suez, to return 
to vSpain. 

1898 July 7th, 7 p. M. President McKinley signs the resolutions annexing Hawaii 
to United States. 

465 



A. 1). 

1S9S July Ttli. The Raleigh and Concord, (sf Dewey's fleet, open fire on Isla Grande. 
The 8paulsh commander surrenders without resistance. Thirteen hundred 
prisoners, with arms and ammunition, are taken by United t^tates forces. 

1S9S July 11th, daybreak. Captain Young cuts the cable between Havana and San- 
tiago, thus cutting off all communication ])etween (Tcneral Blanco, the Span- 
ish army, and the forces at Santiago. 

1898 July 14th, 3 p. m. (Tcneral Toral surrenders I'ourth Corps, Spanish army, in 
Eastern Cuba (under his command since the wounding of General Linai'es), 
to JMajor-General Shatter, U. S. A. ToraFs army, of over 12,000 men, to be 
sent back to Spain at e.xpense of United States. Territory surrendered to 
United States covers about 5,000 stpiare miles, and includes four cities : San- 
tiago de Cuba, Guantanamo, Sagua de Panama, and U.aracoa. Spanish 
troops formally lay down their arms July 17th, 9 a. m. 

1898 July 17th. American tiag raised, at noon, over Santiago. 

1898 July 21st, 3 p. M. Major-General Miles, U. S. A., leading the military expedi- 
ti(m, sails from Siboney, Cuba, for Porto Kico, accompanied by naval ( on- 
voy, composed of battleship Massachusetts, cruiser Cincinnati, gunboat 
Annapolis, and auxiliary vessels Gloucester, Wasp, Dixie, and Leyden. 

1898 July 21st. United States steamshi])s Annapolis and Wasp destroy Spanish 
cruiser Jorge Juan, defending Pcu't Nipe, Northeast Cuba, without loss on 
American side. 

1898 July 25th. Gunboat (Jloncester, under Lieutenant-Commander Wainwright, 
enters (iuanica harbor, southern coast of Porto Rico. He sends a crew of 
thirty, under Lieutenant Huse, in a launch with a Colt gun on board, to land. 
They haul down the Spanish flag, and hoist the first United States flag on 
Porto Rico soil. A few Spanish soldiers and cavalry fire on them, but are 
soon reinilsed by Gloucester's gun-*, 9 :45 a. m. 

1898 July 26th, 3 p. m. M. Jules Cambou, I'rench ambassador at Washington, pre- 
sents to President McKinley the S|»anisli tender of ]ieace. 

1898 July 28th, 12:30 a. m. Cities of Ponce and Playa surrender to United Stales 
auxiliary gunboat Dixie (Maryland Naval Reserves), under Commander 
Davis, upon demand. United States flag hoisted, 6 a. m. Spanisli troops 
evacuate. Inhabitants welcome United States troops, and cheer when the 
United States flag is hoisted. 

1898 July 30th. United States government sends Spain, through iL Cambon, 
I'remh and>assad(U', a reply to her note asking for peace terms. United 
States terms imposed in reply are: First, independence of Cuba; second, 
absolute cession of Island of Porto Rico; third, entire removal of Spanish 
authority in Caribbean Sea, and \A'est India waters, which gives United 
States the Isle of Pines, etc.; fourth, coaling stations at Guam, in Ladrone 
Islands, and also in Caroline Islands; fifth, cession of at least a coaling sta- 
tion in Philijtpines. 

1898 July 30th, 11 p. m. Death of Prince Otto Eduard Leopold Bismarck, famous 

German statesman and diplomat, at his castle at Friedriclisruhe; age 83 

years, 3 months, 27 dnys. 

1898 July 31st, Sunday night. General MacArthur's United States troops, third 

expedition for (Jeneral Merritt at the Philippines, are surprised and at- 

466 



A. I>. 

tai-ked by Spaniards, who arc repulsed, with heavy loss, hy Tnited States 
troops. American casualties: 15 killed, and 44 wounded. 

1S!JS August 9th. Spain's note, accepting- all terms denumded hy United States, is 
presented at the AVhite House, Washington, l>y :Sl. Camhon, l-'rench anduis- 
sador. 

18!(8 August 10th. President McKinley promotes the ofirtcers engaged in (lie de- 
struction of Cervera's fleet July 3d. Commodore AV. T. Sampson is ad- 
vanced eight nundters, to rear-admiral; Commodore W. S. Schley, six num- 
bers, to rear-admiral, just below Samps(ui; Commander B. Jl. .AicCuUas, of 
cruiser JMarblehead, seven numbers; Lieutenant-Commander K. Wainwright, 
of Gloucester, ten numbers; Captain Clark, of Oregon, six nundiers; otlier 
officers advanced Ave nundjcrs and less. 

ISitS August 11th, P. M. Spanish government approves the peace protocol, framed 
by Cnited States government, as a preliminary for the jieace treaty, and 
cables to M. < 'and)on, French ambassador, to sign for Spanish government. 

ISnS August 12th, 4:30 v. m. Secretary Day, for United States, and il. Camhon, 
for Spain, sign the jx'ace protoccd in presence of President ^^■illinm .McKin- 
ley, at the White House, Washington, I). C. Americo-Spanish War ends, 
having lasted three months, twenty-two days. Orders issued to navy and 
ai'my officials, to stop hostilities at once. 

1S!)S August 13th. Bombardment of Manila, by Admiral Uewey's fleet, until Si»an- 
ish forts are silenced, 9:30-11 :2!) a. m., followed by laud attack by Oeneral 
iMerritt's army. Spaniards hoist flag of truce at 1 :30,' and surrender Ma- 
nila unconditionally, 5 P. M. Ships engaged were: (Jlympia, Petrel, Ral- 
eigh, ilcCulloch, Boston, Monterey, Charleston, and Baltimore. The news 
of peace had not reached Dewey nor Merritt. Lieutenant Brundiy, Dewey's 
flag-lieutenant, raises the Stars and Stripes over Manila. Seven thousand 
Spanish prisoners taken. Augustin, Spanish governor-general at .Manila, 
escapes to Hong Kong on a Cerman cruiser. 

1S9S August 31st-September 2d. Battle of Omdurman, in which the Anglo-Egyp- 
tian army, under the sirdar, <len. Sir Herbert Kitchener, totally defeats 
and routs the dervish hordes, killing about 15,000 dervishes, capturing the 
Khalifa's black standard, and taking the city of Omdurman, capital of Mah- 
diam. Nubia. Two British oflicers killed and about 500 British and l^^gyp- 
tians killed and wounded. 

1S9S Seplemliei' fith. Wilhelmina, having reached her eighteenth bii-thday, August 
.■>lst, is enthroned, in church, at Anislerdam, as (^ueen of the Netherlands, 
11 A. M. 

1S9S Septendier Oth. Fight and bloodshed in Candia, Isle of Crete, l)etween Brilish 
soldiers, who were installing Christians as revenue officei's, and the ^lussul- 
mans, who opposed them. I'oui" British warships ordered to Candia. 

1S98 Se])tember Oth. British vice-consul. .Mr. Calocherino, burned to di'ath in his 
house, by the Mussuhuan mob. 

1S9S September (!-10th. About 600 Christians, men, women, and children, burned 
alive or nmssacred, at Candia, Isle of Crete, by the ^Mussulmans. 

1S98 Septend)er 7th. British l)attle-sliiit Camperdown, and other ships from Canea, 
arrive at Candia, Isle of Crete, to (juell the savage attacks of the ilussul- 
mans on the Christians. 



A. U. 

1898 September 9tli. The Hispano-Anierican protocol is formally adopted by the 
Spanish Chamber of Deputies; and by the Spanish Senate, September 12th. 

1898 September 10th. Empress Elizabeth, wife of Franeis Joseph, emperor of Aus- 
tria and kinf> of Hungary, is assassinated at (leneva, Switzerland, by an 
Italian anarehist. Her age is 60 years, 8 months, 10 days. 

1898 September 22d. Emperor of China, Kwang Hsu, issues an edict, handing over 
the reins of the government of the Celestial Empire to his aunt, Tsou-Hsi, 
dowager-empress. 

1898 September 26th. United States Peace Commissioners arrive at Paris. 

1898 September 29th, 12 :30 p. M. United States and Spanish Peace Commissioners 
first meet in Paris at a breakfast, given to them by M. Delcasse, French minis- 
ter of foreign affairs. Those pre-^eut are: United States ambassador to 
France, Gen. H. Porter; Henry Vignaud, secretary of United States em- 
bassy; Secretary Day, president of United States Peace Commissioners; 
Senators Gray, Davis, and Frye, and Hon. W. Reid, United States commis- 
sioners; M. Brisson, I'rench jjreiuier; Sefior Leon y Bastillo, Spanish am- 
bassador to France, and secretary of Spanish embassy ; Senor Montero Rios, 
president of Spanish commission; four Spanish commissioners, and French 
foreign office officials. 

1898 September 30th. Kang-Yuwei, the Chinese reformer, having tied from Pekin 
(the dowager-emi)ress now in power being opposed to reforms), arrives at 
Ilong Kong on a British cruiser. 

1898 October 3d. Secretary Long orders Admiral Dewey to send two United States 
ships, the Baltimore and Petrel, from Manila to Tien-Tsin, near Pekin, to 
protect American life and interests in China, in the event of an expected out- 
break. British and other Eurojican warships also assemble at Tien-Tsin. 

1898 October 3d. jMendiers of United States and Spanish Peace Commission meet 
again, and hold a session, from 2-4 r. m., and adjourn until October 7th. 

1898 October 20th. British gunboats )ii)ml)ard Metemmeh, British India, killing 
600 dervishes. 

1898 October 29th. British forces, under Gen. Sir William Lockhart, capture the 
Sempagha Pass, British India, from the insurgent tribesmen, 11:15 A. M. 

1898 November 5th. W. L. Foote gives a successful public exhibition, at the Twenty- 
third Regiment Armory, Brooklyn, N. Y., of his invention of bullet-proof 
autody mimic armor. 

1898 November 28th. Spanish Commission, at Paris, tinally yields, and accepts 
the terras dictated by the American Peace Commission, by which Spain re- 
linquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba ; cedes to Ignited 
States Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under S])anish 
sovereignty ; the Island of Guam, in the Ladrones, and the archipelago 
known as the Philippine Islands; and United States agrees to pay Spain 
120,000,000, in return for territory ceded. 

1898 December 10th. Treaty of peace, between United States and Spain, signed 
at Paris, by the Peace Commissioners. For Ignited States: AYilliam R. 
Day, C. K. Davis, William P. Frye, George Gray, and W. Reid. For Spain : 
Don Eugenio Montero Rios, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, Don Jose 
de Garnica, Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-I^rrutia, and Don Rafael Cerero. 

468 




SCOTT. 

SEE 1814 AND 1832. 



469 



A. II. 

i89!t (Ilegira KHT, .Alay lltli) ( R. I. 12-10^ (A. U. ('. 2(152) (A. :\[. 5903 i (J. P. 0012) 

Fehruary 5tii, 8:45 i'. .M.-Fel). Otli. Battle at Manila, between insurnents and 
United IStates troops, nnder Oeneral Otis. Filipinos are repulsed and driven 
ten miles from Manila. American casualties are 4(» killed and over 100 
wounded. 1-Mlipinos lose over 10,000: 2,000 killed, 3,500 wounded, and 5,000 
taken jirisoners. American troops are assisted bv heavy tiring on insurgents 
from Thiited States cruiser Charleston, gunboat Concord, and monitor Mo- 
nadnock. 

1S99 February (Ith. Treaty of peace, between T'nited Stati's and Spain, is ratified 
liy Fnited States Senate, and signed by President McKinley, February 10th. 

1899 I'eliruary 4-9tli. Casualties on United States side, in all engagements with 
l"'ili])inos, February 4-9th, are three officers and 50 enlisted men killed, 
and 8 officers and 199 men wounded. 

1899 l\'l)ruary 10th. American military and naval forces make a combined attack 
upon Caloocan, one of the headquarters of the insurgent Filipinos, and soon 
reduce the city, and haul down the Fili])ino flag, 5:30 v. m. Filipino losses 
are very heavy; American casualties slight. 

1899 I'ebriiary 10th. Iloilo, Philippine Islands, is taken by United States forces, un- 
der General 3Iiller, and United States flag hoisted. Bombardment of the 
town, by naval forces on United States steamships Petrel and Boston, be- 
gins 8 \. M., and soon lays the town in niins, causing the Filipinos to make a 
hasty evacuation, first setting fii'e to their town, which is then entered by 
General Miller's Ignited States troops. No casualties on American side. 
I'ilipino losses slight. 

1899 l\'bruary 12th. Town of Jaro, Philippine Islands, taken by Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Miller's forces, who hoist the American flag, at 4:10 P. si. 

1899 l\d)ruary 10th, 10 p. si. Death, at Paris, from apoplexy, of M. Felix Faure, 
l)resident of the Repuldic of France. 

189!l .March 3d. United States Senate confirms the nominations of Rear-Admiral 
(Jeorge Dewey, to be admiral of tlie navy, under the Act approved ^larch 2d, 
1899, and Brig.-Gen. Elwell S. Otis, United States army, to be major-general, 
from February 4th, 1899; l)Oth advancements are for military skill, and most 
distinguished service in the Pliilii)pines. 

1899 March 15th. United States forces, under Gen. Lloyd Wheaton, completely rout 
about 3,000 Filipinos, and occupy the towns of Pasig, Pateros, and Taguig; 
525 Filii)inos captured, and several hundred killed. American casualties are 
sliglit. 

1899 :\larch lOtJi. United States troojis take the town of Caintl, a Filipino strong- 
hold. Insurgents lose about 100 men. American casualties are, 2 killed and 
13 wounded. 

1899 .March 17th. Ratification of the peace treaty, between United States and Spain, 
is signed by the queen-regent of Spain. 

1899 March ISth, v. m. Filipino rebels attack a company of the Washington volun- 
teers, at Taguig. General Wheaton reinforcing the post with four other 
regiments, the enemy is completely routed, after two liours' fighting. Ameri- 
can casualties are 2 killed and 20 wounded. 

471 



A. D. 

1S91I Marcli llltli, daybreak to 3:30 p. Ji. Filipinos are pursued by (leneral Whea- 
ton's bri<;ade. More than 200 insurgents are Ivilled. American casualties 
are 1 killed, and 5 wounded. 

1899 March 24th. Victory of the United States troops over Aguinaldo's Filipino 
forces. United States casualties are 100 killed and Avounded. Aguinaldo's 
losses are between 300 and -100 

1899 March 25th. Fierce fighting between Filipinos and General MacArthur's three 
brigades, which continues all day Sunday, March 26th. Captain Stewart and 
25 enlisted men are killed, and 8 officers and 1-12 men wounded. 

1899 March 2(5tli. Malinto, a Filipino village, taken by (ieneral AMieaton's forces, 
1 P. M. American losses are 45 killed and 145 wounded. Among the former 
are Col. H. C. Egbert and Prince Loewenstein. 

1899 March 27th. Filipinos burn their stronghold, Malabon, to ])revent its capture 
by United States General MacArthur's division of three brigades. 

1899 March 27th. United States forces, under General ilacArthur, capture Mar- 
ilao, defeating the Filipinos, under Aguinaldo. Three officers and 3 men are 
killed, and 40 wounded, on American side. Filipinos lose 200 killed and 
wounded, and ma.nj taken prisoners. 

1899 Marcli 31st. Malolos, Aguinaldo's headquarters, captured by United States 
forces, under General MacArthur, 7-10:15 a. m. Aguinaldo and his troops 
retreat, after first firing the city. American casualties are 1 killed and 15 
wounded. United States flag hoisted over Malolos. 

1899 April 10th. Santa Cruz, a Fili]>ino stronghold, is taken by United States troops, 
under General Lawton, after hot fighting. United States gunboats assist by 
shelling the trenches. Six Americans wounded. Filipino losses, 93 killed 
and 40 wounded. 

1899 April 25-27th. The United States brigades of Generals Hale and Wheaton, 
under General MacArthur, attack and capture Calumpit, Aguinaldo's 
stronghold; 200 Filipinos reported killed, and 350 prisoners. American losses 
are fi killed, and 28 wounded. 

1899 [May 5tli. San Fernando captured by MacArthur's United States forces. The 
Filipinos set fire to the town before evacuating. 

1899 jMay 17th, 8:30 a. m. General Lawton's United States forces take San Isidni, 
the Filipino rebels' capital. 

1899 jMay 18th. First meeting of the international delegates of the Czar's Peace 
Congress opens at 2 p. m., in the hall of the "Huis ten Bosch," or "House in 
the Woods," two miles from The Hague, capital of the Netherlands. 
The heads of the delegations are: Austria-Hungarian delegation, Count von 
Wolsersheimb ; Belgium, M. Boormaert; China, Yang Yu ; Denmark, E. De 
Bille; France, M. Bourgers; Germany, Count von Munster-Ledenburg; 
(Jreat Britain, Kt. Hon. Sir Julian Pauncefote; Holland, A. P. C. Van-Kane- 
bock, D. L. ; Italy, Count Nigra ; Japan, Baron Hayashi ; Norway and Swe- 
den, Baron Bildt; Persia, Gen. Mirza Risza-Khan; Portugal, Count De Ma- 
codo; Ivoumania, IM. Al Beldiman; Russia, Baron de Staal ; Servia, M. Mya- 
tovich ; Siam, Phya Surya ; Si)a!n, Duke De Tetuan; Switzerland, Dr. S. 
Roth; Turkey, Turkhan Pasha ; and United States of America, ilr. Seth Low. 

472 



A. 1). 

189!t ^liiy l'(Hli. At Foutainelileau, France. Dcatli of Kosa Buuheur, celebrated 
I'reiich paiuter; especially noted for her lifelike i)aintin!is of horses, cattle, 
and other animals; a't. 77. 

1899 Jnne 30th, 8:30 i-. M. At Washinj-ton, D. C. Death of .Mrs. Emma Dorothy 
Nevitte 8onth\vorth, popnlar American aiithoress; age 79 years, G months, 
4 days. 

1899 Jnly 2ist. At Dobbs Falls, N. Y. Death of Robert G. lugersoll, the agnostic, 
who has done so mnch harm by his infidel speeches and writings; age 65 
years, 11 months, 10 days. 

1899 July 2(!th. United States troops, under Brig.-Gen. K. U. Hall, capture Ca- 
lamba, important I'^ili])ino trading town, on scmthern shore of Laguna de 
Bay. Four United States soldiers are killed, and 12 wounded. 

1899 August loth. xVt Heidelberg, Germany. Death of Robert AN'illiam Eberhard 
You Buusen, celebrated German chemist ; age 88 years. 

1899 August 21th. Return of General Bates, U. S. A., to Manila from Sulu, having 
concluded with the Sultan an agreement, by which United St.ates sovereignty 
is extended over the entire archipelago. 

1899 September 3d. Filipinos routed, near San Rafael, Philippine Islands, by 
United States troops, under Captain Butler. 

1899 September lOtli. The Boers, of Transvaal, South Africa, resolve to support 
their president, Kruger, in the event of Great Britain declaring war against 
the Transvaal, or South African Republic, and their allies, the Boers of the 
Orange Free State. ( See Note W. ) 

1899 Septemlier 12th. The British ultimatum is read in the Transvaal Yolksraad. 

1899 September 14th, 12 m. Formal opening of the National Exposition, at Phila- 
delphia. 

1899 Septendier lOth. British expedition sails from India, for South Africa. 

1899 October 10th. Oom Paul Kruger, president of the Transvaal, South African 
Republic, celeltrates his seventy-sixth birthday, by sending to Great Britain 
an ultimatum, demanding that British troops be immediately removed from 
Transvaal border, and differences between England and the Repulilic be snli- 
niitted to arbitration, declaring that England's failure to accede to the de- 
mands by October llth, 5 p. m., will be taken as a fm-mal declaration of war, 
on the part of British g'overnment, against South African Republic. 

1899 October llth. Both British and Boers are active in their preparations for the 
coming British-African War. Uieut.-Geu. Sir George White is in command 
of the British forces in Natal. Boer forces are under Commandant-General 
Joubert. 

1899 October llth. Montagu White, consul-general of the South African Republic 
in Loudon, closes the consulate, and leaves England. The British request 
United States consuls in Transvaal, and Orange Free State, also in British 
colonies of Natal and Cape Colony, South Africa, to look after British in- 
terests during the ])ending war. (See 1902, May 31st.) 

1899 October llth. Paml)an, a Filipino stronghold, is taken by United States troops, 
under General MacArthur. 

1899 October llth. Actual fighting in tli!- British-African War begins. 

1899 October 21st. Boers defeated in battle by tlie British, at Elandslaagte, Natal, 
South Africa. 



A. I). 

1S!»!) Octdhcr '2ith. Cable I'eceived at Loudon, statiuii' that Steyn, president of 
Orange Free 8tate, has issued a proclamation, annexing Gri(iualand West 
and Bechuanaland to the Transvaal. 

1S!»9 October 31st. The Boers, under General Joubert, gain a great victory over 
General White's British troops, at Ladysmith, Natal. British loss reported 
to be 1,500 to 2,000 men, and 12 otticers, killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. 

1899 November 2d. Disastrous earthquake on the Japanese coast. Five thousand 
people killed on the Island of Geram. Nearly 1,800 lose their lives at Pan- 
holy and Samasoeroa, on the Bay of Ambonia. 

1899 Novemlicv (Ith. The first autonomous government of the Filipinos is estab- 
lislicd, in the Island of Negros. 

1899 November 18th. Entire province of Zamboanga, Island of Mindanao, Philip- 
pine Islands, surrenders unconditionally to General Very, T^. S. A. 

1899 November 2:>d. The British are victorious over the Boers at the battle of Bel- 
mont, but lose 220 men, including many officers. 

1899 November 2(Jth. News from Cairo, of the battle of Gedid, in the Scmdau. 
The Bi'itish, under Sir Francis Wingate, kill Khalifa Abdullah, tyrant of 
the Soudan. 

1899 l)eceml)er 2d. Battle on a mountain 3,000 feet above sea level. United States 
troops, under Major March, defeat the Filipinos, and kill their leader. Gen- 
eral I'ilar. 

1899 I)ecend)er 10th. British, under General Gatacre, are defeated by the Boers, 
at Storndierg. British loss is over (lOO killed and wounded. 

1899 December 11th. General Methuen's British forces repulsed at Modder River, 
by the Boers. Many Gordon Highlanders and their general, ^^'auchope, 
killed. 

1899 December 15th. General Bnller. commander-in-chief of British forces in South 
Africa, meets with a telling defeat, by the Boers, at Tugela River. 

1899 December 17th, i'. si. British government appoints Gen. Sir Frederick Rob- 
erts, the fauKms Indian fighter, to be commander-in-chief of forces in Soutli 
Africa, instead of Bnller, who is left in comnmnd of forces in Natal. Gen. 
Lord Kitchener is appointed chief of staff, to assist General Roberts. 

1899 Decendier 19tli. Gen. IT. V. Lawtou, U. S. A., while directing the movements 
of his troops, at San Mateo, is shot and killed l)y the Filipinos. 

1899 December 22d, 12 m. Death of Dwight L. Moody, po])ular and eloquent evan- 
gelist; age 02 years, 10 months, IT days. 

1899 December 31st, i>. ii. Boers defeated by British troops, under General French, 

at Colesberg. 

1900 (Ilegira 1318, May 1st) (R. I. 13^06, (a. U. C. 2G53 ) I A. M. 5904 I (J. P. ()r)13) 

January 1st. The Boers take Kuruman, in British Bechuanaland. The Brit- 
ish garrison surrenders. Boers take 120 British prisoners, including of- 
ficers. 

1900 January 10th. Samoan treaty ratified, at Washington, D. C. 

1900 January 18th. Osnmn Digna, cliief general of the late Khalifa Abdullah, and 
leader of the dervishes in the Soudan, is captured, at last, by the British. 
He is a renegade Frenchman, whose real name is George Nisbet, Osman 
Digna being only his iinin dc f/iierrc. (See Note X.) 

474 




o 

s ° 

z < 

^ -H- 

o ^ 

m lu 

o '^ 

I- 



475 



A. D. 

1900 January ISth. Mexican troops, under Gen. Lorenzo Torres, engage with the 
Yaiiuis Indians, at JIaooyata, Icilling over 200, and talcing 500 prisoners. 

1900 January 24tli, a. m. The British, under General \yarren, take Spion Kop. Brit- 
ish losses are very heavy, and General Woodgate is fatally wounded. 

1900 January 24th, 2 P. M. The Boers retake Spion Kop; ITiO British raise the white 
tlag, and surrender; 1,500 British are left dead on the hattle-tield. 

1900 Fehruary ISth, 8unday. Lord Roherts, commander-in-chief of the British 
forces in Kouth Africa, loses 721 non-commissioned officers and men in one 
day's lighting with the Boers, under General (Jronje, in Orange Free State. 

1900 Feliruary 21st. Americans declare the war with the Philippines ended, and 
plan to establish civil government throughout the islands. 

1900 Fehruary 23-27th. The Boers, in Natal, repulse the British, under General 
Buller, attempting to reach and raise the siege at Ladysmith. Fearful losses 
on British side. 

1900 Fehruary 27tli, 7 A. M. (Jen. Pietrus Amoldus Cronje, sec(md in conunand of 
the united Boer forces of the two South African Republics, Transvaal and 
Orange Fi'ce State, is com])elled, by overwhelming British forces, to surren- 
der to I'ield-Marshal Roberts, at Paardel)erg Drift laager. Orange Free 
State, after suffering a ten days' bombardment from General Roberts. Gen- 
eral Gronje surrenders 47 officers, and about 4,000 men, on Majuba Day, the 
nineteenth anniver.sary of the Boers' signal victory over the British, at Bat- 
tle of Majuba Hill, where he, second to Joubert in command, shared with 
him the honors of the well-fought tight. (See 18S1.) 

1900 March 1st. General Buller's forces, under command of General Dundonald, 
finally succeed in reaching Ladysmith, and raising the long siege. The be- 
sieging Boers retreat, and Gen. Sir (Jeorge S. White, and British garrison, 
are at last released, after weeks of dreadful privation and suffering. 

1900 March 13th. The Boers are compelled to surrender Bloemfontein, capital of 
Orange I'ree State, to the British, under Lord Roberts. 

1900 .May 2Sth. By decree of Lord Roberts, the Orange Free State is formally an- 
nexed to the British Empire. 

1900 May 28th. The first uprising of the Boxers, in China, against foreigners and 
all Christians. 

1900 May 31st. Allied foreign f(n-ces leave Tien-Tsin, in special train, for Pekin. to 
guard the legations against the uprising Chinese Boxers, the rabble of China. 
The force consists of Americans, 7 officers, 50 men ; British, 3 officers, 72 
men; Italians, 3 officers, 39 men; French, 3 officers, 72 men; Russians, 4 
officers, 71 men; Japanese, 2 officers, 24 men. 

1900 June 5th, 2 r. jr. Britisli, under Lord TJoberts, enter Pretoria, capital of the 
Transvaal. 

1900 June 5th. The first engagement between Chinese Boxers and allied troops 
commences at Tien-Tsin. 

1900 June 11th. Chinese empress" guard kills Jai)ane.se cliancellor. 

1900 June 11th. Appeal of the Chinese emperor to the Powers, for the deposition 
of the dowager-empress. 

1900 June 13th. Great outbreak of the Boxers in Pekin, upon the arrest of an 
anti-Christian brigade, by the German legation. American church burned 
to the ground. Europeans barricade the legations. 

ill 



A. II. 

I'JOU Jmie Kitli. News received of tlie killiiii; nf the German minister, Baron Von 
Ketteler, by tlie Chinese. Many missionaries and native Cliristiaus are tor- 
tured and Ivilled by the Boxers. 

11)00 June 17th, 1 a. m. Chinese forts at TalvU unexpectedly open lire on the inter- 
national warships in the river below, in obedience to a direct edict from the 
dowag-er-empress, and by so doini;, place China in the position of being at 
war with the civilized world, h'oreign warships bombard forts, killing 700 
Chinese. 

1900 June 17tli. ('hinese bombard and destroy much property in the foreign settle- 
ment at Tien-Tsin. 

r.lOO June ISth. Legations besieged by the Boxers. 

1900 June 20th-July IGth. Almost daily l)ombardments of the foreign legations by 
llie Ciiinese. 

1900 June 21st. Allies reported to have blown up Taku forts, and sent relief forces 
to Tien-Tsin. Ciiinese reported to have lost 3,000 men at the forts, and 4,000 
killed at Tien-Tsin. 

1900 June iMitli. Allies capture Tien-Tsin. Anglo-American division is tiie first to 
enter tlie city. 

1900 July Ith. Hen 8ien l"'u, in Southern llu An, China. Italian bishop, three 
priests, and six Imndred converts arc massacred by the Chinese, aftei' lior- 
rible and revidting toi'tures. One ])riest, who escaped to tell the tale, ar- 
rives at Htmg Kong, after a perilous journey, having been obliged to hide in 
a coffin, on board a river boat, for seventeen days. 

1900 July 14th, (i .\. ^r. Tien-Tsin is ngain taken from the Chinese, and entered by 
tiie Allies. 

1900 July 29th, 10:45 P. M. King Humbert, of Italy, a good and popular monarch, 
age 5(1 years, 4 months, 15 days, is shot and killed, at Monza, by Angelo 
Bressi, an anarchist. Hundiert is succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel 1 1 1. 

1900 August 5th, 3-10:30 .\. M. Peit Sang is taken by the Japanese, supported by 
British and Americans. Chinese retreat, with heavy losses. Japanese losses 
reported to be 1,200. 

1900 August Oth. American forces take the town of Vang Tsun fr(un the Chinese. 

1900 August 10th. Russians defeat 9,000 Chinese, at Sanjshan, in a big battle; 
4,000 Chinese infanti\v and 5,000 cavalry are in the engagement. 

1900 August 12tli. Allied forces take Tung Chow from the Chinese. 

1900 August 15th. Pekin, China's capital, is taken by the Allies, after stubborn re- 
sistance. I-'oreign legations are rescued. Japanese are the first to enter the 
city. They lose 100 men; Chinese lose 300. 

1900 September 4th. Chinese imperial edict appoints Li Hung Chang, Yung Lu, 
Hsu Tung, and Prince Ching, as peace commissioners, to negotiate with tlie 
foreign powers in possession at Pekin. 

1900 October 20th. Lord Roberts formally proclaims the Transvaal, South Africa, 

to lie a iiart of the British Empire. 

1901 ( Ilegira 1319,Ai)ril20th I (K. 1. 14 106 , ( a. F. C. 2054 ) (A. M. 5905) (J. P. 0014) 

January 22d, 0:30 p. m. At Osborne House, Cowes, Isle of Wight, England. 
L^eatii of (iueen Victoria, age 81 years, 7 months, 28 days, after a reign of 63 
years, 7 months, 2 days. (See 1837, June 20th.) 

478 ^ 



A. 1>. 

inOl March 4tli. Hon. William ■\IcKink\v enters his second term as president of 
T'uited Htates. 

1901 March 13th, 4:45 p. M. Death of Benjamin Harrison, ex-president of United 
States, America ; age 57 years, 6 months, 23 days. 

lilOl March 23d. Pancho Agninaldo, Filipino general, is captnred on tlie Island of 
Luzon, by Brig.-Gen. l-redericlc Funston, T'. S. A. They arrive at Manila 
JIarch 2Sth. 

IIMII .March 24th. At Winchester, England. Death of (^larlotte iNIary Yonge, popu- 
lar English authoress; age 77 years, 7 months, 13 d.iys. 

1901 April 2d. Agninaldo takes oath of allegiance to United States. 

1901 May 8th. Foreign ministers in Pekin fix the Chinese indemnity at 
$337,000,000. 

1901 Se])tend)er (Ith, 4 v. .m. lion. William ^IcKiidey, i)resident of United States, is 
shot and fatally wounded liy an anarchist, Leon Czidgosz, while the presi- 
dent is holding a public reception at the Buffalo Exposition. He dies of the 
wound September 14th, 2:15 a. m. Czolgosz is electrocuted October 29th. 
7 :12V2 A. M. 

I!t01 Septend)er 14th. Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt takes oath, as twenty- 
tifth president of United States, at 3:40 r. m. 

HIOl October 3d. Death, at Simla, of Abdur Bohman Khan, ameer of Afghanistan. 

1901 October 9th. Hal)il»ullat Khan is officially proclaimed ameer of Afghanistan. 

1901 November 6th, 11 a. m. Death of Li Hung Chang, China's great statesman and 
diplomat. 

1901 December 14tli. Signor (Juglielmo Marconi makes a successful trial of his in- 

vention, by which he transmits wireless messages across the ocean, from 
Cornwall, England, to Newfoundland. 

1902 ( Hegira 1320, A]>r. 10th ) ( B. I. 15 "'^ ) (A. U. (\ 2().55) (A. M. 5906) (J. P. 6615 ) 

March 7th. The Boers, under Commander Delarey, gain a great victory over 
the British, under General Methuen, between Winburg and Lichtenburg, 
Orange River Colony. General Methuen is w(mnded and cai»tured by the 
Boers. 

19t»2 April 13th, i'. M. Destructive earthijuake begins at Guatemala, capital of 
(luatemala. 

]!t02 A])ril 17th. Ojjening of the Peace Conference, between the British and tlie 
Boers of South Africa. 

1!)02 May 8th. Fearful volcanic eruption of the craters on Martini(|ue aiid St. \in- 
cent Islands begins. Town of St. Pierre totally destroyed. Earthquakes 
and eruptions continue at intervals for several months; 25,000 to 40,000 
lives lost. 

1902 :May 12th. Great strike of 140,000 miners of anthracite coal, in Pennsylvania 
and ^^'est Virginia, begins, and continues twenty-three weeks, ending Octo- 
ber 21st. The miners demand an increase of 20 per cent, to miners paid by 
the ton, a reduction of 20 per cent, in time for pir dicin employee.s, from ten 
to eight hours, and full-weight ton (2,240 pounds |, where miners are paid 

~ ~ 479 



A. L). 

by weiiilit. Tlif strike causes serious coal famine in United States and Can- 
ada. The last week in Septenil»er, hard coal sells for .f 16 per ton, and in New 
York is sold by small retail dealers for one cent per pound, or |20 per short 
ton. Scarcity of coal and consequent demand for wood causes a dearth also 
of that fuel, which runs up in ]irice to fl5, and more, per cord, and even at 
these prices coal and wood arc not on the market. (See October 21st.) 

1902 May 20tli. Birthday of Kepublic of Cuba. I'uited States s'nints it independ- 
ence, (ieneral ^^'ood, United States military governor, hauls down United 
States flaji', and Cuban tlag is hoisted in its stead. General Wood and United 
States troops sail from Cuba, pjstrada Pahna is inaugurated first president 
of Cuba. 

1002 May 31st. Peace "terms of surrender of the Boers to the British are signed, at 
Pretoria, by the Boer rc)>resentati7es and Lords Wilmer and Kitchener. End 
of the Boer A\'ar, after their brave tight of two years, six months, twentj' 
days ; 22,000 British soldiers, and 19,000 Boers having been killed in the war. 
(See 1S99, October 11th.) 

1902 June 20tli. The coronation of King Edward VII., of Great Britain, to have 
taken place on this day, is postponed by the critical illness of the king. (See 
August 9th, same year. ) 

1902 July 11th. Lord Salisbury tenders liis resignation, as premier of Great Brit- 
ain. He is succeeded in the office by Rt. ILm. Arthur James Balfour. (See 
1903, August.) 

1902 July 11th. Collapse of the Camjiauile, or bell tower, of St. Mark's, Venice, 
Italy; thought to have been caused by recent earthcjuakes in Salonica, Euro- 
pean Turkey. ( See Note Y. ) 

1902 July 22d. Death of Cardinal Ledochowski, known as the Red Pope; age SO 
years. (For explanation of terms White, Black, and Red Pope, see Note Z. ) 

1902 August 9th. Coronation of Edward VII., as King of Great Britain and Em- 
peror of India. 

1!I02 August 22d-September 3d. Fatal earthquakes in Russian Turkestan; 1,000 
lives lost. 

1902 September 29th, .\. M. Death of Em lie Zola, noted French novelist; conspicu- 
ous in the Dreyfus case, and in his defense of the Jews. His death is due to 
accidental asphyxiation, from fumes of gas in his bedroom. His wife nar- 
roA\ly escapes death from the same cause. 

1902 October 21st. The Miners' Convention accepts the arbitration plan, proposed 
by the operators, through President Roosevelt, who ai)points five commis- 
sioners to adjust the differences, and afterwards adds a sixth arbitrator, to 
satisfy Mitchell, president of the Miners' Union. The Miuers' Convention 
formally declares the strike at an end, and orders work to be resumed Thurs- 
day, October 23d. ( See May 12th. ) 

1902 December 22d. Death of the Mad Mullah of Haddah, instigator of the upris- 
ing in India, against the British, 1897-98. His real name was Najam- 
ud-din. He wjis at one time captured by the British, but was set at liberty 
after the Indian revolt was subdued. (See 1894, November 3d; 1897, June 
nth, and July 27th.) 

480 



A. D. 

1903 (Hejiira 1321, March 29th) f R. I. 1, lOTth Cycle) (A. U. C. 2r)5(i) (A. M. 5907) 
(J. r. no IT).) 

February 20tli, 1 :30 p. m. Deatli, at New York, of Dr. R. J. (Jatlioi,', inventor 
of the (Jatlin.i; ^nn, etc. (See 1SG2. ) Ajie 84 years, 5 mouths, 14 days. 

1903 April 13th, Easter Monday. IMassacre of the Jews, by the Russians, at Kish- 
eneff; about 50 killed, 80 mortally wounded, and 400 injured, crippled, or 
outraged. 

1903 May 21st. All the inhabitants in the villaoe of Smerdash, mostly women and 
children, about 200 in all, are massacred by the Turks, under Bashi-Ba- 
zouks. Fifteen hundred of tlie villagers had, upon his approach, taken ref- 
uge in the mountains, without food and sutticieut clothing. 

1903 May 29th. The destructive ti()ods in North Topeka, Kansas, begin, and con- 
tinue for days; 200 lives lost, 200 missing, and 20,000 people homeless, up to 
June 1st. 

1903 June 8th, 5:30 A. m. The French artillery opens fire ou the rebellious Zanaga 
tribesmen, at Figuig, Algeria, de.-;troying many houses, and the mosque. 

1903 June 11th, 1 a. m. King Alexander, of Servia, Queen Draga. Iier two brothers, 
Premier Markovitch, the minister of war, and other ministers and officers, 
are murdered in the palace by a band of officers of the Servian army, led by 
Colonels Maschin and Mischics. Prince Peter Karageorgevitch, a pretender 
to the throne, is proclaimed King of Servia, by the army. 

1903 July 20th, 4;04 v. M. Roman time. Death of Pope Leo XILI., pontiff of the 
Roman Church for twenty-five years. His full name was Joachim Vincent 
Raphael Aloysius ; age 93 years, 4 months, 18 days. 

1903 August 4th. Cardinal (liuseppe Sarto, patriarch of Venice, is elected to suc- 
ceed Leo XIII., as pope. He takes the name Pius X. 

1903 August 11th. Fatal disaster in a tunnel in Paris. Two trains of cars, sixteen 
coaches of electric railway, are wrecked, and more than one hundred lives 
lost; caused by a defective dynamo setting fire to the engine. 

1903 August 22d, Saturday, 9 i-. yi. Death of Lord Salisbury, ex-premier of Eng- 
land, and celebrated statesman; age 73 years, 6 months, 9 days. 

190;! Noveiidier :'>d. The natives of Isthmus of I'anama, having revolted against 
Columbia, dMlarc liieir iii(lei)endence. 

1903 November 5th. The Columbian troops are compelled to leave tlie isthmus. 

1903 November 0th. United States government announces its recognition .'f the <]<■ 
facto government of the new Republic of Panama. United Svates cruisers 
and troops are sent to Panama, LTnited States lieiug bound, by foi'mcr treaty, 
to preserve order on the isthmus. The Columbians are enraged at United 
States having acknowledged the independence of Panama, liut are liuable to 
disjyute the ground. 

1903 Novendter 17t]i, 8:30 a. m. United States flagship Marbb-head hoists the flag 
of Rejmblic of Pauanui, and salutes it with 21 guns. 

1903 November 18th. The new Canal Treaty with Panama— the Hay-Bunau-Varilla 
treaty is signed at AVashington by I'nited States Secretary Hay, and Buuau- 
Variila, the Pananm minister. The new treaty gives United States complete 
sovereignty ever the isthmus. 

481 















A. D. 


HEGIRA. 


K. I. 


A. U. C. 


A. M. 


J. P. 


1903 


1321 

March 2nth. 


1- 

107th 
Cycle. 


2G56 


5907 


6616 


1901 


1322 

March ISth. 


0-107 


2657 


5908 


6617 


1905 


1323 

March Sth. 


3107 


2658 


5909 


6618 


190() 


1321 

February 24th. 


4-107 


2659 


5910 


6619 


1907 


1325 

February 14th. 


5-107 


2G60 


5911 


6620 


1908 


132() 

February 3d. 


0-107 


2661 


5912 


6621 


1909 


1327 

January 23d. 


7-107 


2662 


5913 


6622 


1910 


1328 

January 12th. 
(41st Cycle) 


8-107 


26G3 


5914 


6623 


1911 


1329 

January 2d. 

1330 

December 22d. 


9-107 


2661 


5915 


6624 















482 




SCHILLER. 
SEE 1805. 



483 



INDEX OF NOTES. 

FKOM 1 TO 1!)(I2 A. D. 

N<JTE. A. 1). 

A — Iiwkoiiiim tToiii L>. (". to A. I), dates 137 

I! — -Misliua, (lemara, aud Tahmid 141, 320, 504 

C — Era of ilartyrs 284 

1 > — Roman Indictions 313 

1] — Niceiie Creed 325 

I' — Athauasiau Creed 340 

C — Council of Constantino[)le 381 

1 1 — Ilegiran Era (i22 

I— irist. Andrew's Thistle 80!) 

J— Crusades 1095-1291 

K— Lord's Prayer 1483 

T — Anglican Orders 1535, 1559 

M— Old and New Htyle 1582-1752 

N— Jansen Heresy 1038-1640 

O— Quietist Heresy 1075-1687 

P— Meal-Tul) Plot' 1079 

*,! — King \'\'illiaiu's aud Queen Anne's War in America 1089 

K— Salem Witchcraft Delusion 1092 

S — Letters of Junius 1769 

T — Sharp and Somerset 1772 

r — Frenc-h Revolutionary Calendar 1792 

\' — Storming of Dargai Ridge 1S97 

\\— History of the Boers. . '. 1899 

X— ( )snian Digna 1900 

V— Campanile of St. .Alark's 1902 

Z— AVhite. Red, and Black I'opes 1902 



4S5 



NOTES FROM 1 TO 1902 A. D. 



Note A— 27 A. D. 



In ascertain! iiij our Lord's age at the tiiiu* (if a certaiu event, in any given year, 
we reckon, of course, not from 5 B. C, but from 4 1?. (\, as tlie latter year began eight 
days after His birth. We cimld only correctly compute from 5 B. V. where we knew 
an event to have taken place between December 25th and 31st. In calculating the 
interval from a certain date B. C. to one in A. I)., one less than the nundier B. (\ 
must be added to the full uumljer A. I). Thus, from January, 4 B. C, when our Lord 
was a week old, to 27 A. I).=30 years, i. e., 27+3. Some chronologists make the mis- 
take of adding Ihe full luuuber B. C, and in this case, place the baptism at 20 A. D., 
counting 2(1+4=30, which is not correct, and brings tlie event one year too early. 

XoTK B— 141, 320, 504 A. I). 

MISIINA, GKMAU.V, AND TALMUDS. 

The Mishna is a digest of Jewish tradition, legal decisions by the ancient rabbis, 
and their exjilanations of the Scriptures. This Mishna forms the text of both Talmuds. 
(See 141 A. D.) 

The Geniara is the commentary on the Mishna, and forms the second part of tlie 
Talmuds. 

The Talmuds (the Palestinian or "Talmud Yeruslialmi," and the I?abylonian ir 
"Talmud Babli") are composed of the Mishna and the (ieniara, together with lengHiy 
arguments and discussions on the text of the Mishna and (iemara : in the Babylonian, 
by hundreds of Jewish doctors living in Babylonia, from second to sixth century; and 
the Palestinian, the same, by hundreds of Hebrew doctors in Palestine, frcuu second 
to f(mrth centuries. The Talmuds form the Jewish "Oral" or "Traditional Laws," 
as distinguished from the "Written Laws of Moses," the Pentateuch. (See 320 and 
504 A. D.) 

Note C— 284 A. D. 

DIOCLETIAN EUA. 

The Christians used the Diocletian Era until the Christian Era was introduced, in 
516; and it is still employed by the Abyssinians and Copts. It is called Diocletian 
Era, as it commenced on the day he was proclaimed emperor, August 29th ; and is 
also known as the Era of Martyrs, because of the terrible persecutions of the Chris- 
tians during Diocletian's reign. 

Note D— 313 A. D. 

ROMAN INDICTIONS. 

The "Indictions" was originally a cycle of tributes of corn, which were recpiired 
every fifteen years, and began in the time of Constantine the (ireat. The Council of 
Nice, 325, ordered that, in menuiry of Constantine's great victm-y over Mezentius, 312 

486 



A. D., the years should he ui) h)uj;er reckoned h\ the Olympiads, hut hy the Cycle of 
ludictions, reckouiug the first year of the first cycle to heiiiu Septeniher 1st, 312. 
AA'heu, however, it was adopted hy the Papal See, 342, the era was ordered to he reck- 
oned from Januarj- 1st, 313; aud this is now alone used, and known as the Papal or 
I\()man Indictions. 

In the column of dates, accordiuij to TJoinan Indictions ( IM. ),atthe right hand side 
of the paijes, a new method has h(>en devised in computinii' time hy these cycles, which 
consist of tiftcH'U years each. Ordinarily, only the nund)er from one to fifteen is liiven, 
so that it is impossihle to tell, witlumt calculation, which cycle of the Roman Indic- 
tion Era it is; for instance, year 317 A. I), would he dated 1{. I. 5; so also wouhl he 
years 827, 1772, 1S!)2, etc., and a hundred or more other years. In this work, the very 
small figures, after the dash, to the right and top of the large uumhers from 1 to 15, 
are tlie cycle numhers, showing in which cycle the year 1, 2, 5, or 10, etc., is; thus, 
year 317 A. I), is dated Tvi, while 827 A. D. is 5-35, ij'-o A. D. is 5-98, i,s92 A. D. is 5-ioc, 
the latter meaning the 5th year in the 106th cycle, or 105 full cycles X 15 years \n 
each cycle=1575+5 years in the lOHth cycle=1580th year of the Roman Indictions 
Era. 

NOTio E— 325 A. D. 

COUNCIL OF NICE. 

The Council of Nice, attended hy three hundred and eigliteen hishojjs, and ]ire- 
sided over hy Ilosius, hishop of Cordova, Spain, condemned the doctrines of Arius as 
heresy, and composed (as opposed to his lieresy, and attesting to the true Catliolic 
doctrine of the perfect divinity of Jesus Christ) the Nicene Creed, down to and in- 
clusive of the words "the quick and tlie dead; and in the Holy (thost." This was 
afterwards changed to "the quick and the dead, wliose kingdom shall have no end. 
And I helieve in the Holy Ohost." The council sat from June T.hh to xVugust 25th. 
St. Athanasius was conspicuims in his zealous and eloipient defenses of the orthodox 
faith. (See Note G.) 

Note 1-^—340 A. D. 

ATH.\.\"ASI.VX CREED. 

This creed is so called after St. Athanasius, he heing the leader of the orthodox 
faith, as opposed to Arianism. This creed more esi)ecially defines the orthodox doc- 
trine of the Blessed Trinity, and also fully declares the true doctrine of the perfect 
divinity and perfect humanity of Jesus Christ. It is in the prayer-book of the Church 
of England, and is i)uhli(dy recited hy this hramli of the Catholic Church thirteen 
times during each year. 

Note O— 381 A. D. 

COT'NCII. OF CO\ST.\NTINOPLE. 

This council demmnced hy name the following heresies: Eunomian (a heresy sim- 
ilar to the Arians), the Arian (denying the divinity of Christ ), S(>mi-Arian, the Sahel- 
lian (denying the orthodox doctrine of the Blessed Trinity), the Marcellian, or Pho- 
tinian, and the Apollinarian (acknowledging the true divinity, but denying the per- 
fect hunmnity of Christ). The council, presided over hy St. Meletius, patriarch of 
Antioch, composed the latter part of the Nicene Creed, from the words "^^'hose king- 
dom shall have no end; and I believe in the Holy (ihost," to the end. (See Note E.) 

487 



Note 11—622 A. D. 

ERA OF HEGIUA. 

I'roiu this date to 1911, years counted by the Era of the Hegira, or Mohamiuedau 
Era, are placed in the lirst column to tlie rii,dit. An expkination of the calcuhitiou 
seems necessary. As the Mohammedan year contains only 354: ^< il'ivs, and our 
Christian year contains 365Vi, it is imiiossible to compute time exactly, year for 
year, in comparative tables of the two eras. :Much labor, therefore, has been s]ient on 
this one subject for this work, in order to have exactly correct comparative columns. 
The plan at last decided upon, although it has required a great amount of calculation, 
it is hoped, has accomplished the desired exactness. 

Every 33 Mohammedan years = 32 of ours, + days; hence, the whole of time 
must be divided into cycles of 33 Mohammedan and 32 Christian years. In each one 
of these cycles it occurs once, and once only, that two Mohammedan New Year's Days 
fall in one A. D. year. This we take as the lirst year of a new cycle. Therefore, hav- 
ing found out, by calculation, one of these cycle years, nearly every thirty-third, but oc- 
casionally the thirty-fourth, Mohammedan year, after or before, is the beginning of a 
new cycle. The first Mohammedan year, 622, however, does not l)egin a cycle, that 
New Year's Day being July 16th; but the tirst cycle contains only eighteen years, the 
second cycle beginning 6-40 A. D. Every thirty-two or thirty-three A. D. years, there- 
fore, from 640 to 1011, the two Mohammedan New Year's Days and two Mohammedan 
yeai's ai'e given to correspond to our one A. D. year. For every other A. D. year, there 
is given the first Mohammedan year, the New Year's Day of which falls within that 
Christian year. 

The calculations for this era are very complicated, and it is impossible to tell, cer- 
tainly, in finding the cycle year, whether the thirty-third or thirty-fourth Mohamme- 
dan, and the thirty-second or thirty-third A. D. year will be the next cycle year, until 
all the necessary calculations for that year and the following have been made. To be 
a cycle year, the New Year's Day must fall on one of the first ten days of January, that 
another New Tear's Day may fall in December of the same year. 

To reduce a jMohammedan year to the A. D. year, and to find the :Mohammedan 
New Year's Day, multiply .970224 by any given year of ITegira, cut off the six deci- 
mals from the product, and add 621.5774. The sum, or figures to the left of the deci- 
mal, will be the A. D. year. Multiply the decimal figures, /. c, those six to the right of 
the decimal point, by 365, and having again cut off six decimal points, the 1, 2, or 3 fig- 
ures befcn-e, or to the left of the decimal point, will be the day in the Christian year 
on which the Mohammedan New Year's I) xy falls. 

To make the 1,330 such calculations necessary from 622 to 1911 A. D., required 
days of steady work; I»ut it is hoped accurate results have been attained. 

Note 1—809 A. D. 

KNIGHTS OF ST. ANDREW. 

The Order of Knights of St. Andrew, or Order of the Thistle, was first instituted 
by Achaius I., king of Scotland, when he made alliance with Charlenmgne, and took 
the thistle for his device. He founded the order upon the legend that St. Andrew ap- 
peared at midnight to King Huugus the Tict, in a vision, and promised him a signal 
victory over the Northumbrians, and that the next day St. Andrew's cross Avas seen in 

48S 











VILLAGE OF TAORMINA. AND MOUNT /ETNA, SICILY. 




CITY OF LA VALETTA, ISLAND OF MALTA. 



489 



the sky, iiiid tlie victorj was won by Iliin^nis. Tlie order orii;inally consisted of tlie 
sovereiiin and twelve knights, in remembrance of Clirist and His twelve Apostles. 

Theorder was refounded by James v., of Scotland, in 1540, and again revived by 
James VII., of Scotland, and II., of England, May 29th, 1GS7, and again bv (^neen 
Anne, 1703. 

Note J— 1095-1291 A. I). 

THE rUlTSADES. 

The first crusade was preached by Peter tiie Hermit, 1095, and lasted until Jerusa- 
lem was taken by the crusaders, under <iodfrey de liouillon, July 15th, 1099. 

The second, preached by St. Bernard, 1147, was headed' the same year by Conrad 
II., emperor of Germany, and Louis VII., of France. The crusaders were defeated, 
and lost Jerusalem, 1187. 

The tliird was led, in 1188, by Frederick Rarbarossa, enipcntr of (iei'iiiany. and 
joined, in 1190, by Philip II., of France, and Richard I., of England. Although much 
bravery was exhibited, no lasting results were accomplished. 

The fimrth was led, in 1195, by Henry VI., emperor of (Jermany, and was success- 
ful until his deatli, which occurred in 11!>7. 

Tlie fifth, in wiiidi Count Baldwin of Flanders figured prominently, was i)ro- 
clainied by Innocent III., in 1198. The crusaders took Constantin(i]de, in 120;i 

The sixth crusade, in 1217, was under Frederick II., empenu-of (iermany, who re- 
gained possession of Jerusalem. 

The seventh was led, 1248, by Louis IX., of France, who was defeated by the infi- 
dels. 

The eighth and last crusade, 1270, was led by Lcaiis IX., who died August 2d, of a 
contagious <lisease. Prince Edward (afterwards Edward I., of l]ngland) ai-i-ived at 
Acre, 1271. In 1291 the Christians were driven from Acre by the Saracens, wliidi put 
an end to the Christian rule in the Holy Land. 

Note K— 1483 A. D. 

THE I.dUn's ITtAYEU. 

The fnllowing is a sjtecimen of the Lord's Prayer, translated into English, and 
printed by AVilliam Caxton, 1483: "Father ciir that art in heavens, halbnved be thy 
name: thy kingdome come to us; thy will bt done in earth as in heaven: our eviM'y day 
bread give us to-day; and forgive us oure trespasses as ^^•e forgi\(' them that trespass 
against us; and lead us not in to temptation, but deliver us from all evil sin, amen." 

Note L— 1559 A. D. 

.WGl.K'.W OllDERS. 

The question of the validity of the Anglican Orders rests upon the valid con- 
secration of Kev. ilatthew Parker. It can be easily proved by the ecclesiastical re- 
cords in England, that Rev. Parker was, on Decemlier 17th, 1559, at Lambeth, con- 
secrated archbishop of Canterbury, by Bishops Barlow, Ilodgkins, Coverdale, and 
Scory, all f(.ur bishops pronouncing the words of con.secration, at the same time, over 
Parker. Some years after, a tale was invented, since known as the "Nag's Head 
Story," which was at the time very generally believed by the Rinnan Catholics, es- 
l>ecially the lower cla.sses; while those more learned, feigned to credit the invention. 

iai 



The lictiou was, that several bishops met at "Nag's Head Tavern," Cheapside, and 
while there, in jest, consecrated Parker, with a mock eereniouy. This false report was 
al)ly refuted and disproved by Burnet, in seventeenth century, and by many other dis- 
(inguished writers. The tale was too absurd and sacrilegious to loug stand the test 
of history, ecclesiastical records, and logical arguments; and e(|ually weak is the in- 
ference thrown out by some of the Koman clergy, that Parker's consecrators were not 
valid bishops; for, while Bishops Coverdale and Scory had been consecrated by Angli- 
can ordinal. Bishops Barlow and TTodgkins were both consecrated with the old Pon- 
tifical. 

And, although Leo XIII., for political reasons, finally pronounced the Anglican 
Orders invalid, many of the most distinguished Roman bishops and i)i'iests were in 
favor of the opposite decision. For, having read, and made a stuily of the subject, 
they knew that the charge of invalidity, when put to the test, could not stand; and 
that so long as the P^nglish ministry was not acknowle<lged, reunion of the three 
branches of the one. Holy, Catholic, Apostolic Church could not be hoped for; as, 
knowing beyond doubt the validity of their orders and sacraments, the English 
clergy could never deny them and be re-ordained. 

Note M— 1582-1752. 

old and new style. 

By the calculation of the Julian calendar, IG B. C, a solar year consisted of ex- 
actly 3651,4 days, and it was arranged that three consecutive years should contain 365 
days, while every fourth year, or every year which could be divided by 4 without a 
remainder, should be a leap year, and contain 36(5 days. By this calculation, each 
year of 3651/4 days was incorrectly made too long by 11 minutes, 14 seconds. In 46 
B. C. the Aernal equinox fell on March 25th. In 325 A. D., the time of the Nicene 
( 'ouncil, it occurred March 21st, while by 1582, the equinox fell on March 11th. 

In 1582, Gregory XIII. reformed the calendar, and as the Julian intercalation, 
leaving 11', 14 " each year over the exact solar year, amounted every four hundred 
years to 3 days, 2 hours, 53 minutes, 2 seconds, it was determined by the Gregorian 
rule that every number divisible by 4 without a remainder should be a leap year, ex- 
ce])ting the centurial years, of which only every fourth, or those which could be di- 
vided exactly by 400, should be a leap year. In this way, every four hundred years, 
three leap years are omitted, making the calculation as close as possible. Thus, 1200 
and 1600 were leap years, and so also will be 2000; but 1300, 1400, 1500, 1700, 1800, 
and 1900 \\ere not ; for, while divisible exactly by 4, they are not by 400. 

To re-adjust the time of the equinox, in 1582, ten days were omitted, October 5th 
being called October 15th. This "New Style'' was introduced, and used at once in 
Italy, and was soon ado])ted by the different European countries; but was not used 
by (ireat Britain until 1752, when September 2d was called September 14th. 

The difference between the "Old Style" and "New Style" was, up to 1699, ten 
days; from 1700 to 1799, eleven days; "from 1800 to 1899, twelve days; from 1900 to 
2000, thirteen days. 

Between the ye<irs 1582, when the "New Style" was first introduced, to 1752, 
A\ hen it was adopted by (Jreat Britain, great confusion reigns in history and chronol- 
ogy. The rule generally followed is, where an event occurred in a country using "New 
Style," to give the date according to "New Style"; but for English events, the "Old 

492 



Htyle" is always given, until 1752. For the date of Ijattles between Englaud and the 
continent, the two dates, ditferiug ten, eleven, and twelve days, are usually given 
with the letters "O. S." and "N. S." 

The '-Old vStyle" is still used in Russia, Greece, and throughout the East. Tlius, 
December 25th, 1800, "N. S.," was in Russia, December 13th, "O. S.," and December 
25th, 1900, "N. S.," was in the East. December 12th, "O. S." 

NoTK N— 1038-1640. 

JAN.SEN HERESY. 

Jansen, in his work "Augustinns," set forth the doctrines of the sect called after 
him, Jansenists. They were founded on the heretical doctrines of St. Augustine. 
Jansen referred the work, by his will, to the judgment of the Holy See; but his execu- 
tors suppressed that part of his testament, and published the work, 1040, two years 
after the author's death. 

The bishops of France reduced his work to five propositions for condemnalion : 

Fir.st. That there are divine i)recei)ts which good men are unalile to ol)ey, for 
want of (iod's grace, although desirous to do so. 

aS'ccoh(/. That no person can resist the influence of divine grace when bestowed. 

Third. That for hunum actions to be meritorious, it is not I'eipiisite tliat tliey 
should be exempt from necessity, but only from constraint. 

Foiiiih. That the Semi-Pelagians err grievously, in maintaining that the human 
will is endowed with power of either receiving or resisting thi^ aids and influences of 
preventive grace. 

Fifth. That whoever maintains that Jesus Christ made expiation by His sulTer- 
ings and death, for the sins of all mankind, is a Semi-Pelagian. 

The lirst four of these propositions were pronounced l)y Innocent X. to be sim])ly 
heretical; but the last he condemned as rash, impious, and injurious to the Supreme 
Being. 

Note O— 1075-1087. 

(jriKTIST HERESY. 

The Quietest heresy taught that Christian perfection consisted in complete tran- 
(|uility of the soul, and abstracted contemplation of the merits of Christ, and the 
mercies of tJod. 

.Molinos, a Spanish priest, expounded this (b)ctrine in his work, entitled "Spiritual 
(ruide," published in 1()75; and so founded the heresy, for which he was sentenced by 
the inquisiticui, in 1087, to life imprisonment. 

Good as some of the tenets of Quietism were, so far as they went, the doctrine^, as a 
whole, was opposed to the sacramental element of the Holy Catholic Church, and 
was, therefore, condemned as a heresy. 

Note 1'— 1070. 

me.\l-tub plot. 

Dangerfield secreted a bundle of forged seditious letters in a house, and gave 
informatioTi to the custom-house officers to search for smuggled goods. Dangerfield 
was susi)ected of having forged the letters, and was arrested. Soon after, there were 
found in a meal tub, in a house wliei-e he lived, i>a]iers which contained a scheme to 

493 



he sworn to, accusing of treason the most prominent of the nou-Ilomanists, who were 
against the succession of the Duke of York, among whom were Shafteshury, Essex, 
and Halifax. 

AVhile heing whipped the last time, as part of his punishment, June 1st, 1(385, one 
of Dangertield's eyes was struck out hy Rohert Francis, a harrister; and the blow 
caused the former's death, for which Francis was hanged. 

Note Q— 1G89. 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

James II., of England, having fled to France, in 1C88, his cause was espoused by 
that nation, against William III., of England, which led to a contest between the 
I'rench and English i)owers; and, also, involving their respective colonies in Amer- 
ica, was known as '-King William's War in America." 

When, in 1701, September Ifith, James II. died in France, that nation acknowl- 
edged his son as king of England. Upon the death of William III., of England, 1702, 
March Sth, however, Anne succeeded, as queen of England. At the same time there 
was trouble about the Sjjanish succession, after the death of Charles II., of Spain, in 
1700, and accession of Philip V. Hence arose a war between England, on one side, 
and France and Spain on the other, known in Europe as the "War of the Spanish 
Succession." This was also taken up by the respei'tive colonies in America, and was 
there called "Queen Anne's War." 

These differences were settled in 1713, April 11th, by the Treaty of Utrecht. 

Note R— in!>2. 

SALEM WITf'IICUAFT DELUSION. 

The Salem witchcraft delusion was started by several children in tlie household of 
Rev. I*ari'is, a minister of Salem, Mass., in early spring of 1()!»2. They pretended that 
they were tortured, pinched, and pricked with pins, etc., by shapes of men and women, 
invisible to others. These inventions were generally believed, alike by high and low, 
and a frenzy of fear soon spread throughout the town. Many innocent men and 
women were arrested, and Rev. George Barroughs, Giles Gory, and eighteen others 
were executed on a false charge of witchcraft, while more than fifty were tortui'ed 
into a false confession of guilt. By October, one hundred and fifty persons were im- 
prisoned. The frenzy soon after died down, and the accusers were ashamed of their 
work. 

Giles Cory Avas the only person who ever perished in the United States by the 
^'pc'uic forte rt (lure." the name of a torture, literally "tStrdiifj and xcrcre punish- 
nicnf." 

Note S— 1709. 

letters of junius. 

"Junius" was the noni de pJnnic of a political English author, who, from January 
21st, 1709, to January 21st, 1772, wrote a series of famous letters, which lie first pub- 
lished in "Woodfall's Public Advertiser." In them he opposed the ministry of his 
time, and severely denounced some of the high officials. His letters were very popu- 
lar, and had great power and weight among the people. 

494 



TYEANTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 




DANTON. 
SEE 1793, MARCH 5. 





ROBESPIERRE. 
SEE 1794, JULY 24TH. 



MARAT. 
SEE 1793, JULY 13TH. 



496 



The real name of the author was sought in vain for many years. Tlie letters were 
attrihuted by differeut eritics to i^ir Phili]* Francis, Lord Chatham. Edmund Burke, 
Henry (Jrattan, Colonel Barre, Gibbon, J. II. Tooke, Horace Walpole, John Wilkes, 
and many others. It is now generally conceded that the first named, Sir P. Francis, 
was the author. 

"Junius" said, in his dedication to the people of England, "I am the sole deposi- 
tory of my own secret ; and it shall perish with me." 

Note T— 1772. 
shaitp and someeset. 

Somerset, a negro slave in England, being in very ill health, was turned adrift on 
the streets of London, by his master, in 1770. 

Sharp, the philanthropist, took him under his care, and when fully recovered, 
found him employment as a free man. Two years later, 1772, his former master 
claimed him as his slave. Sharp brought the case before the lord mayor, who decided 
in Somerset's favor. The master then took the case before the Court of the King's 
Bench ; and here was established the decision, June 22d, that slavery could not exist 
in Great Britain. On account of this important and far-reaching decision, the case 
of Sharj) and Somerset vs. the latter's master, has become celebrated. 

Note U— 1792. 

french uevolutionary calendar. 

The French Revolutionary Calendar, arranged by the infidel leaders of the Revo- 
lution, began its era at midnight, September 21-22d, 17!»2; but did not come into use 
until 1793, November 24th (Fourth Frimaire, Year II.), and was al)olished in 1805, 
December 31st (Tenth Nivose, Year of the Republic XIV.), by decree of Napoleon L, 
who restored, in France, the use of Gregorian mode (/. r.. Christian Era), January 
1st, 1S0(). The French Revolutionary Calendar was as follows: 

AUTUMN. 

Vendeniaire (Vintage Month), September 22d to October 21st. 
Bmmaire (Fog Month), October 22d to November 20th. 
Frimaire (Sleet Month), November 21st to December 20th. 

WINTER. 

Nivose (Snow Month), December 21st to January 19th. 
Pluviose ( Rain Month ) , January 20th to February 18th. 
Ventose (Wind Month), February 19th to March 20th. 

SPRINT,. 

Germinal (Sprouts ilonth), :Marcli 21st to Ai)ril 19th. 
Froreal ( Flowers Mouth ) , April 20th to May 19th. 
Prairial (Pasture Month), May 20th to June 18th. 

ST'MMER. 

Messidor (Harvest Month), June 19th to July 18th. 

Fervidor, or Thermidor (Hot Month), July 19th to August 17th. 

Fructidor (Fruit Month), August 18th to September 21st. 

JUT 



Note V— 1897. 

STORMING OV DAUGAI lUIXJE. 

In 1897, October 20th, Gen. Sir Yeatman Bigj^vs, commanding part of tlie British 
army in India, sent a (Jhuii^a, a Derln'shire, and a Dorsetshire regiment, to dislodge 
tlie revolting tribesmen from the Dargai Ridge. The British were oldiged to pass 
across an open space, directly exposed to the Afridis fire, from tlie cliffs above. Part 
of the filnirkas crossed the tire zone, and reached a rocky shelter, on the opposite 
side; bnt so fearfnl a number were mowed down by the tire from the enemy, that the 
remainder of that, and the other two regiments, were deterred from following, and 
the senior officers communicated back to the main boily of troo]is, that the passage 
could not be made. 

At this critical moment (ieneral Kemp.ster ordered the <iordon Highlanders to the 
front. Colonel ]Mathias, their commander, thus addressed them : "Men of the Gordon 
Highlanders! Our general says that position must be taken, at all costs; the Gordon 
Highlanders will take it." At their head, Colonel ^lathias led the way across the 
open space, amid the sliowers of bullets from the cliffs. This liold dash s])urred on 
the other regiments, which followed closely; and the tribesmen, seeing that the fire 
zone had been crossed, although with the loss of many lives, broke their ranks, and 
fled. 

Findlater, a piper, was shot through both legs at the outset; but, prop])ing himself 
up against a boulder, he continued to play, with spirit, the inspiring air "Cock of 
the North," until the brilliant chai'ge had been made, when he fell, iinconscious. He 
was recommended by his superiors, and received from her late majesty, the Victoria 
Cross. 

Note AA'— 189!». 

histoky of the p.oers. 

The Dutch were the first white men to set foot in South Africa. They came thither 
in the seventeenth century, under auspices of the Dutch East India Company. Tliey 
were followed by the Huguenot refugees, who fled from I'^rance, to seek religious free- 
dom. The two I'jices intermarried, and from theiii sprang the mixed race (half 
French and half Dutcli), now known as Boens or Dutch Afrikanders. 

Towards the close of the eighteenth century, arrived the first British settlers, and 
troubles at once began, wliich ended in British conquest of territory; aiid, in 1814, 
Holland was forced to cede Cape Colony to (xreat Britain. The Bi'itish government 
was each year more and more displeasing to the Boers, a tkI when, in 18:^4, tlieir slaves 
Avere emancipated, and many of their fai'iners imiMiverishcd, large bodies of the 
Boers, in the two following years, marched oft' towards the north and east, into the 
wilderness, to again seek freedom. This departure is known as the "Great Trek of 
1836" (trek in Dutch signifying making tracks.) They founded two colonies. Orange 
and Natal, having the River Xaal for their ncu-thern boundary. 

The British, however, still claimed them as subjects, and, in 1848, supported their 
claims by force of arms. Again the trekkers started off in search of liberty and in- 
dependence; this time r/crox.s- the ^'(tal, hence their new settlement is called Traiis- 
i:u(i1 State. 

In 1881, having been again followed by the British, the Boers took up arms 
against their enemy, and gained a sanguinary victory, at ]Majuba Hill, which com- 
pelled the British to come to terms. 

498 



In ISSl, l)j a convention, signed at Pretoria, independence, subject to the suzer- 
ainty of (Jrcat Britain, was restored hy Gladstone to the Transvaal, also known as 
the South African Eepublic. The word suzerainty, and its import, so irritated the 
Boers that, in 1884, a modification of 1881 convention was drawn up, at London. 

In ]88(; liold mines were discovered in tlie Transvaal, which hroutiht thither thous- 
ands of foreigners, from all countries, but especially from (treat Britain. The Boers 
classed them all together as "Uitlanders," and as these foreigners soon greatly out- 
numbered tluMr own race, the Boers made strict rules to protect their electoral fran- 
chise, finally extending the time of residence before naturalization to fcmrteeu years. 

In 1896 came the crisis of the Uitlanders' discontent, followed by Dr. Jameson's 
raid on the Boers, from British Bechuanahind. The raid was defeated, and Johan- 
nesburg, the stronghold of the Titlanders, disarmed. 

Troubles increased, and appeal was made to 8ir Alfred ililner, British governor 
of Cape Colony, who on ^May 30th, 1899, met Kruger, president of the Transvaal, at a 
conference at Blocmfontein, cai)ital of the Orange Free State. 

Kruger projtosed arbitration; but Milner insisted that such a thing could not be 
between a suzerain state and its dependency. Kruger refused to consider any terms 
which did not recognize the Transvaal as independent. 

So matters reached a climax, and the recent war of 1899-1902 followed. 

Note X— 1900, J.vniary 18th. 

OSM.VX DIGXA. 

Osman Digna, the cliief general of the late Khalifa Abdullah, and the one wlio so 
long defied the English, but was at last captured, is a Frenchman, born on the banks 
of the Seine, in 1830, and baptized at the Cathedral of Rouen. His real name is 
George Nisbet. Ilis father, Josepli Nisbet, shortly before his death, failed in busi- 
ness, bade farewell to France, and took his wife and child to Egypt. 

When George was eleven, his father died, and his mother, a few months later, mar- 
ried a promiuent Mohammedan merchant of Alexandria, named Osman Digna, who 
took a great fancy to George, converted him to the Mohammedan faith, and entered 
him at the military school at Cairo, as Osman Digna, Jr. In 1800 the family moved 
to Suakin, and, at the merchant's death, his large fortune passed to his stepson, 
George Xisbet, the present Osman Digna. 

He has since figured prominently in most of the great battles between the Knglisb 
and Abdullah's forces, and when nearly all the native generals and dervishes were 
killed in l)attle, he always managed to escape, aud was regarded as a formidable foe, 
and mysterious personage, who could not be hurt nor captured. He was, fortunately, 
caught by the English, January 18th, 1900. 

Note Y— 1902. 

the campanile ov st. mark's. 

The Campanile, or bell-tower, of St. Mark's Church, Venice, was first f.mnded by 
Doge Pietro Tribuno, in 888 A. D., and completed in 1329. It was built of brick, 
322 feet high, and 42 feet square, on a stone base. The upper part, an open lantern, 
with a pyramidal roof of marble, was added in 1417. An apex, an angle 10 feet high, 
formed of plates of gilt l)ronze, was built in 1517, and the loggetta, or vestibule, on 
east side of Campanile, was erected in 1540, by Sansovini. I See 1902, July 14th.) 

499 



Note Z— 1902. 

red, white, and ulack popes. 

The office which the late Cardinal Ledochowski held, is Prefect of the Propaganda, 
or controller of the Roman Catholic Church in United States, and all countries 
where Konian Catholicism is not the State religion, and as, being a cardinal, the 
holder of the office always wears red robes, he is known as the "Red Pope," to dis- 
tinguish him from the Bishop of Rome, who wears only white robes, and is known as 
the "White I'ope"; while Father Martin, the head of the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, 
wears only black, and is called the "Black Pope." 




LOUIS XVI., OF FRANCE. 
SEE 1793. JANUARY 21ST. 



5U0 




z 

UJ 
Q 
K 
< 

Q 

Z 
< 

to 

UJ Ul 



DC 
111 

_I 

D 
I- 

UJ 

I 
H 






501 



INDEX OF TABLES OF RULERS. 

PLACED CHRONOLOGICALLY, WITH THE DATE OF THE FOUNDING OF THE KINGDOMS, ETC. 

B. C. 

Assyria 2245 

y-<^ypt 2188 

< Jreece 2089 

Iiuhuliug Athens, 155(5; Sparta, 14t»0; Coriuth, 1347; Macedon, 748 B. C; 
aiid Modern Greece, 1832 A. ]). 

Palestine 1491 

Konie 753 

Persia 559 

Iiicludinj;' Media and Lvdia. 
Syria 312 

A. D. 

Hisii()]>s of Konie, or Popes 42 

( ireat IJritain : including Scotland 357 

Britain, 454; England, 828; and Ireland, !I79. 
Spain 408 

Inchiding Saracens, Moors, <iotlis, Navarre, Aragon, Castile and Leon. 

France 428 

Norway 030 

1 >enniark 714 

(Termany 800 

Russia ' 850 

Austria 988 

Sweden 1015 

Prussia '. 1134 

Portugal 1139 

Presidents of United States 1789 



503 





ASSYRIA AND BABYLON. 


15. C. 




l\. V. 




2245 


Belus (Nimrod ) founds Babylon. 


1084 


Dercylus. 


20G9 


Ninus is kino- of Assyria. 


1049 


^lardokempad. 


2059 


Niuus conquers Babylon, and 


1044 


Eupales. 




founds Assyrian Empire. 


1000 


Laosthenes. 


2007 


Seniiraniis murders her hus- 


1000 


Adrammelecli I. 




band, Niuus, and reigns alone. 


901 


Pyritiades. 


1905 


Ninyas, son of Niuus. 


!)00 


Auaku Merodak. 


1927 


Arius. 


931 


Opliratai-us. 


1912 


Chedorhiomer. 


930 


Ashuraklibal,orSardanapalus I. 


1897 


Araleus. 


910 


Ophratenes, or Epiiecheres. 


1857 


Xerxes, or Baleus. 


900 


Diyanubai'. 


1827 


Armanites. 


870 


81iamas Adar, or Shamsiyay. 


1789 


Belochus. 


8(50 


Acrazanes. 


1754 


Baleus. 


840 


Adrammelech II. 


1702 


Altades. 


837 


Preaching of Jonah. 


1070 


Mamitus. 


818 


Tonosomachus, or Hardanapalus. 


1040 


Manchaleus. 


800 


Baklasi. 


1010 


Splierus. 


782 


Ashurkish. 


1590 


Mamilus. 


777 


Pul ( 750, ac. Layard. ) 


1500 


Sparetus. 


747 


Tiglathpileser. 


1520 


Ascatades. 


727 


Shalmanezer (or 728.) 


1480 


Amyntas. 


722 


Sargon. 


1435 


Belochus. 


705 


Sennacherib (ac. Encyclo. Brit., 


1410 


Bellepares. 




and recent authorities; 717, 


1380 


Lamprides. 




ac. Hajdn; 713, ac. Blair; 


1348 


Sosares. 




703, ac. Layard.) 


1328 


Lanijiares. 


681 


Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus 


1298 


Panyas. 




11. (See 073 B. (\ for dates. | 


1253 


Sosarmus. 


667 


Assur-bani-pal, or Sardanapa- 


1234 


Mitlmeus. 




lus in. (003, ac. Blair.) 


1207 


Teutamus. 


625 


Assur-ebil-ili, afterwards suc- 


1156 


TeutiPus. 




ceeded by Saracus, or Ninus 


1135 


Thineus. 




II. 


1128 


Analcbarbeth-IIira, or Shiniish- 


000 


Capture of Nineyeh, and fall of 




bal-Bithkira. 




the Assyrian Emi)ire ( or 007. | 




SECOND BABYL 


ONIAN 


EMPIPiE, 




INDEPENDENT 


FROM -VSSYRIA. 


B. C. 




B. C. 




747 


Nabonassar, king of Babylon. 


501 


Eyil Merodach. 


731 to 721 Acain subject to Assyria. 


559 


Neriglissar. 


721 


Merodach, king of Babylon. 


550 


Laborosoarchod, or Labynetus. 


709 to 025 Ao-ain subject to Assyria. 


555 


Belshazzar ( Nabonadius. ) 


025 


NaI)oi)olassar frees Babylon 


538 


Babylon taken by Medes and 




from Assyrian yoke. 




Persians. 


000 


ir 005 Nebuchadnezzar. 







nm 



EGYPT. 



u. c. 

2188 

2111 

2100 
2080 
2017 
1J)3S 

1896 
1822 
1821 
1027 
1018 
1587 
1549 
1537 
1528 
1512 
1504 
1490 
1485 
1416 
1376 
1321 
1305 
1255 



1189 



1082 
1032 
978 
966 
937 
933 
924 
918 
909 



Mizraim (jNfenes) builds Mem- 
phis, and founds the kingdom. 

Thebes built by Busiris. 

Osyiiiandyas the ron(iueror. 

llyksos, 01' Shepherd Kings. 

Dynasty of Theban kings. 

Amenemhe III., of thirteenth 
dynasty. 

Syphoas. 

Memnon. 

Anienophi.s I. 

Tuthmosis. 

Anienophis III. 

Horns. 

Acencheres. 

^Vchoris. 

Cenchres. 

Acherres. 

Cherres. 

Armais. 

^Egyptus, called also Sesostris. 

Menophis. 

Sethos. 

Kumeses. 

Alenophthah and Sethos II. 

Amnienephthes. (Ramsis, ac. 
Lempriere and Blair.) 

Ainmenemes. (Ramsis, ac. Lep- 
sins and Bunsen. ) 

Thuoris. (Ramsis, ac. Lem- 
priere and Blair. ) 

Ac. Lempriere and Blair, eleven 
kings of twentieth dynasty. 
Ramsis III. to XIII., reigned 
in Egypt, from 1260 to 1112 
B. 0.' 

Cheops. 

('ei)liren. 

I'seusennes. 

Mycerinus. 

Xepliei'clicT'es. 

^Viiieiioplithis. 

Osochor. 

Psinaches. 

I'seusennes. 



p.. c. 
870 
853 
838 
825 
800 
791 
781 
737 
725 
713 
711 
708 
687 
670 
663 
639 
616 
600 
594 
569 
526 



414 

350 
332 
323 

285 
283- 
247 

00-) 

205 

181 
146 



Seuenchosis. 

Osorthou. 

Tacollothis. 

Petubastes. 

Osorthou II. 

Psammes. 

Bocchoris. 

Sabaco I. 

Senechos. 

Taracus. 

►Sabaco II. 

Treaty with Assyria. 

Stepliinoles. 

Psauniietichus. 

\echepsos. 

Xekos I. 

Neco. 

Psammis. 

Apries, or Nekos II. 

Amasis, or Psammetik II. 

I'sammetitus III. End of the 
Pharaohs. 

Conquered by Persia. 

Successful revolt against the 
Persians. Amyrtseus is pro- 
claimed king of Egypt. 

Egypt reduced by Ochus, king 
of Persia. 

Egypt conquered by Alexander 
the Great. 

Ptolemy I. (Soter) king of 
Egypt. 

Ptolemy I., with his sou, Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus. 
247 Ptolemy II. (Philadelphus) 
alone. 

Ptolemy III. (Euergetes. ) 

November. Ptolemy IV. (Phil- 
opator. ) 

November. Ptolemy Y. (Epiph- 
anes. ) 

October. Ptolemy YI. (Philo- 
metor. ) 

November. Ptolemy YII. (Phy- 
scon. ) 



505 



EGYPT— Coutimied. 



r.. V. 
117 

107 

89 
81 
80 
58 
55 
51 



47 
46 



43 
30 

A. D. 

61(5 

638 

1163- 

1250 



Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.), and 

Cleopatra, his mother. 
Alexander I. and Cleopatra. 
Ptolemy VIII. restored. 
Alexander II. and Cleopatra I. 
Ptolemy IX. (Auletes.) 
Berenice and Tryphiena. 
Ptolemy IX. restored. 
Ptolemy X. leaves the kingdom 

to Ptolemy XI. and Cleopatra 

II. Civil war ensues between 

the two. 
Ii]gyi>t invaded by Caesar. 
Ptolemy XL, the king, defeated 

and drowned. Cleopatra and 

her younger brother, Ptolemy 

XII., reign. 
Ptolemy XII. is poisoned by his 

sister, Cleopatra, who reigns 

alone. 
Suicide of Cleopatra. Egypt 

becomes a Roman province. 

Egyi)t conquered by Chosroes 
II., of Persia. 

Egypt invaded by the Saracens, 
under Amrou. 
96 Egypt con(iuered by the 
Turks. 

Mamelukes establish govern- 
ment in Egypt. 



A. D. 

1517 Egypt conquered by Turks, un- 
der Selim I., and governed by 
beys. 

1798-99 Egyi^t conquered by the 
French. 

1801 Turkish government restored by 
the British. 

1806 Mehemet Ali Pacha, viceroy of 
Egypt. 

1841 Mehemet made hereditary vice- 
roy, July 15th. 

1848 Mehemet deposed; his adopted 
son, Ibrahim, made viceroy, 
September. 

1848 Ibrahim dies ; his son, Abbas, is 
viceroy, November 10th. 

1854 Said (brother of Abbas), July 
14th. 

1862 Ismail is viceroy, January ISth. 

1869 Viceroys are called khedives. 

1879 Ismail Pasha deposed by the 
Porte, at request of England, 
France, etc., June 26th. 

1879 Mechmet Tewfik, sou of Ismail, 
is made khedive. 

1892 Abbas Pasha succeeds his father, 
Mechmet, as khedive, January 
7th, and still reigns, up to 
1903. 



506 



GREECE. 



IXCLUDIXG ATHENS, 155G ; SI'ARTA. 14!»() ; CORINTH. 1347 ; MACEDON, 748; AM) 

MODERN GREECE, 1832. 



EARLY KINGS OP GREECE 



B. C. 

2089 
2038 
1993 
1973 
1948 
1891 
18()2 
185() 
1817 
1807 
179(> 

i7(;4 

1747 
1717 
1712 
KmI 
1042 
1623 
1588 
1500 
1553 
1548 
1540 
1530 
1510 
1507 
1.502 
148(> 
1480 
1475 
1455 
1449 
1432 
1425 
1425 
1406 
1.390 



B. C. 

1556 
1506 



.Egialeus, king of Sicyon. 
Europs, king of Sicyon. 
Telchin, king of Sicyou. 
Apis, king of Sicyon. 
Tlielxion, king of Sieyon. 
^Egydrus, king of Sicyou. 
Tburimaohus, king of Sioyon 
Inachuf?, king of Argos. 
Leucippus, king of Sieyon. 
IMioroneus, king of Argos. 
Ogyges, king of Attica. 
Mesapus, king of Sieyon. 
Apis, king of Argos. 
Peratus, king of Sieyon. 
Argils, king of Argos. 
Plemneiis, king of Sieyon. 
Criasus, king of Argos. 
Orthopolis, king of Sieyon. 
Pliorbas, king of Argos. 
.Marathus, king of Sieyon. 
Triopas, king of Argos. 
Deucalion, Icing of Tbessaly. 
Scamander, king of Troy. 
^farathus II., king of Sicyou 
Echyreus, king of Sieyon. 
Crotopas, king of Argos. 
Teucer, king of Troy. 
Stheuelus, king of Argos. 
Dardauus, king of Troy. 
Danaus, king of Argos. 
Corax, king of Sieyon. 
Eriehtliouius, king of Troy. 
Polydorus, Icing of Thebes. 
Lynceus, king of Argos. 
Epopeus, king of Sieyon. 
Minos, Icing of Crete. 
Lamedon, king of Sieyon. 



NOT INCLUDED UNDEIi THE AI'.OVE HEADINGS 
B. C. 

1384 
1383 



1374 
1361 
1350 
1332 
1325 
1314 
1313 
1305 
1284 
1281 



1276 
1274 
1274 
1274 
1200 
1206 
1265 
1200 
1224 
1224 
1223 
1215 
1215 
1211 
1201 
1184 
1183 
1180 
1176 
1160 
1137 
1 136 
1128 



Abas, king of Sieyon. 
.Eolus, king of Phtliiotis. 
Tros, king of Troy. 
Proetus, king of Argos. 
Sieyon, king of Sieyon. 
Laius, king of Tlielies. 
Acrisius, first king of Mycena'. 
Ilus, king of Troy. 
Perseus, king of Myeenfe. 
Polybus, king of Sieyon. 
Pelops, king of Pisatis. 
Myceua', <-oui|uered by Electryo, 

ila'stor, and Stheuelus, sous 

of Pelops. 
Creou, king of Tlielies. 
Stheuelus, sole king of ^lyeenie. 
Atreus, king of Pi.satis. 
Eurystbus, king of IMyeeuiP. 
Thyestes, king of Myceu;e. 
(Edipus, king of Thebes. 
Jauiscus. king of Sicyou. 
Laomed(ui, king of Troy. 
Priam, king of Troy. 
Nestor, king of Pylos. 
Pluestus, king of Sicyou. 
Adrastus, king of Sicyou. 
I'lysses, king of Ithaca. 
Polyphides, king of Sicyou. 
Agamemnon, king of Myceua\ 
Fall of Troy. 

JOgistbeus, king of .Myceiue. 
Pelasgns, king of Sieyon. 
Orestes, king of Myceme. 
Zeuxippus, king of Sicyou. 
Aphides, king of lb. 
Thyma^tes, king of lb. 
Archelaus, king of Sieyon. 



Ceerops. 
Cranaus. 



KINGDOM OF ATHENS. 
B. C. 

1497 Ampbictyon. 
1487 Eriehthonius. 



B. c. 

1437 

1397 



Paudiou I. 
Erechthens. 



507 





(jREE(L'E — Kingdom of Athens— Coutiuued. 


p.. ('. 




i;. c. 


K. c. 


135(1 


lOuiuoIpiis. 


1283 Argeus. 


1182 Demophoou. 


1347 


Cecrops II. 


1235 Theseus. 


1149 Oxyates. 


13(17 


Pandioii II. 


1205 Mnestheiis. 


1092-107(1 Codrns, last king. 






ARCHONS OF ATHENS. 


N. 


B. — Wherever the names of two arehons are given on a line, witli the word 


"ol-," 


(lie Orst named is ae. Clinton, and the second ao. Hales. 


r,. V. 






B. C. 


lOd!) 


iledon 1 1044. ae 


. Blair. | 


593 Dropidas. 


1024 


Aeastiis. 




592 Eucrates. 


!)SS 


Archippns. 




591 Simonides. 


DC!) 


Thersippus. 




588 Pluvnippns. 


92S 


Phorhas. 




580 Damasins II. 


898 


Meiiacles. 




580 Pentathlns. 


8(58 


Diognetus. 




577 Arcliestratides. 


840 


Pherecles. 


* 


570 Aristomenes. 


S21 


Ari]>hron. 




500 Comias. 


SOI 


Thespieus. 




502 Hippodides. 


7!t5 


Agamestor. 




501 Comias. 


777 


.Esohylus. 




500 Comias or Ilegestratus. 


754 


Alcnneou. 




559 Hegestratus (ac. Clinton.) 


752 


Charops. 




550 Euthydemus. 


742 


.lOsimides. 




548 Erxiclides. 


732 


Clidieus. 




537 A loams I. 


722 


llippomenes. 




530 Athenrpus. 


712 


Leocrates. 




535 Hipparchns. 


702 


Apsandrus. 




533 Thericles or Ilereclides. 


092 


Ery.xias. 




524 Miltiades. 


083 


Creon. 




512 Clisthenes. 


081 


Lysias. 




508 Isagoras. 


071 


Leostratns. 




504 Acestorides. 


(i()9 


Pisistratiis. 




500 Myrus. 


008 


Antosthenes. 




490 Hipparchns. 


004 


Miltiades I. 




495 Phili])]>ns. 


059 


JMiltiades II. 




494 Pythocritns. 


044 


I)ro])iliis. 




493 Themistocles. 


039 


Damasins. 




492 Diognetns. 


035 


Epenetins. 




491 Hybrilides. 


024 


Draco. 


490 PhjT'nippns. 


(P(; 


lleiiocliides. 


489 Aristides. 


005 


Aristocles. 


488 Anchises. 


001 


Critins. 


487 Phienippus. 


000 


iMegacles. 




480 Philocrates. 


595 


Philoiiiln'otns. 




485 Philocrates or Pha^don. 


594 


Solon. 




484 Leostratns. 



51 IS 





GREECE — Archons of Athens — Coutiuued. 


B. C. 




I!. ('. 


- 


483 


Nicoderuus. 


437 


Euthyimnies. 


482 


Acliepsion. 


436 


Lysiniachus. 


481 


TJU'iiiistocles or Calliades. 


435 


Antilochides. 


4S0 


(/alliades or Callias. 


434 


Chares. 


47!l 


Xaiitliippus. 


433 


Apseiides. 


478 


Tiiiiosthenes. 


432 


PytliodoT-iis. 


477 


Adiiiiantus. 


431 


Enthydcimis. 


47() 


PluTedon. 


430 


Apollodorus. 


475 


Dronioclides. 


429 


Epaineinon. 


474 


Acestorides. 


428 


Diotimus. 


473 


ileuon. 


427 


Euclides. 


472 


(Miares. 


420 


Euthydenius. 


471 


Praxieroiis. 


425 


tStratoeles. 


470 


Dciuotioii (tr Apsephiou. 


424 


Isarcluis. 


4(;!» 


Aiiscphioii or riia'doii. 


423 


Ameinias. ^ 


4ti8 


Tlioayeiiidcs. 


422 


Alea^us. 


4(17 


Lysistratus. 


421 


Aristion. 


4(;(; 


Lvsaiiias. ^ 


420 


Asty])liihis. 


M\~) 


Lysitheus. 


419 


Areliias. 


4(14 


Arcliidemides. 


418 


Antiplion. 


4(;:5 


T]c]Mil(Minis or Eiitliipi)ns. 


417 


Enidieiiius. 


4(12 


CaiKin. 


41(i 


Ariiinu'stus. 


4(;i 


Euhippus. 


415 


Chabrias. 


4(;() 


Tlirasiilides. 


414 


Pisandcr. 


45!> 


I'liilufles. 


413 


Cleocritus. 


458 


Bion. 


412 


Callias. 


457 


Miicsitliides or Callias. 


411 


Thco])oiii])us. 


45(i 


Callias. 


410 


(llaiu-ippus. 


455 


Sosistratus. 


409 


Diodes. 


454 


Ariston. 


408 


Enotemou. 


453 


Lysicrates. 


407 


Antiiieues. 


452 


Cluvrephaues. 


40(; 


<\illias. 


451 


.\ntidotiis. 


405 


Alexias. 


45(1 


iMithydenuis. 


404 


Pythodoriis. 


44!l 


I'l'diaMis. 


403 


Euclides or Myco. 


448 


Philisciis. 


402 


]Micon or Euclides. 


447 


Tiiiiarchides. 


401 


XeiiJPiietus. 


44(> 


Calliiiiaclms. 


400 


Laches. 


445 


Lysiinacliides. 


399 


Aristocrates. 


444 


Praxiteles. 


398 


Ithycles. 


443 


Lysanias. 


397 


Snuiades or Lysiades. 


442 


OijihiJns. 


390 


Phoriiiioii. 


441 


Tiinocles. 


395 


Diophantus. 


440 


Myrichides. 


394 


Enbulides. 


43!> 


(ilancides. 


393 


Deinostratiis or Ai-clies. 


438 


Tlicodoriis. 


392 


I'hilocles. 





(iKEECE — Archons of Athens — Continued. 


1!. C. 




1!. c. 




391 


Nicoteles. 


345 


Eubulus. 


300 


Denutstratus. 


344 


Lyciscus. 


38!) 


Aiitiiiater. 


343 


Pythodotus. 


388 


rviTliiou. 


342 


Sosigeues. 


387 


Tlu'oddrus. 


341 


Nioomachus. 


386 


Mysticliides. 


340 


Tlieophrastus. 


385 


Doxitheus. 


339 


Lysiniaiiiides. 


384 


I )io( replies. 


338 


Clueroudas. 


383 


Pliauostratus. 


337 


Phrynicus. 


382 


Evandcr or Menander. 


336 


Pythodemus. 


381 


Dciuopliiliis. 


335 


Euanietus. 


380 


Pytlieas. 


334 


Ctesicles. 


37!) 


Nicon. 


333 


Nicocrates. 


378 


Xaiisiuicus. 


332 


Nioetes or Niceratus. 


377 


("allias. 


331 


Aristophanes. 


37G 


Cluirisander. 


330 


Arisoplion or Apollodorus. 


375 


llipixidanias. 


329 


Cepliisoplion. 


374 


Socratides. 


328 


Euthycritiis. 


373 


Asteius. 


327 


IlegeiiKin or Cliremes. 


372 


Aloistlieiies. 


326 


Cliremes or Auticles. 


371 


I'lirasiclides. 


325 


Anticles or Sosicles. 


370 


Dvsciiietus. 


324 


Iles^esias. 


369 


Lysistratus. 


323 


Cepliisodorus. 


368 


Nansi.nenns. 


322 


Philocles. 


367 


rolyzclus. 


321 


Arcliippas. 


36() 


Cephysodorus. 


320 


Nea^clinius. 


365 


Chioii. 


319 


Apollodorus. 


364 


Tiniocrates. 


318 


Archippus. 


363 


(Miariclides. 


317 


Demooenes. 


362 


Jlolon. 


316 


Democlides. 


361 


Nicoplieiiius. 


315 


Praxibulus. 


360 


ralliiiH'des. 


314 


Nicodorus. 


359 


ICucharistus. 


313 


Tlieophrastus. 


358 


Cephisodotus. 


312 


Polemon. 


357 


Aiiatliocles. 


311 


Hinionides. 


356 


I'vlpines. 


310 


Hieromneinon. 


355 


f'allistratus. 


309 


Demetrius Phalareus. 


354 


Diothinis. 


308 


Charinus. 


353 


Eiidcunis. 


307 


Auaxicrates. 


352 


Aristodeinus. 


306 


Cornpbus. 


351 


Tliessalus. 


305 


Euxenippus. 


350 


Apollddorus. 


304 


T'lierecles. 


349 


Calliniaohus. 


303 


Leostratus. 


348 


Tlieopliiliis. 


302 


Nioocles. 


347 


TliPinistocles. 


301 


ralliarchus. 


346 


Arohias. 


300 


Heoeraaehus. 



510 




1- 




7 




< 


u 


1- 




tn 


< 


z 


Cvj 


o 


r^ 


u 






III 




III 


o 


03 


I 




o 




q: 




< 





511 



GllEECE — Archons of Athens — CoutimKHl. 



p.. c. 

299 Euctemon. 

298 Mnesidemns. 

297 Antiplmtes. 

296 Nicias. 



r.. c. 

295 Nioostratus. 

294 Olympio. 

293 Philippus (ac. Hales.) 

292 Philippus (ac. Clinton.) 



Eegister of Archons is imperfect after 292 R. C. 
KINGDOM OF LACED.EMON, OR SPARTA. 

1490 B. C. Lelex. 1198 B. C. Menelaiis. 1123 B. C. Tisamenes. 

GOVEltXED Jt)INTLY BY THE TWIN SONS OF ARISTUDEMUS AND THEIR DESC'EXDAXTS- 



EURYSTHEXID.E OR 
AGID^ LINE. 



H. C. 

1102 

1060 

1059 

1028 

993 

975 

956 

927 

926 

883 
881 



PROCLID.E LINE. 



Eurvstlieues. 



Agis I. 

Echestratus. 

Labotas. 



Procles. 
Sous. 



Doryssus. 
Agesilaus. 



EURYSTHENID.E OK 
AGID.E LINE. 



Archelaus. 



823 
821 
783 
770 
742 
718 
709 
686 
676 
648 
637 



Teleclus. 

Alcameues. 

Polydorus. 

Eurycrates. 

Anaxander. 

Eurycrates II. 



Eurypon. 
Prytanis. 

Eunomus, or Po- 
lydectes. , 

Charilaus, under 
Lycurgus, as re 
gent. 

Nicander. 

Theopoinpus. 

Zeuxidamus. 

Anaxidamus I. 

Archidamus I. 



B. c. 

598 

560 Anaxandrides. 

520 Cleomenes I. 

510 

491 Leonidas. 

480 Pleistarchus, un- 
der Paysanias, as 
regent. 

469 

452 Pleistoanax. 

427 



PROCLID.E LINE. 



408 Pausanias. 

398 

394 Agesipolis I. 
380 Cleombrotus. 
371 Agesiiwlis II. 
370 Cleomenes II. 

361 

338 

309 Areus I. 
265 Acrotatus. 
264 Areus II. 
256 Leonidas. 
Line of Agid:e lost to 
historv after this date. 



Agesicles. 
Ariston. 

Demaratus. 
Leotvchides. 



Archidamus II. 
Agis II. 
Agesilaus II. 



Vrchidamus III. 

Vgis III. 

Line of Procli- 
da^ lost to history 
after tin's date. 



513 





GREECE. 






KINGDOM OF CORINTH. 


B. C. 




1!. 0. 




1347 


Sisyphus. 


799 


Agemon. 


1068 


Dynasty established by Aletes. 


783 


Alexander. 


1033 


Ixion. 


758 


Telestes. 


99«) 


A^ehTS. 


746 


Autonienes. 


959 


Priuimis. 




Last king reigns one year. 


925 


Bacchis. 




For next ninety years, Corinth is 


889 


Ajjelas. 




governed by annually-elected 


859 


Eudeimis. 




magistrates, called Prytanis. 


834 


Aristodenuis. 








KINGDOM OF MACEDON. 


It. c. 




B. C. 




748 


('aramis. 


359 


Philip II. 


729 


Ferdiccas I. 


336 


Alexander the Great. 


(584 


Arganis. 


323 


Philip III., or Arida^us. 


G40 


Philip I. 


316 


Cassander. 


594 


^Eropus. 


296 


Autipater and Alexander. 


572 


Aloetas. 


294 


Demetrius Poliorcetes. 


540 


Amyntas I. 


287 


Lysimachus. 


500 


Alexander I. 


281 


Ptolemy Ceraunns. 


454 


Perdiccas II. 


280 


Sosthenes. 


413 


Arohelaus. 


277 


AntigDuus Gouatas. 


399 


Orestes and .l<^ropus. 


239 


Demetrius II. 


394 


Pausanias. 


229 


Antigonus Doson usur])s the 


393 


Amyntas II. 




throne from hisnephew, Philip 


369 


Alexander II. 




(IV.), a minor. 


367 


Ptolenianis Alorites. 


220 


Philip V. 


364 


Perdiceus III. 


169 


Macedon subject to Rome. 




MODERN GREECE. 




A. D. 




A. D. 




1832 


Otho I., prince of Bavaria, 


1863 


George I., up to 1903. 




is elected king of Greece. 







514 



PALESTINE— JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 

LEADERS . 



B. C. 
141)1 



U05 



1325 



1285 



1245 



123G 



Moses. 



I!, c. 
1451 



JUDGES. 



Othniel delivers Israelites from 1233 

first lioiidajie, of Ciishau, kiug 1210 

of Mesopotamia. 1188 

Ehud frees Israel from second 

liondajie, of Ejilon, of iloah. 1182 

Deborah and Barak deliver Is- 1175 

rael from third bondage, of ll(i5 

Jabin, king of Canaan. 1157 

(lideou restores the Israelites 113G 

from fourth bondage, of the 1128 

3Iidianites. KlilG 

Abimelech. 



Josliua. 



Tola. 
Jair. 
Jephtha frees Israel from fifth 

bondage, of the Ammonites. 
Ibzan. 
Elon. 
Abdon. 
Eli. 

Samson. 
Samuel. 
Israel freed from si.xth bondage, 

of the Philistines, bv Samuel. 



KIX(;S OF ISR.VEL. 



101)5 


Saul. 


975 


Revolt of the Ten Tribes, after the 


1055 


David. 




death of Solomon; the king- 


1015 


Solomon. 




d(im of Israel is divided. 




.TUO.VH. 




ISRAEL. 


975 


Rehoboam. 


975 


Jeroboam. 


1)56 


Asa. 


955 


Nadab. 


1)15 


Jehosaphat. 


953 


Baasha. 


891 


Jehoram. 


931 


Elah. 


88r; 


Ahaziah. 


930 


Zimri, seven days. 


884 


Athaliah. 


930 


Omri. 


877 


Joash. 


919 


Ahab. 


837 


Amaziali. 


896 


Ahaziah. 


823 


Jeroboam II. 


895 


Joram. 


808 


Fzziah. 


884 


Jehu. 


75fi 


Jot ham. 


855 


Jehoahaz. 


741 


Ahaz. 


839 


Jehoash. 


726 


Hezekiah. 


782- 


771 Interregnum. 


697 


ilanasseh. 


771 


Shallum, thirty days. 


(544 


Anion. 


771 


Menahem. 


642 


Josiah. 


759 


Pekaiah. 


609 


Jehoahaz, three months. 


757 


Pekah. 


608 


Jehoiakim. 


730 


Hoshea. 


598 


Jehoiaehin, three months. 


721 


Assyrians take Samaria, and end 


598 


Ze<lekiah. 




the kingdom of Israel. 


587 


Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusa- 
lem, and ends the kingdom of 
Judah. 







515 



PALESTINE. 

HIGH PRIESTS OF THE JEWS; ALSO^ KINGS AND KOMAN GOVERNORS. 



HIGH PRIESTS. 



P.. c. 




I!. C. 




1451 


Eleazar. 


462 


Eliasliib. 


1402 


Phiiieas. 


441 


Joiada. 


1374 


Ahisluia. 


397 


Jonatlian. 


1305 


Bukki. 


350 


Jaddus. 


1255 


Uzzi. 


324 


Onias I. 


1093 


Ahiu. 


300 


Simon the Just. 


1014 


Zadok. 


292 


Eleazar. 


990 


Aliiiiiaaz. 


260 


Manasses. 


959 


Azariali. 


233 


Onias II. 


896 


Johanan. 


219 


Simon II. 


850 


Zacliariali. 


195 


Onias III. 


840 


Ainariah. 


172 


Meuelaiis. 


810 


Ahitub. 


162 


Jndas Maccabrpus 


769- 


•536 Invasious and captivity. 


152 


Jonatlian. 


536 


Jeshiia. 


143 


Simon III. 


480 


Joiachim. 


135 


Jolin TTvrcanns. 



107 

105 

79 



KINGS OF THE JEWS. 



Death of Hyrcanus; his son, Ar- 
istobnlns I., takes the title, 
King of the Jews. 

Alexander Jannaeus. 

Alexandra. 



70 Aristobiilns II. 

63 nyrraniis II. 

40 Herod. 

4 Archelans. 



ROMAN GOVERNORS. 



A. D. 

7 

9 

13 

14 



Coponins. 
I\Iarcns Ambivius. 
Annins Rnfus. 
Valerius Oratus. 



A. D. 

25 
35 
37 
44 



Pontins Pilatns. 
Herod Antipas. 
Herod Agrippa. 
Agrippa the Yoiinger. 



51(j 




JULIAN, EMPEROR OF ROME. 
361 A. D. 



"<snlfM 




THEODOSIUS I., EMPEROR OF THE EAST. 
379 A. D. 



518 





KOME. 






KINGS. 




r.. c. 




B. c. 




753 


Komulus. 


621 


Tarquiuius Priscus. 


716 


Numa Pompilius. 


578 


8ervius Tullius. 


672 


Tullus Hostilius. 


534 


Taniuinius II., Superbus; sev- 


040 


Auous Martins. 




enth and last king, to 510 B. C. 




CONSULS. 






Kome governed by two annually- 


43 


Second triumvirate : Octavius, 




elected consuls, 509-60 B. C. 




Antony, and Lepidus. 


(JO 


First triumvirate: J. Caesar, 


36 


Lepidus ejected from triumvi- 




Ponipey, and M. L. Crassus. 




rate. 


4(; 


Julius CiPsar, dictator. 


30 


Octavius alone. 




EMPERORS. 




11. c. 




.V. I). 




27 


Title "Augustus" given to Oc- 


270 


Aurelian. 


A. D. 


tavius. 


275 


Tacitus. 


14 


Tiberius. 


276 


Probus. 


.•!7 


(Jaius. 


282 


Carus. 


41 


Claudius I. 


284 


Diocletian. 


54 


Nero. 


286 


Diocletian and ^laxiiiiian. 


68 


Galba. 


,305 


Constantius and Galerius. 


(i!» 


Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. 


306 


Galerius, Constantine, and Max- 


70 


Vespasian alone. 




entius. 


79 


Titus. 


307 


Galerius, Constantine, Maxen- 


81 


Domitian. 




tius, and Licinius. 


96 


Xerva. 


308 


Galerius, Constantine, Maxen- 


98 


Trajan. 




tius, Licinius, and ^Maximin. 


117 


Hadrian. 


311 


Constantine, Maxentius, Licin- 


138 


Antoninus Pius. 




ius, and Maximin. 


161 


M. Aurelius and L. Verus. 


312 


Constantine, Licinius, and Max- 


169 


]Marcus Aurelius, alone. 




imin. 


180 


Commodus. 


313 


C(mstantine and Licinius. 


193 


Pertinax, Jan. 1st to Mar. 28tb. 


323 


Constantine, alone. 


193 


Didius Julianus, to June 2d. 


337 


Constantine IL, Ccnistantius II., 


193 


Septimius kSeverus. 




and Constans. 


211 


Caracalla and Geta. 


340 


Constantius II. and Constans. 


212 


Caracalla, alone. 


350 


Constantius II. , alone. 


217 


Macrinus. 


361 


.Julian. 


218 


Elagabalus. 


363 


Jovian. 


222 


Alex. Sevei'us. 


364 


Valentinian and Valens. 


235 


Maximus. 


375 


(Jratian, Valentinian IL, and 


238 


Gordian the Younger. 




Valens. 


244 


Philip. 


379 


Gratian, Valentinian II ; and 


249 


Decius. 




Theodosius I., in the East. 


251 


Gallus. 


383 


Valentinian 1 1., alone, at Rome; 


253 


Valerian and Gallienus. 




and Theodosius L. in the East. 


260 


Gallienu.s, alone. 


,392 


Western throne is usurped, by 


268 


Claudius II. 




Eugenius. 



519 





WESTERN EMPIRE. 




SEPARATION OF THE WESTERN AND EASTERN EMPIRES. 




EMPERORS OF THE WEST. 


A. D. 




A. D. 


395 


Honorius. 


465 Ricimer. 


-121 


Coiistautius. 


4(i7 Anthemius. 


423 


John usurps the throne. 


472 Olybrius. 


425 


Viilentiniaii III. 


473 Glycerins. 


-455 


Maxiinus. 


474 Julius Nepos. 


455 


Avitus. 


475 Romulus. 


457 


IMajoriau. 


476 "Western Empire overthrown, by 


401 


Severus. 


Odoaeer ; 1st king of Italy. 




KINGS OF ITALY. 


476 


Odoaeer. 


540 Ilildibald, an Ostrogoth. 


493 


Theodoric. 


541 Totila, an Ostrogoth. 


526 


Athalaric. 


552 Italy subject to Eastern Empire. 


534 


Theodatus. 


568 Italy invaded by Albiiin, who 


536 


Vitiges. 


founds kingdom of Lombardy. 




KINGS OF LOMBARDY. 


568 


Alboin. 


(')78 Bertaridus and Cunibert. 


573 


Cleopli. 


688 Cunibert, alone. 


575 


Autharis. 


700 Liutbert. 


591 


Agilulph. 


701 Ragimbert. 


615 


Adolwald. 


701 Aribert II. 


625 


Ariwald. 


712 Ansprando. 


636 


Rotharis. 


712 Liutprand. 


652 


Rodoald. 


744 Ilildebrand. 


653 


Arihert I. 


744 Rachis. 


661 


Bertaridns aud Gondibert. 


749 Astolfo. 


662 


Grimoald. 


757 Desiderius. 


671 


Bertaridus restored. 


774 ( 'ha rlemagne conquers Lombardy. 




EMPERORS OF THE WEST. 


soo 


Charleuiague crowned Dec. 25. 814 Louis I. le Debonnaire. 




EMPERORS OF ITALY. 


840 


Lothaire I. 


900 Berenger I. and Louis, of Aries. 


855 


Louis II. 


!M).") Berenger I., alone. 


875 


Charles the Bald. 


921 Berenger I. and Rudolf. 


877 


Carlonian. 


924 Rudolf of Burgundy, alone. 


879 


Charles the Fat. 


926 Hugh, count of Province. 


888 


Berenger I., duke of Friuli. 


947 Jjotbaire. 


894 


Bereuger I. and Lambert I. 


950 Bereuger II. and Adalbert. 


899 


Berenger I., alone. 


962 Otho, of Germany, conquers Italy. 




MODERN KINGS OP ITALY. 


1805 


Napoleon I., abdicated 1814. 


1878 Humbert. 


1861 


Victor Emmanuel II. 


1900 Victor Emmanuel III. up to 1903. 



J20 





EASTERN EMPIRE. 


A. [). 




.\. I). 




395 


Areadiiis. 


944 


Constantine, alone. 


408 


Theodosiiis II. 


959 


Romanus II. 


450 


JMareiau. 


903 


Nicepiiorus II., Phocas. 


457 


Leo I. 


909 


Jolin Zimisces. 


474 


Leo Junior. 


970 


Basil II. and Constantine XL 


474 


Zeno. 


1025 


Constantine XL, alone. 


475 


Zciio aud Basilisc. 


1028 


Romanus III. 


477 


Zeno, alone. 


1034 


Michael IV., the Paphlagonian. 


491 


Anastasuis I. 


1041 


Michael V. 


518 


Justin I. 


1042 


Constantine XIL, jointly with 


527 


Justinian I. 




Zoe, and Theodora, Constan- 


505 


Justin II. 




tine's wife. 


578 


Tiberius II. 


1050 


('onstantine and wife. 


582 


jMaurice. 


1054 


Theodora, Constantine's widow. 


(102 


riiocas. 


1050 


]Michael VI. 


(110 


Ileraclius. 


1057 


Isaac. 


()41 


Constantine III. and Heraclius 


1057 


Comuenus. 




II., 103 days; tlien Ileraoleo- 


1059 


Constantine XIII. 




nas, for 8 mouths; then Gou- 


1007 


Eudocia. 




stans II. 


1008 


Romanus IV. 


CCS 


<'(mstantine IV., or Pogonalus. 


1071 


^Michael VII. 


(185 


Justinian II. 


1078 


Nicephorus III. 


005 


Leontius. 


1081 


Alexius I. 


098 


Tiberius III., or Absimar. 


1118 


John II., or Calo- Joannes. 


705 


Justinian II., restored. 


1143 


Manuel I. 


711 


IMiilippicus Bardanes. 


1180 


Alexius Comnenus 11. 


713 


jVnastasius II. 


1183 


Andronicus. 


71(; 


Tlieodosius III. 


1185 


Isaac Angelus. 


717 


Leo III. 


1195 


Alexius III. 


741 


Constantine V. 


1203 


Isaac, restored. 


775 


Leo IV. 


1204 


Baldwin I. 


780 


Constantine VI. and Irene. 


1200 


Henry. 


790 


Constantine VI., alone. 


1210 


Peter, of Courteney. 


802 


Nieepliorus I. 


1228 


John de Brienne. 


811 


Stauracius. 


1237 


Baldwin II. 


811 


Michael I. 


1201 


Michael VIII. 


813 


Leo v., the Armenian. 


1282 


Decemlier, Andronicus II. 


820 


:\lichael 11. 


1 328 


Andronicus III. 


829 


Theophilus. 


1341 


John V. 


842 


Michael III. 


1347 


John VI. 


807 


Basil I., the Macedonian. 


1354 


John v., restored. 


880 


Leo VI. 


1391 


Manuel 11. 


911 


Alexander. 


1425 


John VI. 


911 


Constantine X. 


1448 


C(mstantine XIV. 


919 


Constantine X. and Romanus I. 


1453 


Constantinople taken by the sul- 


919 


Constantine X., Romanus I., Le- 
capenns, and his soiis. 




tan of Turkey. 



521 



EASTERN EMPIRE— Continued. 



TURKEY, on OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 



.\. D. 






A. u. 


1299 


Empire founded bv Othnian, 


or 


1622 




Ottoman, emir of tlie sultan of 


1623 




Iconium. 




1640 


1326 


Orcliam talces title of "Sultan of 


1648 




Ottoman Emi^ire." 




1687 


1360 


Amurath, or Murad I. 




1691 


1389 


Bajazet I. 




1695 


1403 


Solynmn I. 




1703 


1410 


Musa-Chelebi. 




1730 


1413 


Mahomet I. 




1754 


1421 


Amurath II. 




1757 


1451 


MalK.met II. 




1774 


1481 


Bajazet II. 




1789 


1512 


Selim I. 




1807 


1520 


Solyman II. 




1808 


1 5(;(; 


Selim II. 




1839 


1574 


Amurath III. 




1861 


1505 


Mahomet III. 




1876 


1603 


Achmed I. 




1876 


1617 


Mustafa I. 






1618 


Osman II. 







Mustafa I., restored. 
Amurath IV. 
Ibrahim. 
Mahomet IV. 
Solyman III. 
Achmed II. 
Mustafa II. 
Achmed III. 
Mahmud I. 
Osman III. 
Mustafa III. 
Abdul Ahmed. 
Selim III. 
Mustafa IV. 
Mahmud II. 
Abdul-Medjid. 
Abdul-Aziz. 

Amurath V., Jlay 30th. 
August 31st, Abdul Hamid II.; 
same up to 1003. 



PERSIA, 

INCLUDING MEDIA AND LYDIA. 



MEDIA, INDEPENDENT FROil ASSYRIA. 



LYDIA. 



1'.. C. 



1$. C. 



700 


Deioces. 


716 


Gyges. 


(i56 


Phraortes, or Arphaxad. 


678 


Ardys. 


632 


Cvaxares. 


628 


Sadvattes. 


594 


Astyages. 


617 


Alyattes. 


560 


Media united to Persia, by Cy- 


560 


Cro'sus. 




rus I. 


546 


Conquered by Cyrus, and added 
to Persia. 

"4 



.522 





PERSIAN 


ExMPIRE. 




B. C. 




n. c. 






.-.5!) 


Cyrus. 


425 


Sogdianus. 


- 


52! 1 


Cambyses. 


424 


Darius Nothus. 




521 


Snierdis, seven months. 


405 


Artaxerxes Mnemon. 




521 


Darius Hystaspes. 


359 


Ochus. 




485 


Xerxes I. 


336 


Darius Codomanus. 




465 


Artaxerxes Longimanus. 




Conquered by Alexander, of 




425 


Xerxes II., two months. 




Macedon. 






SECOND PERSIAN EMPIRF 


— .SASSANIDES OF PERSIA. 




A. D. 




A. D. 






22(5 


Artaxerxes I. 


458 


Firozo. 




241 


Sapor I. 


482 


Palasch. 




272 


Hormisdas, or Hormouz I. 


486 


Cabades. 




2.3 


A'araues, or Baharam I. 


497 


Zamasphes. 




276 


Varanes II. 


501 


Cabades, restored. 




293 


Yaraues III. 


531 


Chosroes I., or Nushirwau. 




2!»3 


Xarses. 


579 


Hormisdas II. 




301 


Hormisdas II. 


590 


Chosroes Purvis. 




309 


Sajjor II. 


628 


Siroes. 




379 


Ardisheer, or Artaxerxes II. 


628 


Ardshir. 




383 


Sapor III. 


629 


Toorandokht. 




388 


Yaraues lY. 


631 


Cesra. 




399 


Yezdejerd I. 


632 


Yezdejerd III. 




420 


"S'araues Y. 


651 


Conquered by the Saracens. 




440 


Yezdejerd II. 










SYI 


UA. 






1!. c. 




]i. c. 


' 




312 


Seleuous Xicator. 


128 


Demetrius Nicator, restored. 




280 


Autioclius Sdter. 


125 


Antiochus Grypus. 




261 


Antiochus Theus. 


112 


Antiochus (Jrypus, jointly with 




246 


Seleuous Callinicus. 




Cyzicenus. 




223 


Antiochus ^lagnus. 


95 


Seleucus. 




187 


Seleucus Philopater. 


94 


Autiochus Eusebes. 




175 


Autiochus Epiphaues. 


85 


Philip. 




164 


Antiochus Eupator. 


83 


Tigranes. 




162 


Demetrius Soter. 


69 


Antiochus Asiaticus. 




150 


Alexander Rala. 


65 


Conquered by Pompey, and 




146 


Demetrius Nicator. 




made a Roman province. 




137 


Antiochus Sidetes. 









523 





HIHHUPi^i 


OF RO.^IE. 


A. I). 




A. D. 




42 


►St. Peter. 


337 


Julius I. ; introduced appeals to 


(id 


Linus. 




l)ope, in all ecclesiastical dis- 


78 


Anacletus, or Cletus. 




putes. 


!)1 


Clement I. 


.352 


Liberius. 


10(t 


Evaristus. 


355 


Felix; second auti-poiie. 


10!» 


Alexander I.; introduced lioly 


300 


Damasus. 




water into tlie service of the 


30(5 


Ursinus ; anti-pope. 




Cliurcli. 


384 


Siricius. 


110 


Sixtus I. 


308 


Anastasius I. 


127 


Telesplninis. 


402 


Innocent I. 


138 


)r 130 Hyjiinus; introduced title 


417 


Zosimus. 




of "Pope," for bishoi) of Rome. 


418 


Boniface I. 


142 


Pius I. 


422 


Celestine I. 


157 


Anicetus. 


. 432 


Sixtus III. 


1 G5 


Soter. 


440 


Leo 1. 


177 


P^leutlierius. 


401 


Hilai-y. 


1!):J 


Victor 1. 


4G8 


Simplicius. 


202 


Zephyrinus. 


483 


Felix III.; opposed Acacius, pa- 


210 


Calixtus I. 




triarch of Constantinople, and 


•)00 


Pai>al chair vacant. 




caused first schism be'^ween 


222 


)r 223 Urban I. 




East and West. 


2:5(» 


Pont ianus. 


492 


Gelasius I. ; fixed canon of Scrip- 


23.-) 


Anterus. 




tures, and compiled the ^lass. 


23(1 


I'aliian. 


496 


Anastasius IL 


2.-0 


Papal chair vacant. 


498 


Symmachus (Laurentins, anti- 


2.-)l 


Cornelius. 




pope. ) 


251 


Xovatian, first anti-pope; found- 


514 


Ilormisdas. 




ed sect called Novatians. 


523 


John I. 


252 


Lucius I. 


526 


Felix IV. 


253 


Stephen I. 


530 


Boniface II. 


257 


Sixtus II. 


533 


John II. 


2.58 


Papal chair vacant. 


535 


Ai>apetus. 


250 


Dionysius. 


536 


Sylverius. 


2(10 


]->lix L 


537 


\'i<;ilius. 


275 


Eutychianus. 


555 


Pelaiiius I. 


283 


Cains. 


560 


John III. 


200 


Alarcellinus. 


573 


Papal chair vacant. 


304 


Pajial chair vacant. 


574 


. Benedict I. 


308 


ilarcellus I. 


.578 


IVdai^ius II. 


310 


Eusebius. 


590 


Grejiory I., "the Great." 


311 


Melchiades. 


604 


Sabinianus. 


314 


Sylvester I.; bei^inninc- of tem- 


(!06 


n' 007 Boniface III. ; obtained 




poral power. 




from empei'or the title of 


330 


ilarcus. 




"Universal Bishop." 



524 





BISHOPS OF ROME, 


OR POPES— Continned. 


A. I). 




.\.. D. 




COT or COS Bouifaoe IV. 


855 


Joan. 


(;i5 


Dicudoiiie, or Deusdedit I. 


855 


Benedict III. 


(;iil 


Boniface V. 


858 


Nicholas I. 


025 


lloiioriiis I. 


807 


Adrian II. 


03!) 


I'apal chair vaeaut. 


872 


John VIII. 


040 


Severiuiis. 


882 


Martin II. 


040 


John IV. 


884 


Adrian III. 


041' 


Tlicodoru.s I. 


885 


Ste])hen VI. 


049 


Martin. 


891 


Formosus. 


054 


Enii(Miius I. 


890 


Boniface VI. ; died, after eigh- 


(J57 


\'italianus. 




teen days. 


072 


Adeodatiis. 


890 


Stephen VII. 


070 


Doinis I., or Domnus. 


897 


Ronianns. 


078 


.\j;atlion. 


898 


Theodorus 11.; for twenty davs. 


C82 


Leo II. 


898 


John IX. 


(>83 


l'a]ia] cliair vacant. 


900 


Benedict IV. 


084 


Benedict II. 


!)03 


Leo v.; for two months. 


085 


John V. 


!I03 


Christopher. 


(ISO 


< 'onon. 


904 


Sergins. 


087 


Serj^ins I. 


911 


Anastasins III. 


701 


John VI. 


913 


Lando. 


705 


John VII. 


914 


John X. 


70S 


Lisinnins. 


928 


Leo VI. 


708 


Constantine. 


929 


Stephen ^'II1. 


715 


Gregory II. 


931 


John XI. 


731 


(Jrejiorv III.; estahlislied wor- 


930 


Leo VII. 




sliip of imaiics. 


939 


Stephen IX. 


741 


Zacharias. 


942 


ilarinns II. 


752 


Steplien II. ; died tliree days 


940 


Agapetns II. 




after election. 


950 


John XII. 


752 


Stephen III.; increased tempo- 


9(i3 


Leo VIII. 




ral power. 


904 


Benedict Y. 


757 


Banl I. 


905 


John XIII. 


70)7 


Constantino. 


!I72 


Benedict VI. 


70S 


Stei)hen IV. 


974 


Boniface ^'^.; one month. 


772 


Adrian I. 


974 


Domnns II. 


795 


Leo III. 


975 


Benedict VII. 


810 


Stephen V. 


983 


John XIV.; nominated, Imt kill- 


817 


Taschal I. 




ed in prison, 984, by anti-Pope 


824 


Euti'enins II. 




Boniface VII. 


827 


'S'alentinns. 


984 


John XV. ; died before consecra 


827 


(irejiory IV. 




tion. 


844 


Sereins II. 


985 


John XVI. 


S47 


Leo IV. 


990 


rjreiiory V. 





BISHOPS OF EOME, 


OR POPES— Continued. 


A. D. 




.\. u. 




997 


Joliu XVII. (anti-pope) ; ten 


1187 


Gregory VIII. ; for two months. 




months. 


1187 


Clement III. 


900 


Silvester II. 


1191 


Celestiu III. 


1003 


John XVIII.; died in 5 months 


11 98 


Innocent III. 


1003 


John XIX. 


1216 


Honorius III. 


1009 


Sergius IV. 


1227 


Gregory IX. 


1012 


Benedict VIII. 


1241 


Celestin IV. 


1024 


John XX. 


1242 


Papal chair vacant. 


1033 


Benedict IX. ; age 12 years old ; 


1243 


Innocent IV. ; he gave the red 




purchased the papal chair; 




hat to cardinals. 




afterwards deposed. 


1254 


Alexander IV. ; established in- 


1044 


Silvester III.; for three mouths. 




quisition in France. 


1044 


(iregorv \l. 


1261 


Urban IV. 


1040 


Clement II. 


1265 


Clement IV. 


1047 


Benedict IX., again; and again 


1268 


Papal chair vacant. 




deposed. 


1271 


Gregory X. 


1 048 


Damasus II. 


1276 


Innocent V. ; for four mouths. 


1048 or 1049 Leo IX. 


1276 


Adrian V. ; for five weeks. 


1055 


Victor II. 


1270 


Viced(uuiuus; for one day. 


1057 


Stephen X. 


1276 


John XXI. ; for eight months. 


1058 


Benedict X. ; expelled. 


1277 


Nicholas III. 


1058 or 1059 Nicholas II. 


1281 


Martin IV. 


1061 


Alexander II. 


1285 


Honorius IV. 


1073 


Gregorv VII. 


1288 


Nicholas IV. 


1086 


Victor III. 


1292 


Papal chair vacant. 


1088 


Urban II. 


1294 


Celestin V. 


1099 


Pascal II. 


1294 


Boniface VIII. 


1118 


Gelasius II. 


1303 


Benedict XI. 


1119 


Callixtus II. 


1304 


Papal chair vacant. 


1124 


Honorius II. 


1305 


Clement V.; removed the papal 


1130 


Innocent II. 




seat from Rome to Avignon. 


1143 


Celestin II. 


1314 


Papal chair vacant. 


1144 


Lucius II. 


1316 


John XXII. 


1145 


Eugenius III. 


1334 


Benedict XII. 


1153 


Anastasius IV. 


1342 


Clement VI. 


1154 


Adrian IV. ; only English pope. 


1352 


Innocent VI. 


1159 


Alexander III. 


1362 


Turban V. 


1181 


Lucius III. 


1370 


Gregory XL; restored tlu^ papal 


1185 


Urhau III. 




seat to Rome, after sixty-five 
years at Avignon. 



526 




UJ 

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527 





RISTIOPS OF R():\IE, 


(Wx POPES— Continued. 






SIXTY-FIVK years' SCHISM, FUOil 1378 


TO 1449. TWO POPES 






POI'ES, AT ROME. 




AXTI-POPES, AT AVK 


NGN. 


A. D. 




A. II. 






1378 


Urban XL 


1378 


Clement VII. 




1389 


Boniface IX. 


1394 


Benedict XIII. 




1404 


Innocent VII. 


1424 


Clement VIII. 




1400 


(ji-egovy XIJ.; (Icposed 1409. 


1429 


Clement VIII. resig 


ns. 


1409 


Alexander Y. elected. 


1439 


Felix V. 




1410 


John XXIII.; deiM.sed 1415. 


1449 


Feli.x ^'. atidicatcs. 




1415 


(jrei;iiry XLL; he abdicates. 








1417 


]\rartin V. 








1131 


Ii;n;L;enins lY. 








1447 


Xicholas V. 










1449, EXD OF SCHISM. — ONE POPE. 




A. 1). 




A. I). 






1455 


Callistus III. 


1605 


I'anl \'. 




1458 


Pins II. 


1021 


(iregory X^'. 




14(14 


Panl II. 


1()23 


Urban VIII. 




1471 


Sixtiis ly. 


1044 


Innocent X. 




1484 


Innocent \'II1. 


1055 


Alexander Yll. 




1492 


Ale.vander VI. 


1(!(;7 


( 'lenient IX. 




1503 


Pins III. 


KhO 


(Jlenient X. 




1503 


Jnlins II. 


1(170 


Innocent XI. 




1513 


Leo X. 


1089 


Alexander VIII. 




15l'l' 


Adrian VI. 


1091 


Innocent XII. 




151^3 


Clement VII. 


1700 


Clement XI. 




1534 


Pan] III. 


1721 


Innocent XIII. 




1550 


Jnlins III. 


1724 


Benedict XIII. 




1555 


^larcellns 11. ;(li('d 21 days after. 


1730 


Clement XII. 




1555 


Panl IV. 


1740 


Benedict XIV. 




1559 


Pins IV. 


1 758 


Clement XIII. 




15(;(i 


Pins V. 


1709 


Clement XIV. 




1572 


Gregory XIII. 


1775 


Pins VI. 




1585 


Sixtns V. 


1800 


Pins VII. 




159(1 


Urban VII.; died 12 days after. 


1823 


Leo XII. 




1590 


(irecory XI \'. 


1829 


Pins VIII. 




1591 


Innocent IX.; died two niontlis 


1831 


(iregory X^'I. 






after consecration. 


1 840 


Pins IX. 




1592 


Clement VIII. 


1878 


Leo XI I L 




1005 


Leo II.; died 2C> days after. 


1903 


Pins X. 





529 



GREAT BKITAIN. 

INCLUDING SCOTLAND, HUITALN. ENGLAND, AND IRELAND. 





Scotland. 




. D. 


1 


A. D. 




357 


Eugeiiius I. [ 


944 


Malcolm I. 


401 


Fergus 11. 


953 


Indulfus. 


420 


Eugenius 11. 


961 


Duttus. 


451 


Dougardus. 


965 


Culleu. 


457 


Constautine I. 


970 


Kenneth III. 


479 


Cougallus 1. 


994 


Constantine IV. 


501 


Goraniis. 


995 


Kenneth IV. 


535 


Eugenius 111. 


1 003 


Malcolm II. 


558 


Cougallus II. 


1033 


Duncan I. 


569 


Kiuuatellus. 


1039 


Macbeth. 


570 


Aidamis. 


1057 


Malcolm III. 


(i05 


Keuueth. 


1093 


Donald VII. 


000 


Eugeuius IV. 


1094 


Duncan II. 


621 


Ferohard I. 


1094 


Donald VII., again. 


632 


Douald IV. 


1098 


Edgar. 


646 


Ferohard II. 


1107 


Alexander I. 


664 


Malduiuus. 


1124 


David I. 


684 


Eugenius V. 


1153 


Malcolm IV. 


688 


Eugenius VI. 


1165 


William the Lion. 


698 


Amberkeletus T. 


1214 


Alexander II. 


699 


p]ugenius VII. 


1249 


Alexander III. 


715 


^lordaobus. 


1285 


Margaret. 


730 


Etfinus. 


1292 


John Balliol. 


761 


Eugenius VIII. 


1306 


Roliert Bruce. 


764 


Fergus III. 


1329 


David Bruce. 


767 


Solvathius. 


1371 


Robert II. (Stuart.) 


787 


Acliaius. 


1390 


Robert III. (John Stuart.) 


819 


Congallus III. 


1406 


James I. 


824 


Donga 1. 


1437 


James II. 


831 


Alpine. 


14(!0 


James III. 


834 


Kenneth II. 


1488 


Janu's IV. 


854 


Donald \^ 


1513 


James ^'. 


858 


Constantine II. 


1542 


Marv. 


874 


Eth, or Ethus. 


1567 


James VI., who, in 1603, became 


876 


(iregorv the Great. 




James I., of England. Scot- 


893 


Donald VI. 




land united to England. 


904 


Constantine III. 







A. D. 

454 ITengist. 

488 Mac. 

512 Octa. 



Britain — The Heptarchy. 
KENT (1.) 
a. d. 



542 
560 
616 



Hermenric. 
St. Ethelbert. 
Eadbald. 



53U 





GREAT BRITAIN. 




Britain — The Heptarchy. 




KENT CONTINUED. 


A. D. 




A. 1). 


G40 


Ercenbert. 


748 Ethelbert. 


G64 


Egbert. 


760 Alric. 


G73 


Lotliair. 


794 Edbert. 


685 


Edric. 


796 Cuthred. 


694 


Wihtred. 


805 Baldrad. 


725 


Eadhert. 


823 Conquered by Egbert, of Wessex. 




SUSSEX, OR .SOUTH SAXONS (2.) 


A. D. 




A. D. 


490 or 491 .Ella. 


648 Ethelwach. 


514 


Cissa. 


686 Authun and Bertbun. 


584 


Conquered by Ceawlin, of Wes- 


689 Defeated by Ina,kiug of Wessex. 




sex. 


725 Sussex conquered by King of 




Independeut again. 


Wessex. 




WESSEX, OR WE.ST S.\XONS (3.) | 


A. D. 




A. D. 


519 


Cerdic. 


676 Centwine. 


534 


Cynric. 


685 Csdwallo. 


560 


Ceawliu. 


688 Ina. 


591 


Ceolric. 


728 Etbelbeard. 


597 


Ceohviilf. 


740 Cuthred. 


611 


Cynegils. 


754 Sigebright. 


014 


Cynegils and Cwichelm. 


755 Cynewulf. 


643 


Cenwal. 


784 Bertric. 


672 


Sexburga. 


800 Egbert, bretwalda; afterwards 


674 


Eschwine. 


king of England. 




ESSEX. OR EAST S.^XONS (4.) 


A. I). 




A. D. 


530 


Erclienwin. 


693 Sigeiiard and Suenfrid. 


587 


Sledda. 


700 Offa. 


597 


St. Sabert. 


709 Suebright. 


()14 


Saxred, Sigebert I., and Seward. 


738 Switbred. 


623 


Sigebert II. 


792 Sigeric. 


655 


Sigebert III. 


799 Sigered. 


661 


Suidbelni. 


823 Conquered by Egbert, king of 


()63 


Sighere and Sebbi. 


Wessex. 




NORTIIfMr.RIA. OR NORTH SAXONS (5.) 


A. D. 




A. D. 


547 


Ida. 


593 Etbdfrith. 


560 


Adda and Ella. 


617 Edwin. 


567 


Clap])a and Ella. 


634 Eanfrid. 


572 


Heodwulf and Ella. 


(U2 Oswy. 


573 


Freodwulf and Ella. 


670 Egfrid. 


580 


Tbeodoric and Ella. 


685 Alfrid. 


588 


Ethelric. 


705 Osred. 



531 







GKEAT BRITAIN. 






Britain — The Heptarchy. 






NORTHUaiBRIA — CONTINUED. 


A. D. 






A. D. 


71(j 


Coiiric. 




789 Osred. 


718 


Osric. 




790 Ethel red, i-estored. 


729 


Ccolwulf. 




794 Erdulf. 


737 


Eadhert. 




800 Alfwold. 


757 


Oswulf. 




808 Erdulf, restored. 


759 


Edilwald. 




809 Eanred. 


765 


Aired. 




841 Northuinbria annexed to Wes- 


774 


Etludred. 




sex, by Egbert. 


778 


Elwald. 










EAST ANGIJA (0.) 


571 


Uffa. 




0(M Aldwulf. 


578 


Titilus. 




713 Selred. 


599 


Kedwald. 




74<) Al])li\vuld. 


(;24 


Er])\vald. 




, 749 Beorua and I^thelred. 


(127 


Riolibert. 




758 Beorna, alone. 


029 


Si'sebert. 




701 Ethel red. 


032 


Ejjric. ^ 




790 Ethelbert. 


035 


Anna. 




7!i2 Con(]uered, first, bv Offa, king of 


054 


Etholhore. 




Mercia ; and afterwards, by 


055 


Etlu'Iwald. 




Egbert, of Wessex. 






MERCIA (7.) 


580 


Cridda. 




755 Beornred. 


593 


lutorreiiuuin. 




794 Egfrid. 


593 


reolrio, nsuvper. 




819 Cenelni. 


597 


Wibba. 




821 Beornw\ilf, or Bernulf. 


015 


Ceorl. 




823 Ludecan. 


020 


Ponda. 




825 Withlaf. 


055 


Peada. 




838 Bertbulf, or Beortwulf. 


056 


Wulfliere. 




852 Burbred. 


075 


Etliclred. 




874 Ceolwulf. 


704 


(V'nrcd. 




877 Conquered by Danes, and after- 


709 


Ccolred. 




Avards merged into kingdom of 


710 


EHiclliald. 




England. 






England. 






SAXONS AND DANES. 


A. D. 






A. D. 


828 


Egbert, kiu,n of 


Wessex and 


800 Ethelbert. 




Kent, Sussex, F 


:ssex, and East 


800 Ethel red. 




Anji'lia, l■e(•ei^ 


ed the title, 


871 Alfred the (Jreat. 




"Kino of Enfjland." 


901 Edward the Elder. 


837 


Etliehvi.lf. 




925 Athelstan. 


857 


Etbelbald. 




940 Edmund I. 



532 




Q 

Z 
< 

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o 

z 

LU 



Z o 



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lU 

111 

a 




Q 
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o 

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UJ 

o d 

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111 CO 

< T- 

N 

_1 

UJ 

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UJ 
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a 



534 



GREAT 

EXIJI.AXII- 
A. I). SAXOX.S AXD DAXES. 

!I4(; Edml. 

!»55 EdwY. 

!t5S Ed-ar. 

!>75 Edwai'il the .Alaityr. 

!t7i» Etliclrcd II. 

lOi;! Sweyii. 

1014 Canute. 

KMCi Canute and Edmund Ironsiidp. 

1017 Canute, alone. 

1035 Harold I. 

1040 Ilardicanute. 

1042 Edward the Confessor. 

10G6 Harold II. 

XORMAXS. 



BRITAIN. 

— COXTIXL'EI). 
A. D. 
1401 
1483 



1000 


A\illiani the Con(|ueror 


10S7 


William Rufus. 


1100 


llenrv I. 


1135 


Stephen. 




i'L.vxTA(;ioxi:r.s. 


1154 


Ilenrv II. 


11 SO 


Richard I. 


ll!»!l 


John. 


1216 


Ilenrv III. 


1272 


Edward I. 


1.307 


ICdward IL 


1327 


Edward III. 


1377 


RMcIiard II. 




IIorSE OF I.AXCASTKIt. 


1 :',!»!) 


Henry IV. 


1413 


Ilenrv V. 


1422 


Ilenrv VI. 



1483 



IIorSK OF YOUK. 

I'jdward IV. 

Edward V. ; reijjned two months, 

thirteen days; murdered in 

the tower, June 20th. 
Riehard III. 



HOI'SE OF Tl'llOU. 

1485 Henry VII. 

1509 Henry VIII. 

1 547 Edward VI. 

1553 Jane; for ten days. 

1553 Mary (Bloody). 

1558 Elizaheth. 



A. I). 

!t79-080 Mao] Ceachlin II. 
1001-1002 Brian Baromy. 
1014 IMaol Ceachlin, restored. 
1058 Donouiih O'Brian. 
1072 Tirloch. 
1086-1132 Throne contested. 



1(;03 
1C)25 

1(;4!» 
1 658 

1(!60 
1685 
lOS'.t 

1604 
1702 

1714 
1727 
1760 
1820 
1830 
1837 
1001 

lUFI.AXI). 

KiX(;s. 

A. II. 

1132 
1166 



of Scot- 



HOrSE OF ST[\\RT. 
James I. (James VI. 

hind. I 
Charles I. 

(d.MMOWYEALTlI. 

Oliver Cromwell. 
Richard Cromwell. 

HOUSE OF STUART, RESToKEli. 

Charles IT. 

James II. 

^^■illiam III., of Oranye; and 

Mary. 
William 111., alone. 
Anne. 

HOUSE OF IIAXOVEK. 

(leorjie I. 

George II. 

George III. 

George IV. 

AVilliam IV. 

Victoria. 

Edward \l\., January 22d. 



Tordel Vach. 
Roderic O'Connor. 
1172 Henry II., Kings of England 

called Lords of Ireland. 
1509 Henry VIII. takes title of King 
of Ireland. 



535 



SPAIN. 

SUEVI TRIBES IN SPAIN. 



A. D. 








A. 11. 




408 


Hei'jiiaiirio. 






584 


Con(inered by Leovigild, a 


438 


Eecliil. 








goth. 


448 


Ivicliiarius. 






586 


Recared I. 


457 


Maldra. 






601 


Liuva II. 


400 


I'niiiiarius. 






60:5 


Vitterio. 


464 


Iveiiiisniiuul. 






6111 


(iuu<leniar. 


470 


Conquered by 


p]iiric, of the Visi- 


612 


Sisebert. 




gotlis. 






620 


Kecared II. 


485 


Alaric II., a 


Visi 


goth. 


621 


Snintilla. 


507 


Giselicli and 


Ann 


ilarieh. 


631 


Sisenand. 


510 


Anialaricli, a 


one. 




636 


riiintilla. 


531 


Thiodes. 






640 


Tulga. 


548 


Theudisonlns 






641 


Chintasuinthus. 


549 


A-ila. 






653 


licchcsninthns. 




Suevi again reign 


in Spain. 


(172 


Wainba. 


550 


Cariaric. 






680 


Ervigius. 


559 


Theodeniir. 






(iS7 


Egica. 


569 


]\Iirva. 






701 


Witiza. 


582 


Ehuric. 






711 


Koderic. 


583 


Andica. 








Overthrow of the Visigoths 



A. D. 

736 
741 

742 
742 
743 
745 
746 
755 
787 
795 
821 
852 
886 
888 
912 
961 
976 
1009 
1009 



DIVIDED BETWEEN CH)THS AND SARACENS. 
SARACENS. 



Okbah, or Oeba. 
Abdehnelio. 
Beleg; six months. 
Thaalaba ; live months. 
Ilnsani, or Abnlkatur. 
Tlmeba, or Toba. 
Yussef, or Yiis\if. 
Abderaliman Moawryah. 
Ilixem, or Ilashen. 
Al Ilakem I. 
Abd(M-ahman I. 
Mnhamad. 
Almondliir. 
Abdallah. 
Ab(U'raliman IJ I. 
Al Ilakem II. 
Ilixem II. 
]Mnhamad II. 
Suleiman Almostain. 



A. D. 

1016 Ali I5en Ilamud. 

1017 Abderahnian IV. 
1021 Al Casin. 

1021 Yahye Ben Ali. 

1022 Abderahnian V. 

1023 MuhanmdIII. 

1024 Yahye Ben Ali, re.stored. 

1025 Ilixem III. 
1031 (iehwar. 

1(143 .Muhamad Ben Gehwar. 

1 ()(;(! Muhamad Almualedid. 

10()8 .Muhauiad Almoatamad. 

Coiiipicred by floors. 

1091 Yussef. 

1105 Ali Ben Yussef. 

1143 Taxfin Ben Ali. 

1145 Abdelmumen. 

1163 Yuzef Abu Jakub. 

1184 Jakub Almansor. 



536 





SPAIN. 






MO()U« — CONTINUED. 


A. 1). 




A. I). 




11!»8 


^Nfohamad Alxlalla. 


135!) 


Ismail II. 


1213 


Yuscf .Vliiiiistaiisir. 


1300 


Abu Said. 


1224 


xVbul Melic. 


1302 


Muhamad V., restored. 


1224 


AlKlallnh .Mdhamad. 


13!»1 


Yusef II. (Ben Muhamad.) 


1227 


Aim!.. la. 


13<)0 


:Muhauuid VI. ( Ben Yusef. 1 


1 232 


Aben Had. 


1408 


Yusef III. (Ben Yusef.) 


1237 


Muhaiiiad I. 


1423 


:Muliamad VII. (el Ilayzari.) 


1273 


Muhaiiiad 11. 


1445 


iluhauuid VIII. ( Abcu Zmin. ) 


1302 


Muliamad III. (Aim Ahdalhili. ) 


14.54 


^luhamad IX. (Aben Isuuiil.) 


130!t 


Nazar. 


1400 


Abnl (Hassan. 1 


1313 


Aliul ^^'alid, or I.sniail. 


1481 


Abul Abdallah and Abdallah (el 


1325 


:\Iuliaiiiad IV. (Ben Ismail.) 




Zao-al. ) 


1333 


Yuscf ( Ren Ismail. I 


1492 


floors con(|Ucred by Ferdinand, 


1354 


:\lnhamad V. (Bern Yuscf.) 




of Castile. 




GOTII.S IX I'UOVIXCE OF 


LEOX. 


A. I). 




A. D. 




71(1 


I'cla.vd. 


913 


Ordouio 11. 


737 


I'^nila. 


928 


Froila II. 


73!) 


Alfouso I. 


924 


Alfonso lY. 


757 


I'roila. 


931 


Kamiro II. 


708 


Aurclius. 


950 


Ordouio III. 


774 


Silo. 


T)55 


Sancho I. 


7S3 


^laurcjiutus. 


907 


Kamiro III. 


788 


Vcrcmundns, or Beruiudo L 


982 


Veremund, or Bermudo II. 


791 


Alfonso II. 


999 


Alfonso V. 


843 


Kamira I. 


1028 


Bermudo III. 


850 


( )rdonio I. 


1037 


Province of Leon oon<iuered by 


8C.2 


Alfonso III., the ("ireat. 




Fei'dinand I., of Castile, in his 


It 10 


(Jarcias. 




third year as king of Castile. 




NAV 


VRRi:. 




A. I). 




A. 11. 




!t70 


Sauclio II. 


1094 


Pedro I. 


!t!l4 


(iarcias II. 


1104 


Alfonso I. 


1(100 


Saiulio III. 


1134 


(Jaroias IV. 


1035 


At Sancho's death, his sons di- 


1150 


Sancho VI. 




vide his territory. Ferdinand 


1194 


Sauclio VII. 




I. founds Castile; liamiro I. 


1234 


Theobald I. 




founds Aragon, and (Janias 


1253 


Theobald II. 




III. I'ci.iins in Navarre 


1270 


Henry I. 


1053 


Sauclio IV. 


1274 


Joanna. 


10711 


Saucho 1., of .Vragon, becomes 


1305 


Louis. 




Sancho v., of Navarre. 


1310 


John I. ; five days. 



.537 





SPAIN. 






NAVARRE — 


CONTIXUEU. 


A. 1). 




A. I). 




1310 


Joanua II. 


1479 


Eleanor de Foi.x. 


1341) 


riiarles II., tlu' Bad. 


1483 


Catherine and John d'AIbret. 


1387 


Cliarles III., the Noble. 


1512 


Na^'arre conqnered by I'erdi- 


1425 


Blauche II. and John II. 




nand V., of Castile. 


1441 


Jdlm 11., alone. 








ARAdOX. 




A. I). 




A. 1). 




1035 


Kauiivo I. 


1291 


James II. 


1007 


Sanc]i(> J. 


1327 


Alfonso I v. 


1094 


I'edro I. 


1336 


Pedro IV. 


1104 


Alfonso I. 


1387 


John I. 


1134 


lianiii'o II. 


1395 


Martin I. 


1137 


Petronilla and Raj'niond II. 


1412 


Ferdinand the Just. 


1102 


Alfonso II. 


1416 


Alfonso ^^, the ^^'ise. 


1190 


Pedro II. 


1458 


John II., of Navarre, lieeomes 


1213 


James I. 




also John II., of Aras>on. 


1270 


Pedro III. 


1479 


Araji'on united to Castile. 


1285 


Alfonso III. 

CAS' 


lEE. 




A. D. 




A. I>. 




1005 


Sancho II. 


1120 


Alfonso VII., abuie. 


1072 


Alfonso VI. 


1157 


Alfonso's sons, at his death, sep- 


1109 


Urraea and Alfonso VII. 




ai'atc Castih' and L<'on. 




CA.STILE. 




I.EOX. 


1157 


Sancho. 


1157 


Ferdinand II. 


1158 


Alfonso VIII. 


1188 


Alfonso IX. 


1214 


Henry I. 


1230 


Castile and Leon re-united. 


1217 


Ferdinand III. 

CAS' 


L'lLE. 


under Ferdinand III. 


A. D. 


• 


A. I). 




1252 


Alfonso X. 


1454 


Henry IV. 


1284 


Sanclio IV. 


1474 


Ferdinand and Isabella. 


1295 


Ferdinand IV. 


1479 


Aragou united with Castile, at 


1312 


Alfonso II. 




death of John II., king of 


1350 


Peter the Crnel. 




Aragon and Navarre. 


1309 


Henry II. 


1504 


I'erdinand V., alone. 


1379 


John'l. 


1512 


Navarre conquered by I'crdi- 


1390 


Henry III. 




nand V., who becomes king of 


1406 


John II. 




all Spain. 



538 




CHARLES I.. OF ENGLAND. 
SEE 1649 A. D. 



539 





ALL Sl'AIX UNITED. 




KINCS OF SI'.UX. 


A. D. 




A. D. 


IT) 12 


I'\'T'(1 ilia 11(1 y., of Castile. 


1021 Philip l\. 


1510 


Cliarles I. 


lOOo Charles 11. 


1510 


TMiarles I.; made also einperov 


1700 Phili]) V. 




(if Germany, as Charles ^'. 


17!() Ferdinand Y I. 


1 550 


Charles I. resigns S^pain to 


1759 Charles III. 




Philip IL 


1788 Charles lY. 


1598 


Philip'lII. 


1808 J(jseph Napoleon. 




r.diiiiioxs UKSToition. 


181-1 


Ferdiuaud XU. 


1874 December 30tii. Alfonso XII. 


]8:',3 


Isahella 11. 


proclaimed. 


1870 


Isabella abdicates iu favor of 


1885 Death of Alfonso XI L; his 




her son, as Alfonso XII., Juiir 


widow, Christina, becomes re- 




25th. 


gent. 


1870 


Aniadeo I., son of Victor Em- 


1880 Christina gives birth to a son. 




mamiel II., of Italy, accepts 


who becomes king of Spain, as 




the throne, offered by Spanish 


Alfonso XIII. Same ii]i to 




Ciortes, December -Ith. 


1 903. 


1873 


I'ebruary lltli. Emmanuel ab- 
dicates. Republic of Spain 
jiroclaimed. 


«E^ 




0% 




mEP^ Igj^^lJUt^^ l^gi^C 




^LcJ 




#^^^^^1% ' 








^^^M^^^SB^^^^S^KKSItB^m^K^S/^^^Mi' 




TALLEYRAND. 




SEE 1790 AND 1838 A. D. 



541 



FRANCE. 



.mi;kovin(;ia.\' i.imo. 



A. D. 

428 
448 
458 
481 
511 

524 

534 

548 

558 
561 

567 

575 

584 



768 
771 
800 

814 

840 

877 
879 
882 



987 

9!»(; 

1031 
1060 
1108 
1137 
1180 
1223 



Clodion. 

Meroveus. 

Childeric I. 

Clovis I. 

Thierry, Clilotair, Childebert I., 
and Chlodoniir. 

Thierry, Chlotair, aud Childe- 
bert I. 

Chlotair, Childebert I., and The- 
odebert I. 

Chlotair, Childebert, and Theod- 
ebald. 

Chlotair, alone. 

Charibert I., (ioutran, Sigebert 
I., and Chilper. 

Gontran, Sigebert I., and Chil- 
per. 

Gontran, Chilper, aud Childe- 
bert II. 

Gontran, Childebert II., and 
Chlotair II. 



A. D. 

596 Chlotair II., Theodebald II., 
and Thierry II. 

612 Chlotair II., and Thierry II. 

613 Chlotair II., alone. 
628 Dagobert I. 

638 Clovis II., and Sigebert II. 

656 Chlotair III. 

660 Chlotair III., and Childeric II. 

670 Childeric II., and Thierry III. 

674 Thierry III., and Dagobert II. 

680 Thierry III., and Martin and 

Pepin, as dukes. 

681 Thierry III., and Pepin. 
691 Clovis III., and Pepin. 
695 Childebert III., and Pepin. 
711 Dagobert III., and Pepin. 
715 Chilperic and Charles Martel. 
720 Martel and Thierr\' W. 

737 ilartel, alone. 

741 Carlomau and Pepin. 

742 Carloinan and Chilperic III. 
747 Pepin and Chilperic III. 



CARI.OVIXlilAX MXE. 



Pepin, king of France. 
Charlemagne aud Carlomau. 
Charlemagne, alone. 
Charlemagne made emperor of 

the West. 
Louis I. 

Charles II., the Bald. 
Louis II. 

Louis III., and Carloman. 
Carlomnn, alone. 



884 
888 
896 
898 
922 
923 
936 
954 
98() 



Charles III., the Fat. 

Eudes, count of Paris. 

Endes and Charles IV. 

Charles IV., alone. 

Robert I. 

Rudolf. 

Louis IV. 

Lothaire. 

Louis V. 



CAPETIAN LINE. 



Hugh Capet. 
Robert II. 
Henry I. 
Philip I. 
Louis VI. 
Louis VII. 
Philip Augustus. 
L(mis VIII. 



1226 


Louis IX. 


1270 


Philip III. 


1285 


Philip IV. 


1314 


Louis X. 


1316 


John I. ; five days 


1316 


Philip V. 



1322 Charles IV. 



542 




LOUIS XIII., OF FRANCE. 
1610 A. D. 




LOUIS XIV., OF FRANCE. 
1643 A. D. 



544 



FRANCE. 



A. I). 

1328 Philip VI. 

1350 John II. 

1364 Charles V., the Wise. 

1380 Charles VI. 

U22 Charles VIJL 

1461 Louis T^_XT~ 

1483 Cliarles VIIT. 



1 .-)8!> Henry IV. 
1610 Louis XIII. 
1643 Louis XIV. 



1 799 Napoleon — consul . 



1814 Louis XVIII. 
1824 Charles X. 



HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

A. 1). 
1498 

1515 
1547 
1559 
1560 
1574 



Louis XII. 
Francis I. 
Henry 11. 
Francis II. 
Charles IX. 
Henry III. 



HOUSE OF nOURBON. 

1715 Louis XV. 
1774 Louis XVI. 

KBPUBLIC — 1792. 

I 1804 Napoleon I., emperor. 

BOURBONS RESTORED. 

1830 Louis Philippe, of the House of 
Orleans. 



SECOND REPUBLIC 1848. 

1848 Louis Napoleon, president. | 1852 Napoleon III., emperor. 

THIRD REPUBLIC — 1871. 
PRESIDENTS. 

1871 Louis Adolphe Thiers. 1895 M. Felix Faure. 

1873 P. M. MacMahou. 

1879 F. P. Jules Grevy. 

1887 Sadi Carnot. 



1899 M. Eniile Loubet. 
Same up to 1903. 



545 



NORWAY. 



A. 1). 

630 Olaf Tnx'lelia. 

(UO llalfdau I. 

700 Ejsteiu I. 

730 Halfdan II. 

784 Gudrocl. 

824 Olaf (it'ii'stade and llalfdau III. 

840 Halfdan, alone. 

863 Harold llarfager. 

934 Eric. 

940 llako. 

963 Harold II. (Graafeld.) 

977 Ilako Jarl. 

995 Olaf I., Trygvasion. 
1000 Norway divided between Swe- 
den and Dennnirk. 
1015 Olaf II., the Saint. 
1028-9 Canute, the Dane. 
1035 Sweyu ; succeeded by Magnus, 
^\ho becomes king of Den- 
mark, 1036. 
1047 Harold Ilardrada. 
1066 Olaf III., and Magnus II. 
1069 Olaf III., alone. 
1093 Magnus III. 
1103 Sigurd I., Eysteiu II., and Olaf 

IV. 
1122 Sigurd I., alone. 
1130 Magnus IV., and Harold IV. 
1134 Harold, alone. 



A. D. 

1136-1162 Civil war; throne contest- 
ed by Sigurd II., Inget, Ey- 
steiu III., Ilako III., and 
.Magnus V. 

1162 Magnus V., alone. 

1186 Swerro, an adventurer. 

1202 Hako IV. 

1280 Eric II., and Margaret, of Scot- 
laud. 

1299 Hako V. 

1319 Magnus VII. (Magnus III., of 
Sweden. ) 

1343 Hako VI. 

1380 Olaf V. (Olaf II., of Dennmrk. I 

1389 ^largaret unites Norway, Swe- 
den, and Denmark. (See Den- 
mark. ) 

1523 Denmark and Norway separate 
from Sweden. 

1523-1814 See Denmark. 

1814 Treaty of Kiel : Norway given to 
Sweden. 

1814 Charles XIII., of Sweden, pro- 
cliiimed king of National Diet, 
Novendier 4th. 
Norway declared a free State, 
united to Sweden. (See Swe- 
den. ) 



.54(5 




v^^^ 



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H 
DC 
O 

z 



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z 

cc d 

D . 

O < 

lij o 

o 5 

z ^ 

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oc r 



HI 
Q 

UJ 


1- 
z 

HI 


D 

o 

_l 


tr. 


o 

UJ 


z 


< 


o 


S 




m 




>' 


a: 






LU 




> 


I 




cc 


ti. 




z 


o 



UJ 

I 
tl. 
O 

z 

UJ 
lU 

<3 




UJ 

o 

z 
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DC 

u. 

u. 
o 



> 
cc 

z 

UJ 

I 



547 



DENMARK. 



N. B. — Names and dates of early kin<is, prior to 1011, are very uncertain, 
and clironolosjjists differ widely. 

A ( ?) is placed after each name or date about which there is a doubt. 



\\'aldeuiar I. 

(\niute IV. (or VI.) 

A\ aldeniar II. 

Ei-ic IV. (or \'I. I 

Ahcl. 

Cliristoplier I. 

Eric V. (or VII.) 

Eric VI. (or VIII.) 

Christopher II. 

Gerard, regent. 

Waldeiiiar III. 

Interregnum. 

Olaf II. (made king of Norway, 
asOlaf v., in 1380.) 

Margaret. 

Norway, Sweden, and Denmark 
united. 

Margaret and Eric VII. (or IX.) 

Eric VII., alone. 

Interregnum. 

Christo])lier 111., of Sweden (or 
1440. 1 

Christian I. 

J(»hn I. 

Christian II. 

Sweden separated from Den- 
mark. 



Frederic V. 

Christian VII. 

Prince Frederic, as regent while 

his father. Christian VII., is 

insane. 
Frederic YI. 
Norway annexed to Sweden. 



DENMAKK ALONE. 

18(i3 Christian IX. 



A. D. 




A. D. 


714 


(iornio I. ( ?) 


1157 


750 


(About.) Kagnar Lddlirok. 


1182 


704 


Sigurd 11. 


1202 


824 


llardicanute I. ( ?| 


1241 


850 


Eric I. (?) 


1250 


854 


Eric II. (?) 


1252 


855 


(}ormo tlie Old (or 883.) 


1259 


03(5 


Harold Bluetooth (or 941?.) 


1280 


080 


Sweyn, or Seuno I. (or 901?.) 


1 320 


1014 


Canute II., the Great. 


1334 


1035 


Canute, or llardicanute III. 


1340 


1042 


.Magnus. 


1375 


1047 


Sweyn II. 


1376 


1 073 


Interregiuim. 




107(; 


Harold III. (or IV.) 


1387 


1080 


Canute IV. 




1080 


tHaf I. (sometimes called Olaf 






IV.) 


13!)7 


1005 


Eric I. (or III.) 


1412 


1103 


Interregnum. 


1438 


1105 


Nicholas I. 


1439 


1135 


Eric II. (or IV.) 




1137 


Eric III. (or V.) 


1448 


1147 


Sweyn III. 


1481 


1147 


Canute III. (or V., according to 
whether or not the two Hardi- 
canutes are counted in line 
with the Canutes.) 


1513 




DPINMARK a: 


V'l) NOR\ 


1523 


Frederic I. 


1740 


1533 


Christian III. (or 1534.) 


17(;(> 


155!) 


Frederic II. 


1784 


1588 


(Miristian IV. 




1048 


Frederic III. 




1 070 


Clii'istiau V. 


1800 


10! 10 


I'rederic lY. 


1814 


1730 


Christian VI. 





183!t Christian VIII. 
1848 Frederic YU. 



Same up to 1903. 



'.411 



. 


(JEKMANY. 




A. I). 




.\. h. 




S(l(» 


("luirlcs I. ( ('liailemaiine. 1 


1314 


Contest l1et^^•een Henry III., of 


814 


Louis I., of I'r;uice. 




Austria, and Louis IV., of P.a- 


S4() 


Lolliaiic I. 




varia. 


855 


Louis I L 


1322 


Louis IV. 


87,") 


Cliarlcs IL, tlir P>al<L "f Friincc 


1347 


(Miarles IV. 


881 


<'liarlcs UL, tlu- Fat. 


1378 


\\'en(eslas. 


887 


Armilf. 


1400 


Iiujjert. 


8!>!» 


Louis in. 


1410 


Siiiisniund. 


!tl1 


( 'onra(L 


1437 


Albert II. 


!»18 


Ilcuv.v tJic I'dwlcr. 


1440 


I'rederic IV. 


!»3(; 


Otlio L, the (ircat. 


14!I3 


.Maximilian I. 


!»7:! 


Otlio 11. 


151!» 


Charles V., of ^<])ain. 


!»8:! 


OtlioIIL 


1558 


Ferdinand I. 


1002 


Jlciny IL 


15(i4 


ilaximilian II. 


1024 


<'oiiia(l IL 


157(! 


i;u(l(df 11. 


io;;o 


Henry II L 


l(;i!» 


I'erdinand II. 


K !.")(; 


llciiiy IV. 


l(i37 


Ferdinand III. 


110(1 


Ilc-ny V. 


1(158 


Leopold I. 


ii2r> 


Lolliaiic 11. 


1705 


.Tosepli I. 


1138 


Coiiiad ill. 


1711 


Cliarles VI. 


1 1 r)2 


I'vcdcric 1. 


1742 


Charles VII., of Bavaria. 


noo 


Ilcuiy y\. 


1745 


I'rancis I., of Tuscany. 


11!»8 


Thi-diii' xacaut. 


1772 


Joseph TI. 


11!)!) 


Tlironc coiilcstcd by IMiilip. of 


17!)0 


Leo]»old II. 




Swaliia, and Otlio, of Bruns- 


17! 12 


I'l'ancis II. 




wiclc. 


1804 


Francis I., eni]iei'or of Austi-ia. 


1207 


riiilip, of Swaliia. 


1835 


l'\'rdinand, of .Vustria. 


1 208 


Otho W. 


1848 


I'rancis Joseph I., of Austria. 


121") 


I'lcdcric II. 


1801 


A^'i]liam I., kinii' of I'i'ussia. 


1252 


William, of ILdland. 


1871 


^\'illiam I., of Prussia, ]iroclaim- 


1257 


IJicliard, of Cornwall. 




ed I'mjieror of (iermany. 


1273 


Iviidolf, of llabsliurii-. 


1888 


]March l»th, Fredel'ic. 


1 2i»2 


Ad()]]dins, of Nassau. 


1 888 


June 15th, William II. !>ame. 


1298 


Allu-rt, (.f Austria. 




u]) to 1903. (tSee Prussia and 


1308 


Henry ^'IL, of Luxeuiliuru. 




Austria.) 



550 







RUSSIA. 






DI'KES OF Klior. 


A. I). 






.V. I). 


Soil 


Kiiric I. 




1078 


S7!» 


< )k-.ii. 




1093 


!»13 


Iiior I. 




1113 


945 


Ol^^a ( St. 1, as rciient. 




1125 


955 


Swiatdslav I. 




1132 


!>73 


Jai'()])()lk 1. 




1138 


!t80 


Vladimir I. 




1139 


1015 


SwiatdjuilU I. 




1M(; 


1019 


■Tanislav I. 




inc. 


1054 


Isiaslav 1. 




1149 


1073 


Swialdslav 11. ( ? ) 




1153 



AVsewolod I. 
S\viato])(>lk II. 
Madiniii' 1 1. 
Mstislav I. 
Jaroiiolk II. 
AViat.sclielav. (?) 
Wsewolod II. 
liior II. 
Isiaslav 1 1. 
.Turie, or (icornc I. 
Uostislav ( (II' 1 154.) 



tain 

hut 
\. I). 
1157 
1107 
1172 
1173 
1175 
1177 
1195 
1213 
1217 
1219 
1238 
1245 

.\. i>. 
1 32S 
1340 
1353 
1359 
1302 

-V. D. 

1482 
1505 
1533 
1584 
1598 
1605 



CK.V.VI) IIIKE.S OF VI.AimilR. 

y. B. — Some of tlic dates and iiaiiics hctwccn 1157 and 1327 are uncer- 
, as chi'onolojiists ditTcr w id(dy. 

A I ? I is, tlierefor(\ ]daced after eacli name almnr wliicli tiiere is a doubt; 
tlie_\- are all taken from the best antlioril ies. 

A. II. 



Andi-ew I. 

.Mstislav II. (?) 

Ladislav III. ( ?) 

IJonian. ( ? ) 

:\li(bael I. ( ?i 

Wsewolod III. 

IJnrie II. 

•Tnrie, or rieoriic IT. 

( "(instanline, the nsnriicr. 

.Tnrie, or <4eorne IT., restoi-ed. 

Jaroslav II. 

Ale.xander-Xevski. 



1249 Andrew II. 

1203 .laroslav III. 

1270 Basil I. (or 1272.) 

127(i Dmitri, or Demetrius I. 

1294 AndreAV TIT. 

1304 :\Ii(hael II. (or 1305.) 

1319 Jnrie, or <}eori;e III. 

1320 Basil IT. (?) 

1322 Dmitri, or Demetrius II. (or 

1324.) 

1325 .Tnrie, (u* George III., restored. 

1.327 Alexander II. 



CliA.M) HIKES OF MOSCOW. 

A. n. 



hail or .lobn I. 

Simeon. 

Ivan, or .Tolin IT. 

Demetrius II. 

Demetrius III. 



Ivan III. 
Basil Y. 
Ivan TV. 
Theodore I. 
Boris (xodonof. 
Theodore II. 



1389 Basil III. 
1425 Basil l\. 
1402 Ivan III.; takes 
Czar, in 1482. 



the title of 



CZAKS (IF MlSCdW 
I A.,.. 

KKx; 

1010 
1013 
1045 

1070 
1082 



Demetrius, llie Im])(ister. 

Ladislaus, of I'oland. 

^Michael I'eodoi'ovitz. 

Ale.xis. 

Theodore II. (or III.) 

Ivan V. and Peter I. 



5.51 



RUSSIA— Continued. 

EMPERORS AND EMPRESSES. OR CZARS AND CZARINAS OF RUSSIA. 



Peter III. 

Catherine II., widow. 
Paul. 

Alexander I. 
Nicholas I. 
Alexander II. 
Alexander III. 
Nicholas II.; up to 1<»03. 



A. D. 






A. D. 


K'.SO 


Peter I., alone. 




17(12 


1721 


Peter takes title of Emperor, or 


1702 




Czar of Russia, October 


22d. 


17!)(; 


1725 


Catherine I., widow. 




1810 


1727 


Peter II. 




1825 


1730 


Anne. 




1855 


1740 


Ivan VI. 




1881 


1741 


Elizabeth. 




1894 



^,i,W<i-f^^ii'i 




MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. 
SEE 1777, 1797. SEPTEMBER 19TH, AND 1334 A. D. 



552 



A. I). 

928 Leopold I. 

1018 Albert I. 

1(ir>t; Krucst. 

1075 Le<i])o](l II. 



AUSTRIA. 

MAU(iUAVES OF AUSTRIA. 



A. D. 

1090 L("oiM)l(l III. 

1130 Albert II. 

113(1 Leopold IV. 

1142 Heiirv II.; iiuide dnke 1150. 



DUKES OF AT'STULV. 



A. 1). 








A. I). 


115(; 


Ileiirv II. 






1339 


1177 


Leojiold \'. 






1358 


1194 


I'rederic I. 






1305 


1198 


Leopold VI. 








1230 


Frederic II. 






1395 


127(i 


Kiulolf I. 






1411 


1 282 


Albert I., oi 


Rnd<df 


II. 


1435 


1308 


I'rederic I., 


111(1 Leo] 


•old I. 


1457 


1326 


Frederic, ab 


)iie. 




1493 


1 330 


Albert II. and Otlio. 




(S( 



Albert, alone. 

RiKb.lf IV. 

Albert III. and Leopold II. (or 

I ID 
William I., Albert IV., etc. 
Albert V. 
Ladislans. 

Frederic III., and Albert VI. 
Ma-ximilian I. 
:h^ Gerniaiiv, from 1403 to 1804.) 



EMPERORS OF AUSTRIA. 



A. D. 

1804 Francis I. 
1835 Ferdinand I. 



A. D. 

1848 



Francis Joseidi I. ; tlic same n]> 
to 1903. 



SWEDEN. 

KIXGS OF SWEDEN. 

N. I?. — Tlic naiiit's and dates of the cai'ly kiii^s of Swedou, jirior to 1015, 
are too uncfi-tain to record. It is, however, known tliat there were kings 
named ICric, from I. to ^'III., before tliis date. 



A. I). 

1 (>!."> 
1 0l'4 
l(ir)l 

lodc 
HlltO 
IIIL' 
HIS 
112!) 
11. 'U 

n:3s 
1 1 -).-> 

11(10 
11(17 

llitit 
1:210 
i2i(; 

1222 
12.-)0 

1275 
1290 
1319 
1350 

13.">9 
1303 
1389 

1412 



Ohif. 

P^dmnnd Colhrenner (or 1020.) 

Edmund Slenime. 

Sleukill (or 10(iO. I 

Ilalstan, or Ilaeo. 

IllliO I. 

rhilip. 

In-o II. 

Swerker, oi- IJawald. 

Kal. I?) 

Sverker I. ( ? i 

Eric IX. 

Cliarles VII. (or 1101. | 

Canute (or 1168.) 

Swerker II. 

Eric X. 

Jolin I. 

Eric XI. 

Biriier Jarl 
mar I. 

Majinus I. 

Biri^er II. 

Magnus II. 

Eric XII. 

^Ma.nnus, restored. 

Albert (or 13(54.) 

Marearet, of Norway and Den- 
mark. 

Eric XIII. 



, reiiciit for ^^'alde 

lor 1278.) 



A. 1). 

1439 
1448 
1471 

1483 
1502 
1520 
1523 
15(H) 
15(58 
1592 
1004 
KUl 
1032 
1033 
1(]54 
1(500 
1097 
1718 

1741 
1751 
1771 
1792 

1 809 
1818 
1844 
1859 
1872 



Cliristopher III. (or 1440.) 

Charles XUI. 

Interregnum ; Steu Stui-e is ])ro- 

tector. 
John II. (or 1497.) 
iTiteri'egnum. 

Christian II., of Denmark, 
(rustavus I. 
Eric IV. 

John III. (or 15(i9. ) 
Sigismnnd III. 
( liarles IX. 
(iustavns II. 
Interregnum. 

< Miristina. 
(Mmrles X. 
ClmHesXI. 
Charles XII. 

ririca Eieanora and consort, 

Erederic I. (or 1719.) 
Eredeiic I., alone. 
Adolplius Erederic. 

< iiistavus III. 
Gnstavus IV. 
Charles XIII. 
Charles XIV. 
Oscar I. 
Cliarles XV. 

Oscar II.; same to 1903. 



554 




CHARLES XIV.. OF SWEDEN. 
1818 A. D. 



PRUSSIA. 



MARGRAVES, OR ELIX'TORS OF BRANUENI'.URG. 



A. I). 




1134 


Albert I. 


1170 


Otho I. 


11S4 


Othd II. 


IJUO 


Albert II. 


1221 


Johu I, and Otho III 


]2(>(; 


John II. 


1 2S2 


Otho IV. 


13()!» 


Waldemar. 


131!t 


Ileiu'v I. 


1320 


luterrejiuiim. 


1323 


Louis I. 


1352 


Louis II. 


13()5 


( )tho V. 


1373 


AVeuceslas. 



A. 1». 




1378 


Sigisnumd. 


1388 


Jossus. 


Ull 


Sijiismuud, ai>aiu. 


iil5 


Frederic L, of house of Iloheu 




zollern. 


1440 


Frederic II. 


1470 


Albert III. 


147() 


Johu III., as mariirave. 


1486 


John III., ;is elector. 


1499 


Joachiui I. 


1535 


Joachim II. 


1571 


Johu (leorge. 


1598 


Joachiiu Frederic. 


lOOS 


Johu Siiiisuuiud. 



DUKES OF PRUSSIA. 



A. D. 

ir>18 Johu Si.uismuud. 
1619 (Jeorae William. 



A. D. 

1640 Frederic William. 
1688 Frederic III. 



KIX(;S OF PRUSSIA. 



1701 Frederic III. crowued as Fred- j 1797 
eric I. 1840 

1713 Frederic William I. 1861 

1740 Frederic II. 
1786 Frederic William II. 



Frederic William III. 
Frederic William IV. 
William I. ; he is jtroclaimed 

Emperor of (Jeruiauv in 1871. 

(See Germauv. ) 



557 





PORTUGAL. 


A. I). 






A. D. 


1139 


Alfonso, fouut of Portugal, 
declared king, as Alfonso I 


is 


1007 


1185 


ISanclio I. 




1083 


1212 


Alfonso II. 






1223 


^anoho 11. 




1700 


1218 


Alfonso HI. 




1750 


1279 


Dionysius. 




1777 


1325 


Alfonso IV. 






1357 


Pedro I. 






13(i7 


Ferdinand I. 






1383 


John I. (or 1385.) 




1780 


1433 


Edward. 




1792 


1438 


Alfonso V. 






1481 


John II. 






1495 


Ennnannel. 




1810 


1521 


John III. 






1557 


Sebastian. 




1820 


1578 


Henry. 






1580 


Annexed to '■"Ipain. 






1(140 


Spaniards dispossessed by Duke 


1828 




of Braganza. He is proelaim- 


1833 




ed king, December 1st., 


as 


1853 




John IV. 




1801 


1050 


.\lfonso VI. 




1889 



Alfonso deposed. Pedro made 
regent. 

The regent made king, as Pedro 
II. 

John V. 

Josepli Emmanuel. 

Mai'ia Francesea and Pedro III., 
her uncle, whom slie had mar- 
ried by dispensation of the 
pope. 

]Maria, alone. 

John (son) appointed regent for 
.^laria, who had become in- 
sane. 

The reagent becomes king, as 
John VI. 

Pedro IV. abdicates in favor of 
his daughter, seven years old, 
Maria II. 

Miguel usurps the throne. 

Maria, restored. 

Pedro V. 

Luis I. 

Dom Carlos. Same to 1903. 



558 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



YEARS OF 
OFFICE. 



DATE OF 
INAUGURA- 
TION. 



1789-1797 April 30.. George Washington 

1797-1801 March 4. . .Tohn^ Adams 

1801-1809 March 4.. Thomas Jelfersou . . 



No. 



1809-1817 
1817-1825 



March 4. 



James Madison . 



March 4 . . James Monroe 



1825-1829 March 4. 

1829-1837 March 4. 

1837-1841 March 4. 

1841-1841! March 4. 

1841-1845 April G . 

1845-1849 I March 4. 

1849-1850 Marcli 4. 
1850-1853 July 

1853-1857; March 4. 

1857-1801 March 4. 
1801-1805 
1805-1869 April 

1809-1877 March 4. 

1877-1881; March 4. 

1881-1881 March 4. 
1881-1885 Sept. 19. 



1885-1889 
1889-1893 
1893-1897 
1897-1901 
1901- 



March 4. 
March 4. 
March 4. 
March 4. 
Sept. 14. 



John (^niiicv Adams. . . 

.Vudrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren .... 
Wm. Henrv Harrison.. 
John Tyler 

(The ^'ice rrcsidcnt. i 

James Polk 

/achary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

I (The Vice-President.) 

' Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson 

(The Vice-President.) 

riysses S. ( li-ant 

Rutherford B. Hayes . . 

James A. (iarfleld 

Chester A. Arthur 

(The \'i(c- President.) 

drover Cleveland 

Benjamin Harrison 

Grover Cleveland, agjiiii. 

AVilliam McKiidey 

Theodore Roosevelt 

( The Vice-President. ) 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 



7 

8 

9 

1(1 



POLITICS. 

Federalist . 

Federalist. 

Republican 

Republican 
I Demiicratic 
[ Republican 

Whig 

Democrat . . 

Democrat . . 

Whig 

DeiiiDcrat. . 



DIED. 

Dec. 14, 1799 

July 4, 1820 

July 4, 1826 

Jan. 28, 1836 

July 4, 1831 

Feb. 17, 1848 
June 8, 1845 
July 18()2 

April 4, 1841 
January, 1802 



U Democrat.. June 15, 1849 

12 Whig July 9, 1850 

13 Wiiig March 8, 1874 

14 Democrat .. Oct. 8,1809 

15 Democrat .. June 1, 1868 
10 Republican April 14, 1865 

17 Republican July 31, 1875 

18 Republican July 23, 1885 

19 Republican Jan. 17, 1893 

20 Republican Sept. 19, 1881 

21 Republican Nov. 18, 1880 



22 Democrat 

23 Republican. 
22 Democrat . . 

24 Republican 

25 Repultlican 



Mar. 13, 1901 
Sept. 14, 1901 




.559 



Uf.ij~ ^ 



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